訳：三根慎二

Vortrag über aktuell bedeutsame Probleme des Urheberrechts mit dem Schwerpunkt Open Access-Lizenzierung

Dans ces dernières années nous assistons à l’émergence de nouvelles licences, les Creative Commons (CC), qui dérivent du monde du logiciel libre et qui ont pour but de partager les œuvres artistiques (vidéos, musique, etc.) entre les utilisateurs. Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude des vidéos qu'utilisent ces licences. En particulier cette thèse se concentre sur trois aspects de la production de vidéos sous licences CC : les choix judicieux du degré d'ouverture de la licence, la stratégie de financer et de mener l’innovation et le chemin qui détermine le succès des projets. Tout d’abord, pour enquêter sur ce qui est le choix judicieux entre les différents degrés d'ouverture dans les licences CC, nous avons conduit une analyse économétrique (approche quantitative) sur des vidéos sous licences CC stockées sur l'Internet Archive. Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que, dans le but d'attirer les contributions des utilisateurs, les producteurs utilisent différents degrés d'ouverture de licences en fonction de leur statut organisationnel. Ensuite, pour étudier la stratégie de financer et de diriger l’innovation générée par les utilisateurs, nous avons conduit une étude de cas (approche qualitative) concernant un vidéo produite sous licence CC, Big Buck Bunny. Les résultats suggèrent que les utilisateurs peuvent être utilisés en tant que source de financement de la production et comme partenaires pour innover. Enfin, pour étudier le chemin et les caractéristiques des projets qui arrivent à être produit, nous avons crée un modèle multi-agent, capable de reproduire les faits stylisés de la production de vidéos sous CC stockées sur une plate-forme en ligne. / Recently Creative Commons (CC ) licenses emerged. CC are a set of licenses which derive from the free/open source software world. The aim of CC licenses is to share the artistic works (videos , music, etc.) among users . This thesis is devoted to the study of videos under these licenses. In particular, the thesis focuses on three aspects of video production under CC licenses: the successful choice of the degree of openness of the license , the strategy to fund and conduct innovation and the way that determine the success of the projects. First, to investigate the appropriate choice among different degrees of openness in the CC licenses, we conducted an econometric analysis (quantitative approach) on video under CC licenses stored on the Internet Archive . The results suggest that in order to attract contributions of users, producers use different opening licenses based on their organizational status degrees. Then, to study the strategy to fund and manage the innovation generated by users, we conducted a case study (qualitative approach ) of a video under CC license, Big Buck Bunny. The results suggest that users can be used as a source of funding for the production and as partners to innovate. Finally, to study the path and the characteristics of projects that succeed, we created an agent-based model that is able to reproduce the stylized facts of the production of videos under CC license stored on an on-line platform.

Submitted by LUCAS FARINELLA PRETTI (lucaspretti@gmail.com) on 2017-08-21T12:34:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PRETTI-Lucas_Poeticas-do-comum_dissertacao_2017.pdf: 113580276 bytes, checksum: 24deea22c23370d4dbbc6c002a47181f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-08-23T14:35:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pretti_lf_me_ia.pdf: 113580276 bytes, checksum: 24deea22c23370d4dbbc6c002a47181f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-23T14:35:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pretti_lf_me_ia.pdf: 113580276 bytes, checksum: 24deea22c23370d4dbbc6c002a47181f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-29 / Este trabalho analisa o conceito de commons digital, originado no campo da cibercultura, no contexto de ações artísticas produzidas nos últimos anos na cidade de São Paulo. Valendome principalmente das teorias de Antonio Negri, Nicolas Bourriaud, Guy Debord e Gilles Lipovetsky, parto da retomada do “comum” como valor intrínseco à sociedade informacional, sigo com sua análise nos campos da arte pública e artemídia para, enfim, classificar cinco aspectos das poéticas do comum (p. 118), a partir de três modelos de casos: BaixoCentro (2012), Pimp My Carroça (2012) e Piscina no Minhocão (2014). Por fim, apresento os primeiros resultados da ação Terrenos Apaixonantemente Objetivos, que aplica a ideia do comum à deriva situacionista, e detalho a concepção e desenvolvimento do Derivoscópio, obra integrante da ação, um aparato vestível construído com hardware e software livres. / This work analyzes the concept of digital commons, originated in the field of cyberculture, in the context of artistic actions produced in the last years in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Based primarily on the theories by Antonio Negri, Nicolas Bourriaud, Guy Debord and Gilles Lipovetsky, I start from the resumption of the “common” as an intrinsic value to the Information Society to proceed with its analysis in the fields of Public Art and New Media Art. Then, I classify five aspects of the poetics of the common (p. 118), based on three case models: BaixoCentro (2012), Pimp My Carroça (2012) and Piscina no Minhocão (2014). Lastly, I present the first results of the artwork Objective Passional Terrains, which applies the concept of the common to the situationist drift, detailing the design and development of the Driftscope, a wearable apparatus built with free hardware and software, as part of that artwork.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-05-17T11:19:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 jordanviniciusdeoliveira.pdf: 982591 bytes, checksum: e52fd088a7e0966c6d358996b2494751 (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: on 2018-05-22T15:43:35Z (GMT) / Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-05-22T15:44:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 jordanviniciusdeoliveira.pdf: 982591 bytes, checksum: e52fd088a7e0966c6d358996b2494751 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-05-22T15:47:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 jordanviniciusdeoliveira.pdf: 982591 bytes, checksum: e52fd088a7e0966c6d358996b2494751 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-05-22T15:47:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 jordanviniciusdeoliveira.pdf: 982591 bytes, checksum: e52fd088a7e0966c6d358996b2494751 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-22T15:47:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 jordanviniciusdeoliveira.pdf: 982591 bytes, checksum: e52fd088a7e0966c6d358996b2494751 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-26 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar o cenário dos periódicos científicos brasileiros, com foco nos periódicos da área de Direito. Os elementos analisados são os padrões de licenciamento, de acesso e de custeio destes veículos. Os dados diretos analisados foram obtidos a partir da coleta destes elementos junto ao site de cada um dos periódicos da área de direito e de outras áreas do conhecimento que compuseram a amostragem de pesquisa. A questão a qual o estudo deseja responder trata do desenho institucional destes periódicos, indagando se ele demonstra um reforço ou uma ruptura com a interpretação legalista do direito autoral. Em termos metodológicos, a pesquisa promove uma análise empírica e qualitativa pelo auxílio de três conceitos basilares expostos por Epstein e King, a saber: inferência descritiva, implicações observáveis e hipótese rival. O substrato teórico que guia a análise está contido nas noções de dever e de aspiração da lei, conforme Zenon Bankowski. A principal conclusão é de que há uma tendência de ruptura com os padrões proprietários nos periódicos da área de Direito e, de maneira mais ampla, no cenário científico nacional, com vistas a oferecer conteúdo científico aberto e livre. Entretanto, a influência proprietária e restritiva para o acesso ao conhecimento científico nestes veículos ainda subsiste. / This research aims to analyze the context of the Brazilian scientific journals, especially those situated in the legal field. The elements analyzed are the patterns of access, licenses and costs associated with these journals. The direct data analyzed were obtained from the collection of these elements through the sites of journals classified in the legal and other fields of knowledge in order to form the research sample. The research problem investigates the institutional design of the legal journals as well as verifies if there is either a confirmation or a denial of the legalisticinterpretative of copyright norms. Methodologically, this research promotes an empirical and qualitative analysis taking into account the use of three basic concepts elucidated by Epstein and King: descriptive inference, observable implications and rival hypothesis. The Zenon Bankowski’s idea of duty and aspiration applied to legal theory is the theoretical reference of this investigation. The main conclusion is that there is a tendency to disregard the traditional proprietary patterns by the national legal journals in order to offer free and open scientific content. However, the proprietary and restrictive patterns are still present in these journals as obstacles to promote access to scientific knowledge.

The purpose of my thesis is to analyse the recent development of collective administration of rights (CRM). I have chosen this topic because of its actual impact and current changes on the field of CRM. The growing importance of the Internet and of digitisation technologies is opening up new possibilities for distributing creative content online. This is not in harmony with territorial principles of administration of right in Europe. So, there are challenges which can change the way how CRM cooperate and compete. First chapter briefly describes collective administration of rights in Czech Republic. Second chapter is focused on public licences concretely Creative commons. Their impact on CRM is unexceptionable and the national legislature has to react on this new phenomenon of licensing of copyright works. The goal of this chapter is to introduce that public licence, describe their compatibility with Czech law system and draw attention to problematic paragraphs which blocks simple and lawful way how to use them. Digitalization project such as Europeana open up the orphan works problem which is due by the fact that new digital media provide unprecedented opportunities for reutilizing 'old' existing content. There is a huge problem of right clearance of copyright and related rights which can influence...

Abstract Bei der Gestaltung von Infrastruktursystemen kommt es immer wieder zu Interessenkonflikten der Akteure, für die keine Lösungsmechanismen zur Verfügung stehen. Daher besteht ein Bedarf an einem Instrumentarium, mit dem Interessen- und Zielkonflikte frühzeitig erkannt und verhandelt werden können. Zur Entwicklung eines solchen Rah-mens bieten sich die flexiblen Prinzipien der Commons Governance an. Am Gegen-stand der mehrstufigen Infrastrukturnetze für Verkehr, Energie und Telekommunikation überträgt diese Arbeit die Erkenntnisse der Commons-Forschung für sozial-ökologische Systeme (SES) auf Infrastruktursysteme (STS). Aufgrund struktur-funktionaler Paralle-len zwischen Commons und emergenten Infrastruktursystemen werden Letztere hier als Modern Commons konzeptualisiert. Dazu wurden die Bauprinzipien der Commons und das IAD-Framework (Ostrom 1990) für die polyzentrischen Prozesse der Infra-strukturentwicklung adaptiert. Auf Basis des AGIL-Schemas (Parsons 1961) wurden die infrakulturellen Rahmenbedingungen und Einflussfaktoren untersucht, um die Allokationsprinzipien, Legitimationsmechanismen und Systemwirkungen von Infrastrukturent-wicklung hinsichtlich ihrer Wirkung auf Nachhaltigkeit zu analysieren. Da in der Gestaltung von Infrastruktursystemen als kollektiv genutzte Kultur- und Wirt-schaftsgüter Ziele und Wertvorstellungen der Gesellschaft die Rollen von Staat, Wirt-schaft und Zivilgesellschaft prägen und für Entscheidungen über räumliche und öko-nomische Wertallokation handlungsleitend sind, wurde ein Designmodell für einen Governance-Prozess und ein infrakultureller Analyse- und Entwicklungsrahmen (IDF) entworfen, der die Entscheidungsfindung zur Transformation von Modern Commons unterstützt, was am Beispiel nachhaltiger Mobilität demonstriert wird. In eine ganzheitliche Analyse von Modern-Commons-Systemen sind die natürliche, technische, soziale, institutionelle und mentale Dimension von Infrastruktur sowie deren Wechselwirkungen einzubeziehen. Für mehrstufige Infrastruktursysteme lassen sich funktional die physische Plattform, die Programme und die Anwendungen als eigen-ständige Wertschöpfungsebenen unterscheiden, für deren Gestaltung und Betrieb ne-ben zentralen Systemanforderungen auch dezentrale Spezifika zu berücksichtigen sind. Prioritäten und Effekte können aus Akteurs-, System- und Nachhaltigkeitsperspektive im Infrastruktur-Lebenszyklus unterschiedlich bewertet werden. Der IDF empfiehlt ein iteratives Vorgehen und Kriterien, die dazu geeignet sind, Interessenkonflikte aufzuzei-gen und Beitrags- und Aneignungsdilemmata aufzulösen, und zwar insbesondere dort, wo Märkte eine nachhaltige Entwicklung von Infrastruktursystemen nicht gewährleisten können.:I. Abbildungsverzeichnis 9 II. Tabellenverzeichnis 10 1 Einleitung und Übersicht 11 1.1 Hintergrund und Bedeutung 11 1.2 Ziele und Forschungsfragen 13 1.3 Aufbau der Arbeit 17 1.4 Definitionen und Themenabgrenzung 19 1.5 Methodik und Vorgehen 27 1.6 Stand der Forschung 30 2 Commons als soziale Infrastruktursysteme 41 2.1 Ursprung, Bedeutung und Relevanz von Commons 41 2.2 Prinzipien und Merkmale von Commons-Systemen 46 2.3 Modern Commons – eine Definition und Abgrenzung 56 2.4 Physische Infrastruktur als multifunktionales Ressourcensystem 71 2.5 SES-Commons im Vergleich mit technischen Infrastruktursystemen 91 2.6 Fazit: Commons-Funktionen und Dilemmata technischer Infrastrukturen 103 3 Infrastruktur: Fundament der modernen Gesellschaft 107 3.1 Nutzen und Kosten von Infrastruktursystemen 107 3.2 Infrastruktur-Systeme und ihre Wertschöpfungsebenen 119 3.3 Epochen der infrakulturellen Ko-Evolution 143 3.4 Rollenwandel überregionaler Infrastruktursysteme 163 3.5 Infrastruktur-Entwicklung und ihre Dilemmata nach Smith 173 3.6 Grundlagen für eine Theorie der Modern Commons 199 3.7 Fazit: Dynamik von Infrastruktursystemen im kulturellen Kontext 204 4 Analyse- und Entwicklungsrahmen für Modern-Commons-Systeme 206 4.1 Designmodell einer ganzheitlichen Systemperspektive 211 4.2 Akteursperspektive in der Infrastruktur-Entwicklung 227 4.3 Kriterien für Nachhaltigkeit am Beispiel Mobilitätssektor 238 4.4 Governance für eine nachhaltige Infrakultur 251 4.5 Förderung nachhaltiger Mobilitätskultur mittels IDF 264 4.6 Fazit: Leitplanken für eine nachhaltige Infrakultur 270 5 Zusammenfassung und Implikationen 273 5.1 Kernaussagen und Ausblick 273 5.2 Implikationen für eine nachhaltige Transformation im Verkehrssektor 278 5.3 Forschungsbedarf zu nachhaltiger Infrakultur 280 5.4 Kritische Reflexion 282 Literaturverzeichnis 284 Anhang I Symposien und Vorträge im Kontext dieser Arbeit (Auszug) 318 Anhang II Abkürzungsverzeichnis 319 / Abstract In the design of infrastructure systems, conflicts of interest arise frequently, for which actors lack effective solution mechanisms. Therefore, a toolset with which conflicts of goals and interest can be identified and negotiated at an early stage is required. To develop such a framework, the flexible principles of Commons Governance according to Ostrom proved appropriate. On the research subject of multilevel infrastructure net-works for transport, energy and telecommunications, this dissertation transfers findings of the commons research for socio-ecological systems (SES) to socio-technical infra-structure systems (STS). Due to structural-functional parallels between commons and emergent infrastructure systems, the latter are conceptualized here as Modern Commons. Therefore, the building principles of commons and the IAD framework (Ostrom 1990) were adapted for polycentric processes of infrastructure development. Based on the AGIL scheme (Parsons 1961), basic conditions and influencing factors were examined as an infra-cultural framework for the allocation principles, legitimation mechanisms and analysis of system-effects of infrastructure development regarding sustainability. Design of infrastructure systems as collectively used cultural and economic goods, is shaped by societal goals and belief-systems that determine the roles of state, economy and civil society and prove decisive for decision making on spatial and economic value allocation. A design model for a governance process and an Infracultural Analysis and Development Framework (IDF) were outlined, which supports decision-making regarding the transformation of Modern Commons, as will be demonstrated by the example of sustainable mobility. A comprehensive analysis of Modern-Commons-Systems must include interactions of the five dimensions of infrastructure, viz. their natural, technical, social, institutional and mental dimensions. In this context, the physical platform, the programs and the applications-layer can be functionally differentiated for multi-level infrastructure systems as interdependent levels of value creation. In addition to central system requirements decentralized specifics have to be taken into account for design and operation of such systems. Priorities and effects occurring in an infrastructure life cycle will be evaluated differently depending on the perspective, regarding actors, systems and sustainability. The IDF recommends an iterative approach and criteria that are suitable for identifying conflicts of interest and resolving contribution and appropriation dilemmas, especially where markets fail to ensure the sustainable development of infrastructure systems.:I. Abbildungsverzeichnis 9 II. Tabellenverzeichnis 10 1 Einleitung und Übersicht 11 1.1 Hintergrund und Bedeutung 11 1.2 Ziele und Forschungsfragen 13 1.3 Aufbau der Arbeit 17 1.4 Definitionen und Themenabgrenzung 19 1.5 Methodik und Vorgehen 27 1.6 Stand der Forschung 30 2 Commons als soziale Infrastruktursysteme 41 2.1 Ursprung, Bedeutung und Relevanz von Commons 41 2.2 Prinzipien und Merkmale von Commons-Systemen 46 2.3 Modern Commons – eine Definition und Abgrenzung 56 2.4 Physische Infrastruktur als multifunktionales Ressourcensystem 71 2.5 SES-Commons im Vergleich mit technischen Infrastruktursystemen 91 2.6 Fazit: Commons-Funktionen und Dilemmata technischer Infrastrukturen 103 3 Infrastruktur: Fundament der modernen Gesellschaft 107 3.1 Nutzen und Kosten von Infrastruktursystemen 107 3.2 Infrastruktur-Systeme und ihre Wertschöpfungsebenen 119 3.3 Epochen der infrakulturellen Ko-Evolution 143 3.4 Rollenwandel überregionaler Infrastruktursysteme 163 3.5 Infrastruktur-Entwicklung und ihre Dilemmata nach Smith 173 3.6 Grundlagen für eine Theorie der Modern Commons 199 3.7 Fazit: Dynamik von Infrastruktursystemen im kulturellen Kontext 204 4 Analyse- und Entwicklungsrahmen für Modern-Commons-Systeme 206 4.1 Designmodell einer ganzheitlichen Systemperspektive 211 4.2 Akteursperspektive in der Infrastruktur-Entwicklung 227 4.3 Kriterien für Nachhaltigkeit am Beispiel Mobilitätssektor 238 4.4 Governance für eine nachhaltige Infrakultur 251 4.5 Förderung nachhaltiger Mobilitätskultur mittels IDF 264 4.6 Fazit: Leitplanken für eine nachhaltige Infrakultur 270 5 Zusammenfassung und Implikationen 273 5.1 Kernaussagen und Ausblick 273 5.2 Implikationen für eine nachhaltige Transformation im Verkehrssektor 278 5.3 Forschungsbedarf zu nachhaltiger Infrakultur 280 5.4 Kritische Reflexion 282 Literaturverzeichnis 284 Anhang I Symposien und Vorträge im Kontext dieser Arbeit (Auszug) 318 Anhang II Abkürzungsverzeichnis 319

Implicit in any urban design is a negotiation between public and private interests. Such a negotiation is articulated and made legible in the facades, fences and even more subtle edges separating this from that. A complex variety of spatial situations are produced depending on how spaces are framed, how interfaces are materialized. In the city, the interplay of open space, building and boundary produces a patchwork of subspaces, which we can consider as potential urban territories. Most of us are familiar with the results of territorial production and recognize that fences, furniture or plantings are claims to space by an individual or group. However, the reason to conceive of this process as a territorial production may not be immediately apparent. Consequences of territorial production on percep-tions and behavior are rather under-analyzed, especially in the context of the city. This thesis looks specifically at territorial responses to urban form in the potential social arenas of shared yards in multifamily housing schemes. Drawing on territoriality- and commons-theory as a basis for morphological studies using spatial analysis (e.g. GIS), the thesis proposes that territorial uses of space are in part connected to characteristics of urban form. The thesis explores these spatial underpinnings of claims on space, examining historical, sociological and architectural perspectives and implications on current planning praxis. Parallels are drawn with the role of excludability and rivalry in the production of goods as per commons-theory. Recognizing that even territories like yards perform differently depending on built form characteristics is a step to designing open space with greater social utility. Most notably, the findings that spatial enclosure supports sense of ownership while spaciousness and size support frequency of use is knowledge useful to the practitioner with a role in the production of urban environments, whether in planning, design or construction. With increasing focus on sustainability in urbanism, factoring in social sustainability in land use means recognizing what makes yards inviting to use and elicit feelings of stewardship. Moreover, the importance of legibility at the interface of public and private has implications for design of public space as well. What appears to have been insufficiently problematized in the past are the non-excludable, rivalrous yards which appear to be parks, but do not perform as such territorially. The thesis suggests how a theoretical basis may support design inter-ventions and even densification to resolve such “territorial instability.” / <p>QC 20160310</p>

Before signing a contract, it is important to read and understand the terms in order to know what is being agreed to. However, it has been shown that this is not done to the same extent online. Even though users accept the terms of use for online services, the terms are rarely read, meaning that the user has no idea of what is agreed to. When it comes to social media sites, these have some sort of service for distribution of content, such as photographs. As these are considered creative works, they are most certainly protected by copyright. This means that copyright protection comes in question. As services are accessible from different nations, these need to comply with different kinds of legislation regulating the protection of copyright. The purpose of this study is to investigate the terms of use for specific online services available on the Internet for distribution of digital content and analyse the legal conditions in order to establish congruence with European and US copyright law. The sites legally gain rights to the content that is uploaded by the users. However, there seems to be some unclarity regarding the terms that potentially results in use of the sites that is not accepted. Further, there seem to be possible problems in protecting the moral rights of the authors due to the extent of the licences that is granted to some of the sites.

<p>This paper deals with Community Based Forest Management in Mountain rainforests in Babati. This form of management is when the Communities are managing the forest with some help from the Government.</p><p>I have made a field study to see how the managing is working the mountain forests. I made interviews with chairmen, guards and district council. The purpose with the interview is to give answers to my questions about CBFM and how it is working. I want to see if the CBFM is sustainable in Babati and know if the villagers are satisfied with it. To answer the sustainability questions, studies in Ostroms eight principles for sustainable forest management is made.</p><p>The main conclusions of the study are: Babati will have a sustainable management if they follow the rules and laws that are made for Community Based Forest Management, if the community gets some kind of benefits for being the manager and they want to take care of the forest in a good way when they are the owners. If there are threats against the villagers like pressure from others villages or corruptions this sustainability can be destroyed.</p><p>CBFM needs supporting systems, help from the Government, clearly defined boundaries and the basic needs like food and shelter is fulfilled before they can think of the ecosystem health and sustainability.</p>