Bakgrund: En bra relation motverkar ångest och depression medan en dålig relation är sämre för den psykiska hälsan än att vara singel. Bra kärleksrelationer består av komponenter som exempelvis nöjdhet, intimitet, kärlek och engagemang. Nöjdhet predicerar dessutom nöjdhet senare i relationen. Kärlek belyses utifrån definitionerna romantisk kärlek, kamratlig kärlek, vuxen anknytningskärlek och medkännande kärlek. Medkännande kärlek innefattar ömhet, omsorg, förståelse, vård, stöttning och hjälpsamhet. Hängivenhet innebär att vara lyhörd inför sin partners behov och hjälpa denne.Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur man i tidigare forskning beskrivit hur hän-givenhet och medkännande kärlek i en kärleksrelation påverkar förhållandet. Metod: En litteraturstudie där åtta artiklar om hängivenhet och medkännande kärlek i förhål-landen undersöktes. Genom en innehållsanalys av de åtta artiklarna skapades temat ”Att bry sig om sin partner”, samt huvudkategorierna ”Att ha kärlek att ge” och ”Upplevelsen av att ha fått något”. Resultat: Personer som har mycket kärlek att ge upplever att de får mycket kärlek tillbaka då de betraktar sin partner till stor del utifrån sig själva och att denna syn på sig själva och sin partner skapade mer omtanke och bättre förhållanden vilket var ömsesidigt förstärkande. Omtanken kunde vara förankrad i människors identitet och det fanns mycket som indikerade att omtänksamma personer kände högre grad av medkänsla mot sin partner. Medkänslan och den positiva synen på partnern var delaktig i den genuina viljan och glädjen över att hjälpa sin part-ner och att den glädjen behövde upprätthållas genom att personen fick omtanke tillbaka. Diskussion: Resultatet från analysen diskuteras utifrån anknytningsteorin som teoretisk referensram där det fanns indikationer för att medkännande kärlek, hängivenhet och trygg anknytning skulle kunna vara ömsesidigt förstärkande. / Background: A good relationship counteracts anxiety and depression, while a bad relationship is worse for the mental health than being single. Good romantic relationships consist of com-ponents such as satisfaction, intimacy, love and commitment. Satisfaction also predicts satis-faction later in the relationship. Love is illuminated according to the definitions romantic love, companionate love, adult attachment love and compassionate love. Compassionate love include tenderness, caring, understanding, care, supportiveness and helpfulness. Devotion (communal) means to be responsive to your partner's needs and help them. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how the previous research has described how devotion and compassionate love in a love relationship affect the relationship. Method: A literature study where eight articles about the dedication and compassionate love in relations were investigated. Through a content analysis of the eight articles the theme "Caring about your partner” was created, as well as the main categories "To have love to give" and ”The experience of have been given something". Results: People who have much love to give experience that they recieve much love in return as their perception of their partner is largely based on themselves and that this view of themsel-ves and their partners created greater care and better conditions, which were mutually reinfor-cing. The thoughtfulness could be rooted in people's identity and there was much that indicated that thoughtful people felt a greater degree of compassion towards their partners. The compass-ion and the positive perception of the partner were a part of the genuine will and joy of helping their partners and in order for the joy to be maintained, the person needed to recieve care in return. Discussion: The results of the analysis are discussed with attachment theory as a theoretical reference frame where there were indications that compassionate love, devotion and secure attachment could be mutually reinforcing.

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Politics and Public Administration / Master / Master of Philosophy

Remiantis ugdymo filosofinės, socialinės, pedagoginės bei istorinės literatūros analize, darbe keliamas tikslas ištirti mokyklinę uniformą bendruomeniškumo aspektu. Tikslui pasiekti teorinėje darbo dalyje buvo suformuluoti pagrindiniai uždaviniai: išsiaiškinti bendruomeniškumo raiškos visuomenėje ir bendruomeniškumo ugdymo mokykloje ypatumus; atskleisti mokyklinės uniformos istorinius metmenis ir jos stilistinius ypatumus sąlygojančius sociokultūrinius veiksnius bei įvertinti mokyklinės uniformos, kaip bendruomeniškumą konsoliduojančio veiksnio, reikšmę pedagoginiu, socialiniu ir estetiniu aspektais. Paskutinėje darbo dalyje pateikti empirinio tyrimo duomenys. Tyrimu buvo siekta nustatyti uniformos bendruomeniškumą lemiančius motyvus mokyklinės bendruomenės narių požiūriu. Darbas baigiamas keturiomis teorinę ir empirinę jo dalį apibendrinančiomis išvadomis. Vykstant sparčioms socialinėms permainoms, bendruomeniškumo ugdymas tampa svarbiu edukologijos mokslų uždaviniu ir praktiniu rūpesčiu. Bendruomeniškumo raiška priklauso nuo žmonių socialinių, etinių, moralinių ir estetinių kompetencijų ir gebėjimų. Todėl pastebima, kad šių įgūdžių kryptingas formavimas turi prasidėti mokykloje. Tačiau mokykla – specifinė ugdomoji bendruomenė, jungianti įvairaus amžiaus, statuso ir išsilavinimo narius. Vadinasi, tokioje organizacijoje bendruomeniškumo raiškai ypatingai svarbi tampa pačios bendruomenės sukurta kultūra, susieta su jos istorija, tradicijomis, aplinka ir gyvenimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Following the analysis of the philosophical, social, educational and history sources on education, the research paper aims at examining a school uniform in terms of communal expression. With this end in view, the theoretical part of the paper sets forth the main tasks to find out characteristics of communal expression in society and of developinga sense of belonging to a schoolcommunity; to establishsocial and cultural factors which determined historical and stylistic features of a school uniform; and to assess the significance of a school uniform as the community consolidating factor in terms of education, society and aesthetics. The last part of the paper presents the empirical data. The study aims at identifying the communal aspects of a school uniform from the view of school community members. The paper ends with the four conclusions summarising theoretical and empirical parts of the research. With the sweeping social reforms, the development of a sense of belonging to a community is becoming a challenging task and a matter of concern for social science. Communal expression depends on social, ethic, moral and aesthetic competencies and skills of a person. Thus a school is considered to be a starting point for the purposeful development of the aforementioned capacities. On the other hand, a school represents a specific community which brings together people of different age, status and level of education. Hence the culture created by this community and related to its... [to full text]

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In this research, I present critical facts about Land Tenure Systems and Poverty Reduction processes in Mafela Resettlement community. I focus mainly on the Post-Fast Track Land Reform (2004 – 2011) period and the interactive processes in this new resettlement area. The research - premised on the rights approach - sought to explore land tenure rights systems and poverty reduction mechanisms seen by the Mafela community to be improving their livelihoods / it also sought to find out if there is evidence linking tenure rights to poverty reduction and how land tenure rights governance systems affect their livelihoods. Suffice to say in both the animal kingdom and human world, territorial space and integrity, its demarcation as well as how resources are used within the space, given the area - calls for a - defined system of rights by the residents themselves. Whilst it is true that there is no one story about Zimbabwe’s land reform (Scoones et al 2011), the contribution of this research towards insights emanating from the newly resettled farmers adds another invaluable contribution in the realm of rural development issues.

<p>In this research, I present critical facts about Land Tenure Systems and Poverty Reduction processes in Mafela Resettlement community. I focus mainly on the Post-Fast Track Land Reform&nbsp / (2004 &ndash / 2011) period and the interactive processes in this new resettlement area. The research - premised on the rights approach - sought to explore land tenure rights systems and poverty&nbsp / reduction mechanisms seen by the Mafela community to be improving their livelihoods / it also sought to find out if there is evidence linking tenure rights to poverty reduction and how land tenure&nbsp / rights governance systems affect their livelihoods. Suffice to say in both the animal kingdom and human world, territorial space and integrity, its demarcation as well as how resources are used&nbsp / within the space, given the area - calls for a - defined&nbsp / system of rights by the residents themselves. Whilst it is true that there is no one story about Zimbabwe&rsquo / s land reform (Scoones et al 2011),&nbsp / the contribution of this research towards insights emanating from the newly resettled farmers adds another invaluable contribution in the realm of rural development issues. The oft rigidified&nbsp / perceptions about the land reform in Zimbabwe as having dismally failed draw contrasting findings from this research. The findings, themselves drawn mainly through interviews, seem to&nbsp / suggest that there are indeed improved livelihoods for resettled farmers more than what is generally believed from a distance. The perception that secure tenure rights (among other myths) determines livelihoods improvement also revealed otherwise with Mafela community. The resettlers&rsquo / dynamic socio-economic milieu presents opportunities and challenges which only the resettled farmers can solve if given adequate support and empowerment in terms of decision making processes. The power basis wielded by the war veterans and the culture of top-down&nbsp / decision making processes as lamented by the resettled farmers suggest that the evolution of resettlements is still far from over. This research therefore hopes to challenge its readers and other&nbsp / stakeholders to engage with issues and recommendations raised here in order for a rethink about land tenure rights and poverty reduction initiatives associated with the new resettlement areas&nbsp / in Zimbabwe in general.</p> <p>&nbsp / </p>

One of the major policy objectives of the South African government is to reform land tenure and address the current inequitable dispossession of land. A key to the successful implementation of land reform in communal areas will be the recently enacted Communal Land Rights Act. This Act allows communities to be vested with juristic personality, and enables those communities to acquire and hold rights, incur obligations, and encumber the land by mortgage in the name of the community. Communities will now have a legal tenure recognized by and enforceable at law. The Act provides the mechanism for replacing old order rights with new order rights, which, in turn, may be upgraded to freehold title with community consent. While the Communal Land Rights Act is clear in its approach to providing legal security of tenure, the implementation and linking of the internal land rights within these new legal collective ownership structures to the existing formal system is still uncertain. With the flexibility allowed under the Act, this dissertation offers a simple, cost-effective alternative for the registration of land rights using the envisioned Land Clerk of the Department of Land Affairs. This option involves placing suitably equipped Land Clerks into the communities in which they serve, operating as autonomous self-sustaining contractors. Research for this project was conducted in the community of Ekuthuleni (KwaZuluNatal), where two members of the community were equipped with a portable rig and trained to perform as Land Clerks. The author and others from the University trained them in the use of a computer, scanner, printer, handheld GPS receiver, and assorted software. In addition, to allow them to function autonomously, a photovoltaic power system was set up at their residence. To assess their ability as Land Clerks, several field projects were undertaken within the community. Under the guidance of the author, these field tests involved contacting individual landowners, capturing personal and property information, and registering that data into a specially written database programme. Evidence of previous land ownership was noted and rebristered, GPS coordinates were collected and registered in the process of delineating the landowner's property, and a form reflecting all captured data was printed for the landowner's records. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2007.

In this research, I present critical facts about Land Tenure Systems and Poverty Reduction processes in Mafela Resettlement community. I focus mainly on the Post-Fast Track Land Reform (2004-2011) period and the interactive processes in this new resettlement area. The research - premised on the rights approach - sought to explore land tenure rights systems and poverty reduction mechanisms seen by the Mafela community to be improving their livelihoods; it also sought to find out if there is evidence linking tenure rights to poverty reduction and how land tenure rights governance systems affect their livelihoods. Suffice to say in both the animal kingdom and human world, territorial space and integrity, its demarcation as well as how resources are used within the space, given the area - calls for a - defined system of rights by the residents themselves. Whilst it is true that there is no one story about Zimbabwe's land reform (Scoones et al 2011), the contribution of this research towards insights emanating from the newly resettled farmers adds another invaluable contribution in the realm of rural development issues. / Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS)

Conservancies are viewed as playing an important role in enabling the landscape-scale management of biodiversity and ecosystem services by extending conservation areas beyond the boundaries of formally protected areas (PAs). In the South African context of the Biodiversity Stewardship Programme (BSP), conservancies are viewed as a viable landscape-scale approach to stewardship that can contribute to meeting government conservation mandates of conserving biodiversity and expanding its protected area network outside state PAs, through partnerships with private landowners. Using the landscape approach theory, I determined that the landscapescale context of biodiversity and ecosystem services creates common pool resources (CPRs) that require collective action in the form of integrated management planning across private property boundaries. In this context, conservancies create multi-tenure conservation areas with landscape meanings and associated benefits that require landscape-scale collective action. However, using property and collective action theories, I deduced that when landowners in a conservancy seek to engage collective action for landscape-scale conservation objectives under the BSP, they are challenged by the tension between individual meanings defined at the scale of their own property and landscape-scale meanings that straddle property boundaries. This tension is reinforced by property rights in which each actor holds resources under a private property rights regime while the landscape-scale meanings of CPRs need to be addressed in a common property rights regime context. Based on this complexity, my research set out to determine peoples’ meanings attached to the concept of conservancy and to illustrate how these meanings influence the ability to attain collective action necessitated by the CPR management regimes superimposed on private property rights regimes. This was with the view to refine the concept of conservancy to enable those who establish and engage with conservancies to better appreciate the implications and the nature of the governance regime that is required for success. My results show that the success of a conservancy as a landscape approach is dependent on landowner commitment to collective action. Landowner commitment is also influenced by a shared understanding of the conservancy as a multi-tenure conservation area managed collectively for the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services across private properties. Thus Conservancy members need to develop an understanding of the conservancy as an area of contiguous multiple private properties that require collective management through integrated management planning, guided by a Dargle Conservancy management plan. Conservancy members also need to develop an understanding of the contiguous properties as encompassing biodiversity and ecosystem services that require common property rights regimes for their sustainable use and management. This explicit landscape approach will encourage landowner commitment to the conservation objectives set out in the multi-tenure conservation areas. I use my research findings to identify three issues for further research in community-based conservation areas as a landscape approach to conservation: firstly, research that focuses on developing integrated management plans for landscape-scale bio- and eco-regions by designating contiguous private properties into different categories of PAs according to collectively agreed conservation objectives; secondly, research that focuses on developing appropriate management regimes based on a model of multi-tenure conservation areas managed collectively for the conservation of biodiversity across private properties; and thirdly, research that focuses on establishing social structures for the development of adequate capacity and decision-making at the conservancy level to implement a landscape approach that supports ecological functions beyond individual boundaries. Building on this research will provide an important continuous learning process between conservancies and conservation agencies. Such learning is necessitated by the complexity of continually changing social and ecological systems that influence perceptions and behaviours. / Thesis (Ph.D)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.

From colonies to nation, this work identifies and emphasizes the influence of interdependent communal relationships on the ascent of the charter school movement. These ideals were made manifest in colonial social covenants that were then compromised by the conformist republican mandate of the common school. These ideals were recovered incrementally as education was affected by broader historical forces, most notably the implementation of court-sanctioned racial apartheid during the Plessy era, the reaction to the underwhelming impact of Brown, and, beginning in the 1980s, the rise of legislation that prepared the way for charter schools. Moreover, this work challenges the assumption that charter schools have proven popular with American citizens due solely to promises of superior academic results. Alternatively, this work suggests that charter schools have prospered because they have challenged the state monopoly in K-12 education, and have thus returned balance to the dynamic between the individual and the state. Finally, this work troubles the idea that charter schools are balkanizing American education, suggesting that the right of citizens to form charter schools, in an effort to sustain unique communities, justifies and is in fact endorsed by the American metanarrative. Research on American charter schools lacks a coherent historical framework. This work provides the charter school movement with an historical narrative that argues for the movement’s legitimacy based on its consistency with the American Republic’s founding philosophy. / Graduate / 0323 / 0337 / 0520 / smg32@duke.edu