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Ce travail est une contribution théorique, méthodologique et pratique qui propose la contextualisation des tâches communicatives pour développer la compétence de communication en français, langue étrangère, chez les étudiants iraniens. Les tâches proposées dans un manuel de FLE jouent un rôle central dans l’acquisition des compétences communicatives. Ainsi, il est important que les étudiants acquièrent les compétences à travers des tâches pertinentes qui correspondent à leur environnement socioculturel. Cette thèse tente d’établir une relation logique entre les activités communicatives intégrées au manuel de FLE iranien et les aspects culturels de l’Iran. Elle met en lumière la contextualisation des tâches grâce aux documents écrits, audiovisuels, images fixes et animées. Cette thèse tente de rendre l’autonomie aux étudiants en proposant des activités adaptées à leur contexte socioculturel. / This work is a theoretical, methodological and practical contribution that proposes the contextualization of communicative tasks to develop communication skills in learning French, as a foreign language in the context of Iranian students.The tasks proposed in a FLE textbook play a central role in the acquisition of communication skills. As such, it is important that students acquire skills through relevant tasks that fit their socio-cultural environment. This thesis attempts to establish a logical relationship between communication activities, as part of an Iranian textbook of FLE, and the cultural aspects of Iran. It highlights the contextualization of tasks by means of written documents, audio-visual media, and still and animated images. This thesis attempts to enhance students’ learning autonomy by proposing activities adapted to their socio-cultural context.

Due to the fact that adolescents are familiar with so many different media and technology resources today, learning in a conventional way is no longer effective. The aim for this literature review was to analyse what research shows about the use of film as a teaching tool in English to develop students’ linguistic and critical thinking skills in upper secondary EFL classrooms. The results disclosed that film can improve students’ linguistic skills and critical thinking. One reason for this is that film is already such a large part of students’ lives and provides a meaningful and familiar context for them and that film offers visual support. Studentsʼ felt motivated to see and experience “real-life” situations as opposed to reading the conventional textbook. Interaction between the students also proved to be vital in developing their language skills. Results also showed that it is imperative that teachers present film not only as a tool of entertainment, but one for teaching as well. This can be done by creating contextualized assignments related to the film. The literature review concluded that there are gaps in knowledge of this subject and that further research is desirable.

<p><strong>Syfte:</strong> Studien avser ta reda på:</p><ul><li>Om det finns ett internationellt gångbart ledarskap </li><li>Eller om det krävs nationella anpassningar </li><li>Vad eventuella anpassningar beror på</li><li>Vad som kännetecknar en respekterad internationell ledare</li></ul><p><strong>Metod: </strong>Studien är baserad på sju kvalitativa djupintervjuer, som analyserats med hjälp av kulturdimensions- och ledarskapsteorier. Intervjuerna har sammanställts i en matris, för att bli överskådligare. Nyckelord och samband har därefter markerats för att hitta gemensamma teman.</p><p><strong>Resultat & slutsats: </strong>Fyra huvudresultat har framkommit:</p><ul><li>Det internationella ledarskapet finns</li><li>Dock krävs vissa kulturella anpassningar</li><li>De mest utmärkande skillnaderna mellan Sverige och Singapore är, hur personer motiveras, hur man kommunicerar effektivast och hur problem löses och arbetet struktureras</li><li>Den effektiva ledaren är bl a målfokuserad, en bra kommunikatör och lyhörd</li></ul><p><strong>Förslag till fortsatt forskning:</strong></p><ul><li>Utöka studien med att innefatta enkäter, fler djupintervjuer eller observationer, för att få ett bättre statistiskt underlag </li><li>Studien kan göras på fler länder</li><li>Studera flera stora internationella ledares egenskaper </li><li>Intervjua ledarnas medarbetare för att få ett bredare material i ämnet</li></ul><p><strong>Uppsatsens bidrag: </strong>Uppsatsen visar på att nationella anpassningar behöver göras, för att bli en framgångsrik internationell ledare. Den visar på vilka anpassningar som behöver göras i Singapore, men för övriga länder krävs att kunskap inhämtas. Studien bör därmed kunna användas som diskussionsunderlag för svenska företag som ska skicka ledare utomlands.</p> / <p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of the study is to find out:</p><ul><li>If the international leadership exists</li><li>If the leadership has to be adjusted to cultural needs</li><li>What is the reason behind the adjustments of the leadership</li><li>What distinguish a respected international leader from a none respected </li></ul><p><strong>Method:</strong> I have interviewed seven Swedish leaders in Singapore to find the answers to the above questions. The material has then been concluded by using a matrix. Connections between the interviews have been found by studying the matrix. The analysis is based on these connections and the leadership and culture difference theories.</p><p><strong>Result & Conclusions: </strong>The result of the thesis are:</p><ul><li>The international leadership exists, but cultural adjustments have to be done of the leadership</li><li>The largest differences between Sweden and Singapore are, the way people are motivated, how they communicate and how the work is organised </li><li>The differences come of large differences in Hofstede's culture dimensions, Power distance index and Masculinity </li></ul><p><strong>Suggestions for future research:</strong></p><ul><li>The study could be based on more interviews, a survey or on observations, to get a better statistical material</li><li>It could be done on more countries</li><li>More great international leaders can be studied to find their qualifications </li><li>Interview the employees to get their opinion on the thesis’ subject</li></ul><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Contribution of the thesis: </strong>The study shows that adjustments have to be made. It can therefore be of interest to be used by Swedish companies that are sending leaders abroad.</p>

Medical education aims at forming students’ professional identity. This includes skills and attitudes such as communication and teamwork skills. One of the thesis’ aims is to identify students’ typical difficulties with learning communication skills, and to understand how these affect their identity development. Group discussions of student-patient interviews were video-taped, and selected discussions were transcribed and analyzed. Students had difficulties in establishing trustful relationships with their patients, asking about sensitive topics, responding empathetically, and with applying formal structures to the consultation. Students’ professional identity was supported by peer students’ and teachers’ comments, which created a common language and fostered selfmonitoring abilities. Another aim was to study the relationship between students* attitude towards communication training, group learning, and their self-regulatory skills. In a survey study, established instruments were combined with a new questionnaire. Four medical schools participated – two with traditional and two with problem-based curricula – in Sweden and Germany. Statistical analyses revealed that female students were more positive towards learning communication skills than male students were. Good self-regulatory skills were related to a positive attitude towards group learning and clinical experience before academic studies. It was concluded that early clinical experience benefits students’ selfregulated learning, and promotes a positive attitude towards communication training. Awareness of typical difficulties can facilitate the acquisition of coping strategies. / Medicinsk undervisning syftar till att forma studenternas professionella identitet. Den omfattar färdigheter och inställningar, t.ex. kommunikationsfärdigheter och förmågan att arbeta i grupp. Ett av avhandlingens syften är att identifiera studenternas typiska svårigheter med att lära sig färdighet i läkar-patient kommunikation samt att förstå hur den påverkar identitetsutvecklingen. Gruppdiskussioner av student-patient intervjuer videofilmades, utvalda diskussioner transkriberades och analyserades. Studenterna berättade om svårigheter med att etablera förtroliga relationer med patienterna, att prata om känsliga ämnen, att visa empati och att använda intervjumallen. Den professionella identiten stöttas av studenternas och lärarnas kommentarer, vilka bidrar till ett gemensamt språk och förmågan till själviakttagelse. Andra syftet är att undersöka sambandet mellan studenternas inställningar till kommunikationsfärdigheter och grupparbete, samt deras förmåga till självreglerat lärande. I en enkätundersökning kombinerades befintliga instrument med ett nytt frågeformulär. Fyra medicinska fakulteter deltog: två med traditionella och två med problembaserade undervisningsmetoder, en av varje i Sverige och i Tyskland. Statistiska analyser visade att kvinnliga studenter är, jämfört med manliga, mer positiva till att träna upp kommunikativa färdigheter. Förmågan till självreglerat lärande var relaterad till en positiv inställning till gruppinlärande och till klinisk erfarenhet innan studierna påbörjas. Slutsatsen är att tidig klinisk erfarenhet fostrar självstyrt lärande och en positiv inställning till kommunikationsträning. Medvetenhet om typiska svårigheter kan underlätta för studenter att anamma strategier att hantera dessa.

Syfte: Studien avser ta reda på: Om det finns ett internationellt gångbart ledarskap Eller om det krävs nationella anpassningar Vad eventuella anpassningar beror på Vad som kännetecknar en respekterad internationell ledare Metod: Studien är baserad på sju kvalitativa djupintervjuer, som analyserats med hjälp av kulturdimensions- och ledarskapsteorier. Intervjuerna har sammanställts i en matris, för att bli överskådligare. Nyckelord och samband har därefter markerats för att hitta gemensamma teman. Resultat &amp; slutsats: Fyra huvudresultat har framkommit: Det internationella ledarskapet finns Dock krävs vissa kulturella anpassningar De mest utmärkande skillnaderna mellan Sverige och Singapore är, hur personer motiveras, hur man kommunicerar effektivast och hur problem löses och arbetet struktureras Den effektiva ledaren är bl a målfokuserad, en bra kommunikatör och lyhörd Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Utöka studien med att innefatta enkäter, fler djupintervjuer eller observationer, för att få ett bättre statistiskt underlag Studien kan göras på fler länder Studera flera stora internationella ledares egenskaper Intervjua ledarnas medarbetare för att få ett bredare material i ämnet Uppsatsens bidrag: Uppsatsen visar på att nationella anpassningar behöver göras, för att bli en framgångsrik internationell ledare. Den visar på vilka anpassningar som behöver göras i Singapore, men för övriga länder krävs att kunskap inhämtas. Studien bör därmed kunna användas som diskussionsunderlag för svenska företag som ska skicka ledare utomlands. / Aim: The aim of the study is to find out: If the international leadership exists If the leadership has to be adjusted to cultural needs What is the reason behind the adjustments of the leadership What distinguish a respected international leader from a none respected Method: I have interviewed seven Swedish leaders in Singapore to find the answers to the above questions. The material has then been concluded by using a matrix. Connections between the interviews have been found by studying the matrix. The analysis is based on these connections and the leadership and culture difference theories. Result &amp; Conclusions: The result of the thesis are: The international leadership exists, but cultural adjustments have to be done of the leadership The largest differences between Sweden and Singapore are, the way people are motivated, how they communicate and how the work is organised The differences come of large differences in Hofstede's culture dimensions, Power distance index and Masculinity Suggestions for future research: The study could be based on more interviews, a survey or on observations, to get a better statistical material It could be done on more countries More great international leaders can be studied to find their qualifications Interview the employees to get their opinion on the thesis’ subject   Contribution of the thesis: The study shows that adjustments have to be made. It can therefore be of interest to be used by Swedish companies that are sending leaders abroad.

This study aimed at investigating the relationship between English instructors&rsquo / negotiation strategies to handle conflicts in the FLE classroom and personality traits. Two scales which consist of a demographic inventory, two questionnaires and a semi structured interview were developed by the researcher. The first scale consists of &ldquo / Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory II (ROCI II)&rdquo / and &ldquo / Eyesenck Personality Inventory (EPI). The results of these questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS 15.0. This data gathering instrument was implemented on 120 English instructors working at METU, TOBB ETU, &Ccedil / ankaya University, Atilim University, and Trakya University. Data gathered from 30 English instructors from the same universities were used for the piloting of the study. The data gathered from 120 English instructors in English Preparatory Schools represented the results of the main study. In analyzing the data, descriptive statistics as frequency, percent, average, and standard deviation, and inferential statistics as ANOVA was used. As the second scale of the current study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 English instructors employed at these universities. The results of the interviews were analyzed through content analysis. The results of the study revealed that there is a relationship between English instructors&rsquo / use of negotiation strategies and their gender, age, educational background, work experience and the personality traits of introversion-extroversion.

Effective doctor-patient communication is critical to improving health outcomes. Good communication improves emotional health, symptom resolution, functional and physiologic status, and pain control. Conversely, ineffective communication leads to misdiagnosis, inappropriate treatment poor adherence, misuse of health services, and high patient stress. In the U.S., Hispanics are the fastest growing minority. Despite the high burden of illness among this population, Hispanics are less likely than other minorities to regularly see a health professional. This is explained in part because Hispanics navigate a health system designed for the majority, experience a mismatch between cultural values and health beliefs, and have limited English proficiency. These communication challenges contribute to health disparities among the Hispanic population living in the U.S. Despite the importance of doctor-patient communication, few communication interventions that focus on improving patient skills have been tested in this population. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a patient communication intervention tailored for female Hispanic patients could be practically implemented in a practice setting. The first aim focused on adapting existing communication skills training tools for a Hispanic population. The second aim assessed the feasibility of implementing the training tool in a federally qualified health center in a US-Mexico border community. The third aim explored the extent to which trained patients were able to integrate the information provided. Results indicate that it is feasible to implement communication training when delivered by clinical staff. Patient follow-up revealed that patients valued training on how to communicate with their doctor the most. Moreover, it is feasible to sustain the intervention when it is aligned with the priorities of the clinical site. Patient communication training in medically underserved rural areas could improve barriers to improved health outcomes in communities with a high prevalence of Hispanic patients. Future funding is needed to further test, dissemination of communication training programs.

Darbe atlikta teorinė elgesio ir emocijų sunkumų turinčių vaikų samprata, sutrikimų atsiradimo priežastys, dailės terapijos galimybės bendravimo įgūdžių plėtojimui, analizė. Kvazieksperimento metodu atliktas tyrimas, kurio tikslas - ištirti dailės terapijos poveikį bendravimo įgūdžių plėtojimui, ugdant priešmokyklinio amžiaus vaikus, turinčius elgesio ir emocijų sunkumų. Atlikta matematinė aprašomoji duomenų analizė, pateikta naudojant atvejo analizės metodą. Tyrime dalyvavo patogiuoju būdu atrinkti 9 priešmokyklinio amžiaus vaikai, turintys elgesio ir emocijų sunkumų, kurie sudarė tikslinę grupę. Empirinėje dalyje analizuoti stebėjimo protokoluose užfiksuoti duomenys apie bendravimo įgūdžių raišką, dinamiką dailės terapijos sesijos metu, stebėtas poveikis. Diagnostinių piešinių testais analizuota ugdytinių bendravimo įgūdžių požymių kaita. Ieškota bendravimo įgūdžių požymių piešiniuose bei bendravimo įgūdžių duomenų, fiksuotų stebėjimo protokoluose, sąsajos. Atlikus tyrimo duomenų analizę, suformuluotos pagrindinės išvados: • Stebėjimo protokolų duomenys parodė tendenciją dailės terapijos sesijų metu pasireikšti pozityviai bendravimo raiškai. • pirminio ir baigiamojo diagnostinių H-T-P piešinių rezultatai atskleidė bendravimo požymių piešiniuose kitimą teigiama linkme. Žemos savivertės, agresyvumo, depresyvumo požymių, įtakojančių žemą bendravimo poreikį ar neigiamą bendravimo raišką, sumažėjo, o bendravimo poreikio požymių padaugėjo. / The paper deals with theoretical analysis of children with emotional and behavioral difficulties and opportunities of art therapy in developing communication skills. The purpose of investigation was to find out whether art therapy has a positive effect on the development of communication skills of preschool children with emotional and behavioral difficulties. Quasi-experimental method was used to investigate art therapy effect. The mathematical descriptive analysis of the data was presented using the case study method. The study included 9 preschool children with behavioral and emotional difficulties, target group was selected using convenient way. In empirical part were analyzed data, about resolution skills and dynamics of the art therapy in sessions. By the help of diagnostic drawing tests attributes of communication skills were analyzed and captured in monitoring protocols. After the data analysis, the most important empirical conclusions that were drawn are: 1. Performed experiment revealed positive effect of art therapy on the development of social and communication skills. 2. Monitoring protocols showed a tendency to unfold the expression of positive communication 3. H-T-P drawing test results revealed positive direction. Low self-esteem, aggression, depressive symptoms, affecting the low need for communication or expression of negative communication decreased after experiment.

This project is a study of the way that people use language actively to achieve certain ends in communication, the way that they organise their spoken discourse to construct, convincingly, the state of their lives, both ‘internal’ and ‘external’. It does this primarily through an analysis of the systematic properties of the descriptive, communicative and interpretative skills which members use in the accomplishment of the meanings central to everyday existence. More specifically, this project is a study of verbal accounts of, and doctor-patient interaction relating to, clinical depression. The project begins from the premise that most social studies of depression and its diagnosis have been subject to the same problematic treatment of language as a ‘transparent medium’ as the psychiatric frames upon which the modern clinical understanding of depression in the UK is itself based. I aim, in view of this, to demonstrate how hitherto neglected elements in the social analysis of the condition can be revealed with the application of an alternative methodology, a methodology which treats talk-in-interaction as a dynamic and constructive phenomenon rather than a neutral conduit for the passage of information. The empirical data takes the form of a set of General Practitioners from a single practice in the North West talking freely about depression and their experiences of diagnosing it, and actual consultations between these GPs and their patients. Drawing upon Wittgenstein, Ethnomethodology, Discursive Psychology and, particularly, Conversation Analysis this project examines the ways in which doctors and patients construct, negotiate and manage ‘depressive’ meanings in the course of medical interaction, always holding tightly to Wittgenstein’s maxim that practice gives words their significance.