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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
111

Méthode de détection de risques de phénomènes thermiques pendant la lutte contre les feux de compartiments / Method for detecting risks of thermal phenomena during the fight against compartment fires

Bouaoud, Amal 19 March 2018 (has links)
Dans les feux de compartiment, les fumées représentent un danger majeur lors de l’intervention des sapeurs-pompiers. Elles sont souvent à très hautes températures et sont surtout très mobiles. De ce fait, elles provoquent la propagation du feu et peuvent engendrer des phénomènes thermiques, imprévisibles et incontrôlables, tels que les explosions de fumées ou l’embrasement généralisé éclair. L’étude présentée se propose de contribuer à construire des méthodes et des moyens pour pallier aux manques d’informations lors de l’intervention des sapeurs-pompiers sur feux de compartiments. Il s’agit de proposer une méthode de diagnostic en temps réel afin, en particulier de détecter l’occurrence de dangers potentiels spécifiques à ces situations.Pour une approche plus rationnelle, l’incendie a été étudié comme un phénomène physique, ce qu’il est, et analysé à partir des relevés de température au cours de l’évolution du feu. La particularité de l’étude a été d’examiner ces relevés de températures comme des séries temporelles et d’étudier leurs caractéristiques à partir de deux moyennes mobiles dans le passé, soit sur un même point de mesure soit sur deux points de mesures positionnés en des endroits clés. Cette méthode a permis de montrer que l’entrecroisement des moyennes mobiles donne des informations pertinentes sur l’évolution à venir du feu et sur la possibilité de détecter l’apparition possible de phénomènes thermiques catastrophiques. / In compartment fires smokes are a major danger during firemen intervention. Most of the time, they are at high temperature and they flow everywhere through many kinds of ducts, which leads to the propagation of the combustion by the creation other fires in places which may be far from the initial fire. Besides, since the appearance of the new building materials and with the heat insulations which lead to the concentration of heat during a fire, the compartments fire became even more dangerous for firefighters during their phases of attack.In the presente study we will introduce a new approach of the problem, which allows to better follow the fire behavior and especially to detect the dangers that may appear and endanger firefighters. This approach consists in a mathematical analysis based on the comparison of moving averages, calculated on the temperature recordings of the smokes. As a consequence, this method may allow improving decision support in real time and therefore to improve the security and the efficiency of firefighters in their operations against that kind of fires.
112

Análise da pressão intra-abdominal em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia abdominal oncológica internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva / Analysis of intra-abdominal pressure in patients undergoing abdominal cancer surgery in the Intensive Care Unit

Raymundo, João Fernando Ramos [UNESP] 04 March 2016 (has links)
Submitted by JOÃO FERNANDO RAMOS RAYMUNDO null (joao.fernando.hcb@gmail.com) on 2016-05-02T21:19:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação 02.05.16 - Versão FINAL.pdf: 1041129 bytes, checksum: ad2ccace3d485aa4b02d54a59ec72153 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-04T19:45:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 raymundo_jfr_me_bot.pdf: 1041129 bytes, checksum: ad2ccace3d485aa4b02d54a59ec72153 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-04T19:45:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 raymundo_jfr_me_bot.pdf: 1041129 bytes, checksum: ad2ccace3d485aa4b02d54a59ec72153 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-04 / A pressão intra-abdominal (PIA) pode ser definida como, a pressão exercida pelos componentes intra-abdominais em relação à parede abdominal. Sua mensuração pode ser de forma direta ou indireta, através da pressão retal, gástrica ou vesical. A elevação da PIA é considerada uma complicação da cirurgia abdominal, sendo escassas as informações sobre esta variável em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia abdominal oncológica (CAO). Entre os fatores relacionados à elevação da PIA, podemos destacar a cirurgia abdominal, o estado nutricional dos pacientes e o balanço hídrico acumulado. O aumento da PIA pode acarretar à Hipertensão Intra-abdominal (HIA) - PIA maior ou igual a 12 mmHg, e até mesmo a Síndrome do Compartimento Abdominal (SCA) - PIA maior que 20 mmHg sustentada, quando associada a nova disfunção orgânica. Estas condições estão associadas à alta mortalidade. Objetivo: Analisar o valor da PIA em pacientes admitidos na UTI de um Hospital Oncológico submetidos à cirurgias abdominal, bem como verificar o desfecho clínico dos pacientes acometidos por HIA e SCA. Material e Método: Trata-se de um estudo observacional de coorte, com coleta retrospectiva, realizado na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) do Hospital de Câncer de Barretos, Brasil. Os dados foram obtidos em um período de três meses, através de análises de prontuários. O objeto de estudo foi o valor da pressão intra-abdominal (PIA) em pós-operatório de cirurgias abdominais oncológicas (CAO), para detectar a ocorrência de hipertensão intra-abdominal (HIA). Foram incluídos pacientes admitidos na UTI, em pós-operatório imediato de CAO, ou casos de pós-operatórios de CAO recentes (até 2 semanas), encaminhados à UTI por indicações clínicas. A PIA e outras diversas variáveis fisiológicas foram analisadas, em três momentos - admissão na UTI, no registro do maior valor de PIA durante a internação e o último valor mensurado antes da retirada da sonda vesical, por não ser mais necessária, por alta ou óbito. Variáveis sócio demográficas também foram incluídas no estudo. Para a análise da relação entre a HIA e as variáveis foi utilizado a Analise Linear Multivariada (modelo reduzido). Resultado: Foram incluídos no estudo 50 pacientes, com idade média de 63 anos (± 10.8); 27 homens (54%); raça branca 38 (76%); obesos ou sobrepeso 33 pacientes (66%). A permanência média na UTI foi de 3,24 (± 4.56) dias. As especialidades médicas com maior número de cirurgias incluídas no estudo foi a equipe de Digestivo Alto com 22 pacientes (44%). Foram 49 cirurgias eletivas (98%), sendo 30 cirurgias por laparotomia (60%), 13 laparoscópicas (26%) das quais uma por metodologia robótica e 3 pacientes necessitaram de peritoniostomia. A prevalência de HIA (momento um) foi de 52% apresentando associação com a especialidade cirúrgica (p. 022). A frequência de HIA (maior elevação da PIA - momento dois) foi de 96% apresentando relação com a variável estado nutricional (p.0,027). No momento três (última mensuração), houve HIA em 62% dos pacientes, observando-se relação com as variáveis: Estado nutricional (p. 0,028), HAS (p. 0,048) e tipo de cirurgia (p. 0,023). Não foi observada relação entre o balanço hídrico acumulado e a presença de HIA em nenhum momento. Síndrome Compartimental Abdominal ocorreu em 10% dos pacientes. O desfecho em 30 dias após a Cirurgia Abdominal Oncológica foi analisado, sendo evidenciado 8% de mortalidade geral neste período. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos neste estudo, sugerem que tanto elevação da Pressão Intra-Abdominal quanto a Hipertensão Intra-Abdominal são frequentes em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia abdominal oncológica. Foram identificadas outras variáveis que podem influenciar na elevação da PIA. A Síndrome Compartimental abdominal é uma entidade clínica presente no público estudado, porém não apresentou associação direta no desfecho em 30 dias. / The intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) can be defined as the pressure exerted by the intra- abdominal components in relation to the abdominal wall. Its measurement can be directly or indirectly, by rectal pressure, stomach or bladder. The elevation of the PIA is considered a complication of abdominal surgery, with little information on this variable in patients undergoing oncological abdominal surgery (OAS). Among the factors related to the increase in IAP, we can highlight abdominal surgery, the nutritional status of patients and the cumulative fluid balance. IAP increase may lead to intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) - IAP greater than or equal to 12 mmHg, and even the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome (ACS) - IAP greater than 20 mmHg sustained when associated with new organ dysfunction. These conditions are associated with high mortality. Objective: To analyze the change in the value of IAP in patients admitted to the ICU of a Oncological Hospital undergoing abdominal surgery, as well as verify the clinical outcome of patients affected by IAH and ACS. Materials and Methods: This was an observational cohort study with retrospective collection, held in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of the Barretos Cancer Hospital, Brazil. Data were collected over a period of three months by chart analysis. The object of study was the amount of intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) in postoperative oncological abdominal surgery (OAS), to detect the occurrence of intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH). Admitted patients were included in the ICU, in OAS immediately after surgery, or cases of postoperative recent OAS (up to 2 weeks), admitted to the ICU for clinical indications. IAP and several other physiological variables were analyzed in three stages - ICU admission, the record of the highest value of IAP during hospitalization and the last value measured prior to catheter removal, for not being more necessary for discharge or death. Sociodemographic variables were also included in the study. Results: The study included 50 patients with a mean age of 63 years (s. d 10.8); 27 men (54%); 38 Caucasians (76%); obese or overweight 33 patients (66%). The average ICU stay was 3.24 (s.d 4:56) days. Medical specialties with the highest number of surgeries included in the study was the Digestive High team with 22 patients (44%). 49 were elective surgery (98%), 30 surgical laparotomy (60%), laparoscopic 13 (26%) of which a methodology for robotics and 3 patients required peritoneostomy. The prevalence of IAH (minute) was 52% with respect to the surgical specialty (p. 022). The incidence of IAH (highest elevation of IAP - times two) was 96% with respect to the variable nutritional status (p.0,027). At the moment three (last measurement), there IAH in 62% of patients, observing relationship with the variables: nutritional status (p 0.028.), Hypertension (p.0,048) and type of surgery (p 0.023.). To analyze the relationship between IAH and the variables we used the Analysis Multivariate Linear (scale model). No relationship was found between the accumulated water balance and the presence of IAH in no time. Abdominal Compartment syndrome was observed in 10% of the population. The outcome at 30 days after Abdominal Surgery Oncology was analyzed, being evidenced 8% overall mortality in this period. Conclusion: The results shown in this study suggest that both elevated intra-abdominal pressure as the Intra-Abdominal Hypertension is common in patients undergoing abdominal cancer surgery and other variables can influence the increase in IAP. Abdominal Compartment syndrome is a clinical entity present in the studied public, but has no direct influence on the outcome within 30 days.
113

AVALIAÇÃO ESPAÇO-TEMPORAL DAS RELAÇÕES ENTRE ECOSSISTEMAS TERRESTRE E AQUÁTICO: ESTUDO DE CASO DA BACIA DA UHE PASSO REAL DA REGIÃO SUL DO BRASIL / SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL EVALUATION OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN SOIL AND AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS: A CASE STUDY OF THE UHE PASSO REAL WATERSHED IN THE SOUTH OF BRAZIL

Kramer, Gisieli 16 December 2009 (has links)
The UHE Passo Real reservoir, founded in 1973 (158,0 MW capacity), with a flooded area of 221 km2 (CEEE, 2008), presents different types of water and an intense agricultural exploitation in the uptake area. In this study, we aimed at interpreting, analyzing and correlating soil use and soil cover in distinct uptake watersheds and agricultural periods with TSS concentration and Secchi depth in different parts of the reservoir. The soil maps showed the three watersheds that flow into the reservoir: Jacuí, Jacuí-Mirim and Ingaí. In these maps there were the vegetative development period in March/2009 and the post-harvest period in May with exposed soil. TM Landsat 543/RGB images were used to identify the kinds of soil use. The categories of soil use were: forest areas, cultures, field,exposed soil and water. The TSS variable (using a filtering method) was measured in 22 points (February, April and June/2009) in four samples: Jacuí, Jacuí Mirim, Ingaí and the main reservoir axis. In the images classification, the culture category was higher in the three watersheds in March: Jacuí Mirim 61,46% (total area =157.182,75 ha), Ingaí 56,51% (114.671,16 ha) and Jacuí 49,55% (423.430,47 ha). In May, the category of exposed soil was higher: Jacuí Mirim 75,55%, Ingaí 68,78% and Jacuí 65,77%. The highest average TSS was found in June (higher precipitation) in the Jacuí sample (Ma= 9,33 mg/L). The low TSS values were frequently found in February, for example, Jacuí sample (Ma=4,33mg/L). The data from SD samples were coherent with TSS data considering that water transparency was higher when the sediments concentration was lower. It was found that soil use and soil cover in the studied area are predominantly rural, mainly due to soybean and corn crops in February and the beginning of winter pasture in May. Even if Jacuí Mirim and Ingaí watersheds presented a higher percentage of exposed soil in May, the Jacuí watershed presents higher TSS flush and TSS concentrations because of a larger uptake area and a lower aquatic flow volume. Overall, the aquatic dynamics at the UHE Passo Real is related to the water flow from the uptake watersheds and it suggests distinct aquatic compartments that result in different colors of water. / O reservatório da UHE Passo Real, inaugurado em 1973 (capacidade 158 MW) e área inundada de 221 km2 (CEEE, 2008) apresenta diferentes tipos de água e uma intensa exploração agrícola na área de captação. Os objetivos da pesquisa compreenderam a interpretação, análise e relação do uso e cobertura da terra em distintas bacias de captação e fases agrícolas com a concentração dos sólidos em suspensão (TSS) e a profundidade do Disco de Secchi (DS). Os mapas de uso da terra caracterizaram as três principais bacias de captação que deságuam no reservatório: Jacuí, Jacuí-Mirim e Ingaí. Esses mapas contemplaram a fase do desenvolvimento vegetativo das culturas agrícolas em março/2009 e a fase pós-colheita em maio com domínio de solo exposto. Imagens de satélite TM Landsat 543/RGB foram utilizadas para identificar as formas de uso da terra. As classes de uso foram assim definidas: áreas florestais, culturas, campo, solo exposto e água. A variável TSS (processada pelo método da filtragem) foi medida em 22 pontos (fevereiro, abril e junho/2009) separados em quatro grupos amostrais: grupo Jacuí, Jacuí Mirim, Ingaí e eixo principal do reservatório. Na classificação das imagens a classe cultura destacou-se nas três bacias em março: 61,46% Jacuí Mirim (área total da bacia=157.182,75 ha), 56,51% Ingaí (114.671,16 ha) e 49,55% Jacuí (423.430,47 ha). Em maio, a classe solo exposto sobressaiu-se com 75,55% na bacia do rio Jacuí Mirim, 68,78% no Ingaí e 65,77% no Jacuí. A maior média dos valores de TSS foi encontrada em junho (maior média de precipitações) para o grupo amostral Jacuí (Ma= 9,33 mg/L). Os valores baixos de TSS foram registrados, em geral, em fevereiro, a exemplo do grupo amostral Jacuí (Ma=4,33mg/L). Os dados dos grupos amostrais do DS apresentaram consistência com os dados do TSS uma vez que a transparência da água foi maior na medida em que a concentração de sedimentos foi menor. Observou-se que os usos e coberturas da terra na área de estudo são predominantemente rurais, principalmente pelo cultivo da soja e do milho em fevereiro e início do plantio das pastagens de inverno em maio. Embora as bacias dos rios Jacuí Mirim e Ingaí apresentaram maiores porcentagens de solo exposto em maio, na bacia do rio Jacuí registrou o maior efeito do sistema terrestre sobre o aquático com a ocorrência de maiores concentrações de TSS. Isto deve-se ao efeito de maior área de captação e menor volume do compartimento aquático de deságüe. Sobretudo, a dinâmica que ocorre no ambiente aquático do reservatório da UHE Passo Real está relacionado com a entrada de água das bacias de captação e sugerem distintos compartimentos aquáticos pelo modo mistura que resultam diferentes colorações na água.
114

Avaliação morfofuncional do testículo de veado-catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira Fischer, 1814) / Morphofunctional evaluation of the testis in brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira Fischer, 1814)

Costa, Kyvia Lugate Cardoso 17 February 2009 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:02:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 993981 bytes, checksum: 6248f33efc521385bbe0151f2cb62419 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In comparison to mammals of the family Cervidae from other continents, the South American cervids are the most understudied. Moreover, approaches aiming to establish the reproductive biology of neotropical cervids are scarce. In this way, the objective of this study was to characterize morphologically and morphometrically the testis of the brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira), providing information to improve the understanding of the reproductive biology of this species. For that, we have used seven adult male brown brocket deers, kept in captivity. Testicular fragments were obtained by testicular biopsy incision. The average body weight of brown brocket deer was 17.14kg, from which 0.40% were allocated in gonads and 0.33% in seminiferous tubules, which represented 85.86% of the testis parenchyma. The brown brocket deer presented high percentage of corporal mass allocated to testes and seminiferous tubules, exhibiting the greatest values described for most of studied mammalian species. The calculated volume of albuginea of right and left testis was 3.52mL, representing 5.33% of the testis mass. The volume of both mediastina was 1g, corresponding to 1.53% of testis mass. Therefore, the testicular parenchyma corresponds to 93.14% of the testis in brown brocket deers, making up a volume of 64.88mL. The average diameter of seminiferous tubules was 224.43µm and the average thickness of the seminiferous epithelium was 69.58µm. The brown brocket deer has around 1418m of seminiferous tubules in both testes, or an average of 21.47m of seminiferous tubules per gram of testis. The testicular parenchyma in the brown brocket deer was composed of 4.48% of Leydig cells, 4.41% of connective tissue, 2.89% of lymphatic vessels, and 2.36% of blood vessels. The Leydig cells occurred in groups of varied number of cells, with no particular pattern of distribution, and were observed around blood vessels, near to lymph vessels or associated with the lamina propria of seminiferous tubules. The average volume of Leydig cells was 677.52μm3 and their average nuclear diameter was 7.18µm. The average nuclear volume of Leydig cells was 194.33µm3. The nuclei of Leydig cells corresponded, in average, to 29.01% of total cell volume. The average total volume of Leydig cells in both testes was 2.90mL. The Leydigosomatic index was 0.0084% and the total number of Leydig cells per gram of testis was more than 60 millions. This number of Leydig cells per gram of testis is higher than that reported for most mammals studied. The organizational pattern of the testicular parenchyma of the brown brocket deers used in this study was similar to that described for most studied mammalian species, although with specific variations in the proportion and volume of some elements of the testicular parenchyma. Regarding the intertubular compartment, the organizational pattern of the elements of this region was in accordance with the standard type II, described by Fawcett, but presented variations in the connective tissue, which was slightly swollen. The qualitative and quantitative description of testicular histology of Brown brocket deer help to understand its spermatogenic process, and to establish parameters of the reproductive biology of this wild species. Furthermore, the preliminary data presented in this study could help subsequent research using other species of Brazilian cervids, especially those endangered, making possible the preservation of those species. / Em comparação com os mamíferos da família Cervidae de outros continentes, os cervídeos da América do Sul são os menos estudados. São escassas as pesquisas com a finalidade de estabelecer parâmetros para a biologia reprodutiva dos cervídeos neotropicais. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar morfológica e morfometricamente o testículo do veado-catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira), fornecendo informações que permitam compreender os aspectos básicos da biologia reprodutiva desta espécie. Foram utilizados sete veados-catingueiros adultos mantidos em cativeiro. Os fragmentos testiculares foram obtidos por meio de biópsia testicular incisional. O peso corporal médio dos veados-catingueiros foi de 17,14kg dos quais 0,40% estão alocados em gônada e 0,33% em túbulos seminíferos que representaram 85,86% do parênquima testicular. O veado-catingueiro apresentou um alto percentual de massa corporal alocada em testículo e túbulos seminíferos, enquadrando-se entre os maiores valores descritos para a maioria dos mamíferos estudados. Os volumes calculados para as albugíneas dos testículos direito e esquerdo foram de 3,52mL, representando 5,33% da massa testicular. O volume do mediastino em ambos os testículos foi de 1g, representando 1,53% da massa dos testículos. Portanto, o parênquima testicular ocupa, em veados-catingueiros adultos, 93,14% do testículo, perfazendo um volume de 64,88mL. O diâmetro médio dos túbulos seminíferos foi de 224,43µm e a espessura média do epitélio seminífero foi de 69,58µm. O veado-catingueiro apresenta em torno de 1418 metros de túbulos seminíferos em ambos os testículos, perfazendo uma média de 21,47 metros de túbulos seminíferos por grama de testículo. A organização do parênquima testicular de veados- catingueiros adultos é semelhante ao padrão descrito para os mamíferos, porém com variações específicas quanto à proporção e volumetria dos elementos do parênquima testicular. No veado-catingueiro, 4,48% do parênquima testicular é ocupado por células de Leydig, 4,41% por tecido conjuntivo, 2,89% por vasos linfáticos e 2,36% por vasos sanguíneos. As células de Leydig ocorrem em grupos de tamanhos variados não apresentando padrão de distribuição definido, podendo ser observadas ao redor dos vasos sanguíneos, próximas aos vasos linfáticos ou associadas com a lâmina própria dos túbulos seminíferos. O volume médio das células de Leydig foi de 677,52µm3 e o seu diâmetro nuclear médio foi de 7,18µm. O volume nuclear médio da célula de Leydig foi de 194,33μm3. O núcleo da célula de Leydig correspondeu, em média, a 29,01% do seu volume total. O volume médio total das células de Leydig em ambos os testículos foi de 2,90mL. O índice Leydigossomático foi de 0,0084% e o número total de células de Leydig por grama de testículo foi superior a 60 milhões. O número de células de Leydig por grama de testículo foi superior ao relatado para a maioria dos mamíferos já estudados. O intertúbulo de veado- catingueiro apresenta população celular semelhante ao descrito para mamíferos. O padrão de organização dos elementos do compartimento intertubular se enquadra no padrão tipo II descrito por Fawcett, mostrando tecido conjuntivo frouxo pouco edemaciado. A descrição e quantificação histológica testicular realizadas neste estudo auxiliam na compreensão dos padrões espermatogênicos desta espécie, estabelecendo parâmetros da sua biologia reprodutiva básica. Além disso, esses conhecimentos preliminares podem subsidiar trabalhos subseqüentes com outras espécies de cervídeos existentes no Brasil, especialmente as ameaçadas de extinção, possibilitando a obtenção de dados importantes para a conservação das mesmas.
115

Qualidade da imagem nas pacientes com suspeita de Endometriose infiltrada profunda : comparação entre a ultrassonografia transvaginal antes e após a realização do preparo retal / Picture quality in patients with suspected deep endometriosis infiltrating : comparison transvaginal ultrasonography before and after performing the rectal preparation

Juliana Vieira de Mendonça 25 July 2011 (has links)
Comparar a qualidade da imagem entre a ultrassonografia transvaginal sem preparo intestinal e após preparo intestinal nas pacientes com suspeita de endometriose infiltrativa profunda do compartimento posterior e avaliar do grau de desconforto das pacientes em relação ao preparo intestinal. Estudo transversal com dados coletados prospectivamente, incluindo 39 pacientes com suspeita clínica de endometriose do compartimento posterior do ambulatório de Endometriose do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto (HUPE) da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), no Rio de Janeiro. As pacientes foram submetidas à ultrassonografia transvaginal (USTVG) sem preparo intestinal prévio, seguido de nova USTVG uma hora após realização do enema retal. Os vídeos dos exames gravados foram editados, com ênfase na avaliação do compartimento posterior, com interesse na identificação do nódulo retrocervical e do retossigmóide. Foram graduados conforme a qualidade da imagem pelo examinador e por um radiologista (ambos mascarados), que marcaram uma nota de 0 a 10, usando a escala analógica visual. Restaram apenas 26 pacientes. Em relação ao desconforto devido a realização do enema retal, todas pacientes (100%) relataram apenas um desconforto discreto. Conforme a opção escolhida pelos avaliadores em relação ao melhor método, eles concordaram em 13 (50%) pacientes que a ultrassonografia transvaginal com preparo retal é melhor. Foi usado o teste não-paramétrico de Wilcoxon para amostras dependentes. O p-valor obtido foi de 0.042, considerado significativo (abaixo de 0.05). Isto significa que a realização do enema retal antes da realização da ultrassonografia transvaginal proporcionou uma qualidade melhor na avaliação dos nódulos. A diferença entre as avaliações com e sem preparo retal é maior nos nódulos menores que 2cm, porque encontramos a diferença de 1,1 entre os valores das medianas dos dois tipos de exames. Nos nódulos maiores que 2cm, a diferença encontrada foi de apenas 0,65. A realização do enema retal previamente à realização da ultrassonografia transvaginal no diagnóstico do nódulo endometriótico mostra uma melhora discretamente significativa na qualidade da imagem, comparativamente a não realização de preparo intestinal prévio. Somente nos casos onde o nódulo era menor que 2 cm, foram encontrados valores estatisticamente significativos com o preparo retal. O enema retal causa discreto desconforto, porém isto não parece ser um fator limitante na realização da ultrassonografia com preparo intestinal. / To compare image quality between the transvaginal ultrasound without bowel preparation and after bowel preparation in patients with suspected deep infiltrating endometriosis of the posterior compartment and evaluate the degree of discomfort of patients in relation to bowel preparation. Cross sectional data collected prospectively, including 39 patients with clinical suspicion of endometriosis of the posterior compartment of the endometriosis clinic of the Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto (HUPE) State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), in Rio de Janeiro . The patients underwent transvaginal sonography (USTVG) without prior bowel preparation, followed by new USTVG one hour after completion of the rectal enema. The recorded videos of the tests were published, with emphasis on evaluation of the posterior compartment, with interest in the identification of the nodule retrocervical and rectosigmoid. Were graded according to the quality of the image by the examiner and by a radiologist (both masked), which marked a score from 0 to 10, using the visual analog scale. That left only 26 patients. Regarding the realization of discomfort due to rectal enema, all patients (100%) reported only mild discomfort. Depending on the option chosen by the evaluators regarding the best method, they agreed in 13 (50%) patients with transvaginal ultrasound rectal preparation is better. We used the nonparametric Wilcoxon test for dependent samples. The p-value obtained was 0042 and considered significant (less than 0.05). This means that the completion of rectal enema prior to the transvaginal ultrasound provided a better quality in the evaluation of nodules. The difference between evaluations with and without rectal preparation is higher in nodules smaller than 2 cm, because we found a difference of 1.1 between the median values of the two types of tests. In nodules larger than 2cm, the difference was only 0.65. The performance of the rectal enema prior to the performance of transvaginal sonography in the diagnosis of endometriotic nodule shows a slightly significant improvement in image quality, compared to non-completion of bowel preparation prior. Only in cases where the lump was less than 2 cm were found statistically significant values with rectal preparation. The rectal enema cause mild discomfort, but this does not seem to be a limiting factor in the performance of ultrasound with bowel preparation
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Desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de simulação aplicada ao sistema de arrefecimento veicular. / Simulation metodology development applied to the vehicle cooling system.

Nelson Quim 17 May 2007 (has links)
Este trabalho visa o estudo de uma metodologia de simulação numérica aplicada ao processo de troca térmica do motor de um veículo de passeio. O processo de troca térmica é essencial para evitar o superaquecimento do motor, que provoca o rompimento do filme de óleo lubrificante dos pistões e, conseqüentemente, o seu travamento. Essa metodologia será útil nos estudos preliminares do sistema de arrefecimento de um veículo na fase inicial de projeto por meio de simulações virtuais, o que possibilitará a redução de protótipos, além de proporcionar um ganho em tempo de resposta. A metodologia utiliza um programa comercial de CFD para a simulação do processo de troca térmica no interior do compartimento do motor do veículo. As simulações foram realizadas com base nos testes físicos em túnel de vento que fazem parte do desenvolvimento e projeto de automóveis em condições de operação que representam situações críticas integrantes da vida operacional. Essas condições operacionais de teste, tais como a velocidade do veículo, as cargas térmicas, a potência dos ventiladores e outros parâmetros foram utilizadas como condições de contorno na validação do modelo do veículo. O processo de validação de modelos é composto por: validações de itens isolados do sistema de arrefecimento, avaliação do efeito da densidade de malha computacional de um modelo completo na vazão de ar nos trocadores de calor e simplificações no modelo para a redução do tempo de processamento. Neste trabalho três modelos distintos de veículos foram utilizados, sendo que dois deles para a validação na comparação com os resultados de túnel vento, enquanto o terceiro modelo foi utilizado para a validação da metodologia através de comparações com os dados obtidos nos testes em pista circular. Os resultados das simulações mostraram variações máximas de 5,5% na temperatura do líquido de arrefecimento na entrada do radiador em relação aos testes. A metodologia de simulação mostrou ser uma poderosa ferramenta de otimização durante a fase de desenvolvimento do projeto e complementando os testes físicos para o sistema de arrefecimento veicular. / The present work is applied to a development of a numerical simulation methodology for a passenger vehicle engine cooling process. The heat exchange process is essential to avoid the engine overheat which may result in the piston oil film separation and consequently its halt. This methodology will be useful for the preliminary studies of the cooling system at the initial phase through the virtual simulations which can reduce the number of prototypes and save proposals\' time response. The methodology uses commercial CFD software for airflow simulation and the thermal process at under hood. The simulations were based on the physical wind tunnel tests that are part of the automotive development, with operational conditions representing critical situations experienced by a vehicle in its operating life. The test conditions, such as vehicle speed, thermal loads, fan power and other parameters were used as the boundary conditions for the model validation. The validation process is based on the following phases: validation of the isolated cooling system components, the effect of mesh density at cooling airflow using a complete vehicle model and model simplification in order to improve the processing time. In this work development, three different models were used; two of them for validation with test tunnel data and the third, was used for methodology validation through the circular road test. The simulation results for tunnel and circular road showed 5.5% of differences for the radiator coolant inlet temperature when compared with physical tests. The methodology of the simulation is a powerful tool for optimization during the development phase and complementing the physical tests for the vehicle cooling systems.
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Etude d'un système de transition basé sur des acides gras dans les processus d’encapsulation de biomolécules : vers un nouveau modèle de cellule minimale / Study of transition system in biomolecules encapsulation processes : toward a new model of minimal cell

Garenne, David 12 December 2016 (has links)
La compartimentation est un aspect fondamental dans la compréhension de l’apparition de la vie sur terre mais aussi dans l’élaboration de cellules minimales. Les coacervats sont capables de séquestrer de grandes quantités de molécules par diffusion depuis le milieu extérieur mais ne permettent pas d’encapsuler ces molécules à cause de l’absence de barrière physique entre le milieu intérieur et extérieur. Les vésicules quant à elles, ne permettent pas de séquestrer de grandes quantités de molécules à cause de la bicouche membranaire qui empêche la diffusion des molécules depuis le milieu extérieur. Nous avons développé une nouvelle méthode pour encapsuler des biomolécules basées sur une transition de coacervats à vésicules. Notre système basé sur des acides gras saturés à longues chaînes, peut former des coacervats pour séquestrer des biomolécules puis des vésicules en diminuant le pH pour encapsuler les molécules préalablement séquestrées. Les résultats montrent des taux d’encapsulation supérieurs à ceux obtenus par les méthodes d’encapsulation basées sur l’hydratation de films lipidiques. L’encapsulation d’enzymes ainsi que des substrats de la réaction dans les vésicules ont permis de montrer l’accomplissement de réactions enzymatiques dans ces compartiments de manière beaucoup plus rapide qu’en milieu dilué permettant de générer un bioréacteur efficace. La synthèse de protéines ainsi que l’accomplissement de voies métaboliques n’ont pas été clairement mises en évidence dans les vésicules et constituent un élément décisif dans l’élaboration d’un nouveau modèle de cellule minimale. / Compartmentalization is of importance for our understanding of the emergence of life on earth but also for the development and design of minimal cells. Coacervation phenomenon allows spontaneous sequestration by molecular diffusion from aqueous medium but do not allow encapsulation of molecule inside. On the contrary, vesicular systems do not allow spontaneous encapsulation of molecules inside. Here we introduce a model built from saturated long chain fatty acids. This system can form both membranous vesicles and membrane free coacervated droplets that result from clouding by decreasing ph. We have shown that a large amount of proteins is encapsulated into vesicles after pre-crowding into coacervated. Encapsulation of enzyme in vesicles allow to increase the reaction rate compared to the reaction rate in diluted medium. Synthesis of proteins by cell-free system and metabolic reactions with proteins of mollicutes have not clearly been shown but they represent an essential element in the development of a minimal cell.
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Mécanique des fluides appliquée à la conception des matériels pour la lutte contre l'incendie / Fluid mechanics applied to the design of fire-fighting equipments

Steen, Michael 07 February 2018 (has links)
Nous avons abordé dans ce travail deux aspects particuliers de la mécanique des fluides appliquées à la conception des matériels de lutte contre l’incendie. Le premier concerne la ventilation lors du traitement des compartiments. Nous avons montré qu’une grille alvéolaire, placée devant l’hélice du ventilateur, nous permet de façonner le jet et de lui donner une forme ovalisée. Cette forme est plus adéquate à l’entrant du compartiment et permet un gain important de la performance de ces ventilateurs. Le deuxième aspect de ce travail a été de concevoir un système de dosage d’émulseur dans un réseau d’eau sous pression. Nous avons pour cela défini un doseur de type venturi, équipé d’une ogive conique au niveau du col. Cette ogive, dont la position est définie par le rapport entre la pression d’entrée et la pression de sortie. Nous avons montré, à partir du théorème de Bernoulli, que ce système permet de maintenir une aspiration au niveau du col, quelle que soit la pression ou le débit le traversant. / In this work we have analysed two topics of fluid mechanics, applied to the design of fire fighting equipment. The first one is the performance of ventilation during the movement of air in a compartment that contains a fire. We have shown that specific blade angle designed within the gril and placed in front of the fan propeller, allows us to manipulate the jet of air giving it an oval shape. This shape is more efficient and allows a significant gain in the air movement performance within the compartment for these fans. The second aspect of this work was to define an emulsifier dosing system in a pressurized water system. We define a venturi dosing system with a movable cone piece. The position of this conical piece is Controlled by the pressure ratio between the inlet and the outlet. Based on Bernoulli's theorem, we have demontrated that this system maintains a level of suction at the Inlet regardless of the pressure or flow passing through it.
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Conditions d'utilisation de modèles numériques pour l'évaluation de scénarios de départ de feu dans un cadre d'investigation post-incendie / Use of numerical models to assess fire scenarios in investigation framework

Suzanne, Mathieu 05 November 2009 (has links)
Devant le besoin de nouveaux outils d’aide à l’investigation post-incendie, cette thèse se propose d’évaluer le recours à des modèles numériques pour apprécier un scénario proposé par un expert. Pour cela, les conditions d’utilisation de la version 4 de Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) ont été déterminées dans une optique de reconstitution de sinistres. Une méthode a ensuite été développée afin de confronter les résultats des simulations aux observations faites lors de l’investigation : cette méthode se base sur l’utilisation de multiples points de comparaison qui sont des effets thermiques ou mécaniques remarquables sur un matériau. Les résultats obtenus ont ensuite été utilisés pour la simulation de deux cas réels. Le premier s’attache à comparer, à des simulations, des mesures de propagation de flammes à la surface d’un matelas dans deux configurations différentes. Cela est réalisé afin d’évaluer le modèle de combustion solide de FDS dans différentes conditions de ventilation. La seconde application est la reconstitution d’un incendie ayant fait une victime dans un appartement. Ce second cas a été choisi dans le but d’évaluer les méthodes de simulation et d’utilisation des points de comparaison établies dans les premiers chapitres. / This work is intended to evaluate the use of numerical models to assess fire scenarios proposed by investigators. First chapter of this thesis is about theoretical fire phenomenon useful in the investigation frame. The second chapter is devoted to the validation of a CFD tool named Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) for fire reconstruction purposes. Guidance is developed in the third chapter in order to compare modelling results to degradations observed on fire scenes. It is explained how the accuracy of a scenario could be assessed using several comparison points, the thermal or mechanical effects on materials after a fire. Results obtained in previous chapters are finally applied on two cases. The first one is the comparison of fire spread velocities measured on two different experiments with simulations. This study is carried out to test FDS combustion model under ventilated and underventilated conditions. The second case is the reconstruction of a fire which killed the occupant of an apartment, the purpose of this work being to apply modelling and investigation guidance to a real case.
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Méthode d'obtention d'images TEP paramétriques de la cinétique de fixation du FDG basée sur une approche mathématique intégrant un modèle d'erreur de mesures. / ParaPET, a new methodology to derive 3D kinetic parametric FDG PET images based on a mathematical approach integrating an error model of measurement

Colard, Elyse 04 December 2018 (has links)
La Tomographie par Emission de Positons (TEP) au 2-[18]-Fluoro-2-désoxy-D-glucose (FDG) est une méthode d’imagerie fonctionnelle particulièrement utilisée en oncologie afin de quantifier le métabolisme glucidique des lésions tumorales. En routine clinique, l’analyse quantitative de ces images est réalisée à l’aide de la valeur de fixation normalisée, notée SUV. Des approches de quantification plus élaborées existent dans la littérature, mais elles requièrent généralement de multiples prélèvements sanguins et/ou l’acquisition d’un examen TEP d’au moins 50 minutes. De ce fait, elles sont difficilement applicables en routine clinique. Notre travail a porté sur le développement d’une approche non-invasive, nommée ParaPET, basée sur les travaux initiaux de [Barbolosi et al.2016], permettant la détermination d’une cartographie de biomarqueurs dynamiques et requérant une unique acquisition TEP de durée limitée. Notre approche intègre plusieurs améliorations, parmi lesquelles l’élaboration d’un nouveau modèle d’estimation de la concentration moyenne de FDG et de l’erreur de mesure associée, basé sur un protocole de reconstructions TEP multiples utilisant un rééchantillonnage temporel des données, la détermination de la concentration d’activité sanguine de FDG à l’aide des images TEP de l’aorte, et la caractérisation des lésions tumorales à l’échelle du voxel. Notre approche a été évaluée sur une base de données de 31 patients atteints d’un cancer bronchique non à petites cellules (CBNPC) que nous avons construite au préalable. Notre analyse a porté sur la détermination du biomarqueur Ki , représentant le débit net entrant de FDG. Nos résultats ne montrent pas de différence significative dans l’estimation de Ki entre notre approche et la méthode de référence, l’analyse graphique de Patlak [Patlak et al. 1983]. Nous avons également montré l’existence d’une forte corrélation (R2 ¸ 0,87) entre les images de Ki et de SUV. Cependant, ces images ne sont pas identiques, et peuvent apporter des informations supplémentaires, par exemple pour les régions nécrotiques. Enfin, nous avons étudié la variation relative de Ki (¢(K¤ i )) et de SUVmax (¢(SUVmax )) entre les examens pré- et per-thérapeutiques. Nous avons constaté une corrélation médiocre entre ¢(K¤ i ) et ¢(SUVmax ) (R2 = 0,60) sur l’ensemble de la plage de variation, mais une corrélation plus importante à partir des valeurs de ¢(SUVmax ) ¸ 40 %. Il conviendrait d’approfondir la signification et l’intérêt médical associé aux faibles variations de SUV et de Ki . Au final, l’approche ParaPET permet une détermination simplifiée des paramètres cinétiques de la fixation du FDG, qui enrichiront les caractéristiques tumorales pouvant présenter un intérêt pour la radiomique. / Positron Emission Tomography (PET) with 2-[18]-Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) is a functional imaging technique especially used in oncology to quantify glucose metabolism of tumour lesions. In clinical routine, quantitative analysis of these images is carried out using the standardized uptake value (SUV). More sophisticated quantification approaches have been proposed in the literature, but they requiremultiple blood samples and/or at least a 50 minutes PET acquisition. As a result, they are difficult to implement in clinical routine. Our work focused on the development of a non-invasive approach, named ParaPET, based on the initial work of [Barbolosi et al. 2016], allowing the determination of 3D maps of dynamic biomarkers and only requiring a PET scan of a limited duration. Our approach includes several improvements, including the development of a new model for the estimation of the FDG activity concentration and the associated measurement error, based on amultiple PET reconstruction protocol using temporal data resampling, the determination of the blood FDG activity concentration using PET aorta images, and the characterisation of tumour lesions at a voxel level. Our approach was evaluated on a database of 31 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated by chemo-radiation therapy, that we previously constructed. Our analysis focused on thedetermination of the biomarker Ki , the net influx of FDG in the lesion. Our results show no significant difference in the Ki estimate between our approach and the reference method, the Patlak graphical analysis [Patlak et al. 1983]. We also have shown the existence of a strong correlation between Ki and SUV images (R2 ¸ 0,87).However, these images are not identical, and may provide additional information, for example for necrotic regions. Finally, we studied the relative variation of Ki (¢(K¤ i )) and SUVmax (¢(SUVmax )) between pre- et per-therapeutic PET scans. We have found a poor correlation between ¢(K¤i ) et ¢(SUVmax ) (R2 = 0,60) over the entire range of variation, but a higher correlation from ¢(SUVmax ) values ¸ 40 %. The meaning and the medical interest associated with small variations of SUV and Ki should be further investigated. To conclude, our ParaPET approach allows a simplified determination of kinetic parameters of FDG uptake, which will enhance the tumour characteristics that may be of interest for radiomics.

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