The loss of efficiency and performance of bioprocesses on scale-up is well known, but not fully understood. This work addresses this problem, by studying the effect of some fermentation gradients (pH, glucose and oxygen) at a larger scale in a bench-scale two compartment reactor (PFR + STR) using the cadaverine-producing recombinant bacterium, Corynebacterium glutamicum DM1945 Δact3 Ptuf-ldcC_OPT. The initial scale down strategy increased the magnitude of these gradients by only increasing the mean cell residence time in the plug flow reactor (τ_PFR). The cell growth and product related rate constants were compared as the τ_PFR was increased; differences were significant in some cases, but only up to 2 min residence time. For example, losses in cadaverine productivity when compared to the control fed-batch fermentation on average for the τ_PFR of 1 min, 2 min and 5 min were 25 %, 42 % and 46 % respectively. This indicated that the increasing the τ_PFR alone does not necessarily increase the magnitude of fermentation gradients. The new scale-down strategy developed here, increased the magnitude of fermentation gradients by not only increasing the τ_PFR, but also considering the mean frequency at which the bacterial cells entered the PFR section (f_m). The f_m was kept constant by reducing the broth volume in the STR. Hence, the bacterial cells also spent shorter times in the well mixed STR, as the τ_PFR was increased (hypothesised as giving the bacterial cells less time to recover the non-ideal PFR section of the SDR). On adoption of this strategy cadaverine productivity decreases for the τ_PFR of 1 min, 2 min and 5 min were 25 %, 32 % and 53 % respectively. Thus, highlighting that loss in performance is most likely to occur as the magnitude of heterogeneity within the fermentation environment increases. However, Corynebacterium glutamicum DM1945 Δact3 Ptuf-ldcC_OPT did show some resilience in its biomass productivity. It was only marginally affected in the harshest of conditions simulated here.

Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient d'apporter une percée conceptuelle pour une compréhension en profondeur des mécanismes moléculaires des protéines intrinsèquement désordonnées (IDPs) et de leurs rôles dans la physiologie cellulaire de Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. La combinaison d’approches expérimentale et bioinformatique m’a permis d’identifier 682 protéines thermorésistantes chez C. reinhardtii. Parmi celles-ci, 299 protéines sont systématiquement prédites comme potentielles IDP par quatre algorithmes de prédiction de désordre. Nos résultats indiquent que le pourcentage désordonné moyen de ces protéines prédites comme étant des IDPs est d'environ 20%, et la plupart d'entre elles (~70%) sont adressées à d'autres compartiments que la mitochondrie et le chloroplaste. Leur composition en acides aminés est biaisée par rapport à d'autres IDPs de la base de données de protéines désordonnées (DisProt). Ces IDPs potentielles jouent des fonctions moléculaires diverses, et 54% d'entre elles sont des cibles de phosphorylation.Notre travail a également augmenté l’état des connaissances sur l'adénylate kinase 3 (ADK3), une enzyme contenant une région intrinsèquement désordonnée (IDR). Cette enzyme a été isolée par notre approche globale pour caractériser les IDPs de l’algue verte. L’extension C-terminale désordonnée (CTE) de cette enzyme lui confère de nouvelles fonctions comme par exemple, la formation d’un complexe bi-enzymatique avec la glycéraldéhyde-3-phosphate déshydrogénase (GAPDH), la régulation (négative) de l'activité GAPDH avec le NADPH comme cofacteur, et le rôle de chaperon pour la GAPDH en la protégeant de la dénaturation par traitement thermique et de l’agrégation. / The objectives of this work were to bring a conceptual breakthrough for an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and their roles in the cellular physiology of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Using experimental approaches, 682 heat-resistant proteins were identified as putative IDPs. Among them, 299 proteins were consistently predicted as IDPs by all four disordered predictors. The mean percentage of disordered residues content of these IDPs is about 20%, and most of them (~70%) are addressed to other compartments than mitochondrion and chloroplast. These newly identified IDPs from C. reinhardtii have a biased amino acid composition as regard to other IDPs from the Database of protein disorder (DisProt). Furthermore, they play diverse molecular functions, and 54% of them are the targets for phosphorylation. Our work also revealed more knowledge of the IDR-containing protein adenylate kinase 3 (ADK3) that was extracted by heat-treatment. Its disordered C-terminal extension (CTE) brought new functions to this protein. For instance, via its CTE, ADK3 can form a bi-enzyme complex with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), down-regulates the NADPH-dependent GAPDH activity, and behaves as a chaperone for GAPDH against its aggregation and inactivation under heat-treatment.

För att kunna uppnå de tuffare materialåtervinningsmålen som börjar gälla i Sverige år 2020 måste utsorteringen av bland annat plast-, papper- och metallförpackningar öka. Hushållsavfall beskrivs som en av de mest miljöpåverkande kategorin av avfall men samtidigt den kategori där det finns mest potential för förbättringar genom bättre hantering. Plockanalyser från 67 procent av Sveriges kommuner mellan åren 2013 och 2016 visar att ett svenskt villahushålls restavfall innehåller 34,5 procent förpackningar och returpapper som skulle kunna sorteras ut för materialåtervinning. Ett sätt att öka utsorteringen av producentansvarsmaterial från restavfallet och då kunna uppnå materialåtervinningsmålen är att kommuner erbjuder enklare samt ökad service i form av källsortering närmare hushållen. Tidigare studier har jämfört systemen optisk sortering och fyrfackskärl, som båda innebär källsortering närmare hushållen, med det vanligaste systemet i Sverige idag, tvåkärl, som inte innebär en ökad service genom kvalitativa metoder. Systemen har inte jämförts med kvantitativa metoder utifrån ekonomi eller miljö och inte heller med ett nytt koncept som heter Kvartersnära insamling. Den här rapporten har därför jämfört de fyra systemen utifrån aspekterna miljö och ekonomi med hjälp av verktygen livscykel- och livscykelkostnadsanalys som applicerades i ett område i Kristinehamns kommun för att på så sätt komma närmare verkligheten. Resultatet visar att systemet kvartersnära insamling har lägst miljöpåverkan i de undersökta miljöpåverkanskategorierna och därefter fyrfackskärl, optisk sortering och högst miljöpåverkan har systemet tvåkärl utifrån förutsättningarna och antagandena som har applicerats i studien. Livscykelanalysen visar att miljönyttan med materialåtervinningen överväger konsekvenserna av ökade transporter. Systemet med lägst livscykelkostnad är tvåkärl och sedan kvartersnära insamling, optisk sortering och dyrast livscykelkostnad har fyrfackskärl utifrån antaganden och de förutsättningar som använts i studien. En slutsats från rapporten är att det är viktigt att även undersöka andra aspekter förutom ekonomi och miljö vid val av insamlingssystem då resultatet till stor del beror på andra aspekter bland annat användarens uppfattning om systemet. / To achieve the stricter material recycling goals in Sweden in 2020 plastic-, metallic- and paper packages need to be better sorted from the household waste. Household waste might have the highest environmental impact compared with other sorts of waste but household waste has the highest potential to lower its impact. Waste pick-up analysis from 67 percent of Sweden's municipalities between 2013 and 2016 show that a Swedish household waste contains 34.5 percent packaging and recycled paper that could be sorted for recycling. The producers of that material have the responsibility to collect it but it does not work as well as planned because of different circumstances. One way to increase the recycling of the material from the household waste and then achieve the material recycling goals is that municipalities offer simpler and increased service in the form of source sorting closer to the households. Previous studies have compared the systems of optical sorting and multi compartment bin, which offer separation at sources closer to the households. Moreover, those systems have been compared with the most common system in Sweden today, two bins, which do not involve increased service. The systems have not been compared with quantitative methods based on economics or the environment, nor with a new concept called district collection. This report has compared the four systems. The aspects that have been compared are the environmental aspects and economical aspects by using the tools lifecycle assessment and lifecycle cost assessment. Moreover, the systems have been fictive studied in an area in the municipality of Kristinehamn, in order to get closer to reality. The results indicate that the collection system district collection had the lowest environmental impact followed by multi compartment bin and then optical sorting. Moreover, the system with two bins has the highest impact in the studied environmental impact categories according to the assumptions that have been applied in the study. The lifecycle assessment indicates that the benefits with material recycling is higher than the environmental impacts of increased transportation. The system with lowest lifecycle cost is the system with two bins and then the district collection. The system with highest lifecycle cost is the system optical sorting and the system with the second highest cost is multi compartment bin according to the assumptions that have been applied in the study. One conclusion from the study is that it is important to investigate more aspects than environmental impact and costs when to decide collection system. It is because the results depends on the other aspects as well like the users experience about the system.

Chronic posterior compartment syndrome (CPCS) of the leg is a pathological condition which is often encountered by participants in exercise related activities such as running. To date no successful conservative treatment approach existed for the condition. The mainstay of the management of the condition at present is the surgical release of the involved fascia that surrounds the compartment. The main aim of the research project was thus to develop a successful conservative treatment approach for the symptoms of CPCS. It was identified that the current theoretical base did not incorporate the continuous and relatively inelastic nature of the fascia which plays an important role in the condition. Based on an extended literature review, muscles which are linked to the posterior compartment via the myofascial tissue were identified. Tightness in these clinically significant muscles is able to induce stresses in the myofascial chain which could ultimately influence stresses in the posterior compartment of the leg. The release of tightness in these muscles external to the posterior compartment through soft tissue mobilization techniques provides an effective conservative treatment approach for the symptoms of CPCS. A revised model for the pathogenesis of CPCS was developed which formed the basis for treatment interventions. The revised theoretical model for the pathogenesis of CPCS was validated based on a mixed-methodological approach which included a series of exploratory as well as explanatory case studies. This qualitative approach was supplemented by quantitative experiments in which the causal relationships of the condition on certain biomechanical aspects were explored. The treatment interventions had a hundred percent success rate and the results of the experimental research conducted also supports the new theoretical model for the pathogenesis of CPCS. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences / unrestricted

Afin de mieux connaitre puis d'optimiser les trajectoires suivies par les patients arrivés au stade terminal de leur insuffisance rénale chronique, il a été nécessaire de mettre au point des outils permettant de modéliser ces trajectoires complexes. Les différentes modalités de traitement n'ont pas été comparées une à une mais une approche globale a été privilégiée tenant compte d'une vision intégrée où les modalités de traitement sont considérées comme complémentaires et non concurrentielles. Ce travail de modélisation a utilisé des modèles à compartiments avec prise en compte de risque concurrents et un modèle de mélange pour données de survie avec fraction non à risque. Les paramètres des modèles ont été estimés à partir des données du registre du Réseau Épidémiologie et Information en Néphrologie (REIN). L'outil de prédiction développé a également pu être alimenté par les données de remboursement de l'assurance maladie (SNIIRAM) sur l'année 2009. Cette première version de l'outil a permis d'évaluer les conséquences en termes d'espérance de vie restreinte à 15 ans et de coût moyen par mois de différentes stratégies simulées de prise en charge des patients en IRCT dans le cadre d'une analyse médico-économique, en partenariat avec la Haute Autorité de Santé. L'objectif final de ce travail sera de proposer des outils d'aide à la décision reposant sur des stratégies de prise en charge les mieux adaptées aux besoins des patients. A terme, les outils développés lors de ce travail pourraient également servir de base à une plateforme de simulation afin d'accompagner les décideurs publics lors de la réflexion sur les schémas d'organisation sanitaire / In order to better understand and then optimize the trajectories followed by end-stage renal disease patients, it was necessary to develop tools to model these complex trajectories. The different treatment modalities were not compared but a comprehensive approach was preferred taking into account an integrated vision where treatment modalities are considered complementary and non-competitive. We used compartments models which took into account competitive risk and a mixture model for survival with fraction not at risk. The model parameters were estimated from the data from the Renal Epidemiology and Information Network registry. Reimbursement data from the national health insurance (SNIIRAM) were also used. The prediction tool developed was used to evaluate the consequences in terms of expected 15- years restricted lifetime and average cost per month for different strategies in a medicoeconomic analysis, in partnership with the Haute Autorité de Santé. The final aim of this work is to offer decision support tools based on strategies best adapted to patients’ needs. The tools developed in this work could also serve as a basis for a simulation platform to accompany public decision-makers in their reflection on health organization

Applying mathematical models to dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE MRI) data to perform quantitative tracer kinetic analysis enables the estimation of tissue characteristics such as vascular permeability and the fractional volume of plasma in a tissue. However, it is unclear to what extent modeling assumptions, particularly regarding water exchange between tissue compartments, impacts parameter estimates derived from clinical DCE MRI data. In this work, a new model is developed which includes water exchange effects, termed the water exchange modified two compartment exchange model (WX-2CXM). Two boundaries of this model (the fast and no exchange limits) were used to analyse a clinical DCE MRI bladder cancer dataset. Comparisons with DCE CT, which is not affected by water exchange, suggested that water exchange may have affected estimates of vp, the fractional volume of plasma. Further investigation and simulations led to the development of a DCE MRI protocol which was sensitised to water exchange, in order to further evaluate the water exchange effects found in the bladder cancer dataset. This protocol was tested by imaging the parotid glands in eight healthy volunteers, and confirmed evidence of water exchange effects on vp, as well as flow Fp and the fractional volume of extravascular extracellular space ve. This protocol also enabled preliminary estimates of the water residence times in parotid tissue, however, these estimates had a large variability and require further validation. The work presented in this thesis suggests that, although water exchange effects do not have a large effect on clinical data, the effect is measurable, and may lead to the ability to estimate of tissue water residence times. Results do not support a change in the current practise of neglecting water exchange effects in clinical DCEMRI acquisitions.

Lors d’essais de feux d’hydrocarbures liquides dans le dispositif DIVA de l’IRSN, un phénomène oscillatoire basse-fréquence (BF), a été observé. Ce phénomène se manifeste par des fluctuations importantes de la pression dans le local, qui peuvent conduire à une perte de confinement et ainsi favoriser la propagation du feu et le rejet de polluants au-delà du local. Il s’accompagne de déplacements intermittents de la flamme hors du bac. L’étude fine de ce phénomène oscillatoire a tout d’abord consisté à concevoir une maquette à l’échelle 1:4 du dispositif DIVA dans lequel nous avons fait varier différents paramètres. L’analyse des résultats obtenus nous a permis d’identifier différents régimes de combustion, de décrire les mécanismes responsables de l’apparition des oscillations BF et de caractériser les propriétés de ces oscillations (fréquence et amplitude). L’occurrence et la persistance des oscillations BF dépendent essentiellement de l’équilibre, plus ou moins précaire, entre la quantité d’air disponible pour la combustion et le débit d’évaporation du combustible résultant des flux thermiques reçus à sa surface. Une étude numérique exploratoire utilisant le code CFD SAFIR a été ensuite conduite en utilisant le débit d’évaporation mesuré expérimentalement, puis en le calculant à l’aide d’un modèle d’évaporation. Si le code ne permet pas de décrire correctement le déplacement de la flamme hors du bac, il reproduit de façon satisfaisante le comportement oscillatoire BF du feu, en particulier sa fréquence dominante. / During liquid hydrocarbon fire tests in the DIVA device of IRSN, a low-frequency (LF) oscillatory phenomenon, was observed. This phenomenon manifests itself by large variations of the average pressure in the room, which can lead to a loss of confinement and thus promote the spread of fire and the release of pollutants beyond the local. It is accompanied by intermittent displacements of the flame outside the fuel pan. The fine study of this phenomenon consisted in designing a 1:4 scale model of the DIVA device, allowing us to carry out a very large number of tests, varying some parameters. The analysis of the results obtained allowed us to identify different combustion regimes, to describe the mechanisms responsible for the appearance of the LF oscillations, and to characterize the properties of these oscillations (frequency and amplitude). The occurrence and persistence of LF oscillations essentially depend on the precarious equilibrium between the supply of fresh air and the supply of fuel vapors which results from the heat flux received at its surface. An exploratory numerical study using the CFD code SAFIR was then conducted using both the experimentally measured evaporation rate and that calculated using an evaporation model. The model does not correctly describe the displacements of the flame outside the fuel pan. However, it satisfactorily reproduces the LF oscillatory fire behavior, especially its dominant frequency.

Database systems build an integral component of today’s software systems and as such they are the central point for storing and sharing a software system’s data while ensuring global data consistency at the same time. Introducing the primitives of roles and their accompanied metatype distinction in modeling and programming languages, results in a novel paradigm of designing, extending, and programming modern software systems. In detail, roles as modeling concept enable a separation of concerns within an entity. Along with its rigid core, an entity may acquire various roles in different contexts during its lifetime and thus, adapts its behavior and structure dynamically during runtime. Unfortunately, database systems, as important component and global consistency provider of such systems, do not keep pace with this trend. The absence of a metatype distinction, in terms of an entity’s separation of concerns, in the database system results in various problems for the software system in general, for the application developers, and finally for the database system itself. In case of relational database systems, these problems are concentrated under the term role-relational impedance mismatch. In particular, the whole software system is designed by using different semantics on various layers. In case of role-based software systems in combination with relational database systems this gap in semantics between applications and the database system increases dramatically. Consequently, the database system cannot directly represent the richer semantics of roles as well as the accompanied consistency constraints. These constraints have to be ensured by the applications and the database system loses its single point of truth characteristic in the software system. As the applications are in charge of guaranteeing global consistency, their development requires more effort in data management. Moreover, the software system’s data management is distributed over several layers, which results in an unstructured software system architecture. To overcome the role-relational impedance mismatch and bring the database system back in its rightful position as single point of truth in a software system, this thesis introduces the novel and tripartite RSQL approach. It combines a novel database model that represents the metatype distinction as first class citizen in a database system, an adapted query language on the database model’s basis, and finally a proper result representation. Precisely, RSQL’s logical database model introduces Dynamic Data Types, to directly represent the separation of concerns within an entity type on the schema level. On the instance level, the database model defines the notion of a Dynamic Tuple that combines an entity with the notion of roles and thus, allows for dynamic structure adaptations during runtime without changing an entity’s overall type. These definitions build the main data structures on which the database system operates. Moreover, formal operators connecting the query language statements with the database model data structures, complete the database model. The query language, as external database system interface, features an individual data definition, data manipulation, and data query language. Their statements directly represent the metatype distinction to address Dynamic Data Types and Dynamic Tuples, respectively. As a consequence of the novel data structures, the query processing of Dynamic Tuples is completely redesigned. As last piece for a complete database integration of a role-based notion and its accompanied metatype distinction, we specify the RSQL Result Net as result representation. It provides a novel result structure and features functionalities to navigate through query results. Finally, we evaluate all three RSQL components in comparison to a relational database system. This assessment clearly demonstrates the benefits of the roles concept’s full database integration.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La tesis tiene como objetivo principal el estudio del gas radón y sus descendientes. El radón es un gas radiactivo presente en la naturaleza que puede filtrarse en las viviendas y que se ha asociado con un mayor riesgo de cáncer de pulmón. A pesar de que existen regulaciones y recomendaciones para controlar la concentración de radón en el aire interior, es necesario hacer mediciones del factor de equilibrio, un parámetro esencial en la evaluación del riesgo de exposición al radón, y de las concentraciones de sus descendientes que pueden variar en diferentes situaciones y entornos. Por lo tanto, es fundamental comprender en profundidad el factor de equilibrio y las concentraciones de los descendientes y cómo pueden variar en diferentes ubicaciones y circunstancias. Esto implica, para el desarrollo de esta tesis, la toma de muestras de aire en el interior, la medición de la concentración de radón y de sus productos de desintegración, y la evaluación de factores ambientales, centrándose en la humedad relativa, y otros factores que podrían influir en la concentración del radón y sus descendientes en el ambiente interior. Con estos datos se desarrolla un modelo dosimétrico para el cálculo de la dosis por inhalación. Para comprender la variabilidad del factor de equilibrio en diferentes condiciones, se emplearán análisis estadísticos y se desarrollarán modelos matemáticos que integren los datos recopilados de las mediciones y los factores ambientales evaluados. Además, se considerará el uso de las mascarillas faciales como una posible medida factor que pueda influir en la reducción de la dosis por inhalación de los descendientes del radón. Se realizarán mediciones específicas con y sin mascarillas faciales para evaluar su impacto. / [CA] La tesi té com a objectiu principal l'estudi del gas radó i els seus descendents. El radó és un gas radiactiu present en la naturalesa que pot filtrar-se en les llars i que s'ha associat amb un major risc de càncer de pulmó. Tot i que existeixen regulacions i recomanacions per controlar la concentració de radó en l'aire interior, és necessari fer mesures del factor d'equilibri, un paràmetre essencial en l'avaluació del risc d'exposició al radó, i de les concentracions dels seus descendents que poden variar en diferents situacions i entorns. Per tant, és fonamental comprendre en profunditat el factor d'equilibri i les concentracions dels descendents i com poden variar en diferents ubicacions i circumstàncies. Això implica, per al desenvolupament d'aquesta tesi, la presa de mostres d'aire a l¿interior, la mesura de la concentració de radó i dels seus productes de decaïment, i l'avaluació de factors ambientals, centrant-se en la humitat relativa, i altres factors que podrien influir en la concentració del radó i els seus descendents en l'ambient interior. Amb aquestes dades es desenvolupa un model dosimètric per al càlcul de la dosi per inhalació. Per comprendre la variabilitat del factor d'equilibri en diferents condicions, s'emplearan anàlisis estadístics i es desenvoluparan models matemàtics que integren les dades recopilades de les mesures i els factors ambientals avaluats. A més, es considerarà l'ús de les mascaretes facials com una possible mesura que puga influir en la reducció de la dosi per inhalació dels descendents del radó. Es realitzaran mesures específiques amb i sense mascaretes facials per a avaluar el seu impacte. / [EN] The main objective of this thesis is the study of radon gas and its decay products. Radon is a radioactive gas present in nature that can seep into homes and has been associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. Although there are regulations and recommendations to control the concentration of radon in indoor air, measurements of the equilibrium factor, an essential parameter in the assessment of the risk of radon exposure, and of the concentrations of its decay products that can vary in different situations and environments, are necessary. Therefore, it is essential to thoroughly understand the equilibrium factor and the concentrations of the decay products and how they can vary in different locations and circumstances. To develop this thesis, it is necessary to take indoor air samples, measure the concentration of radon and its decay products, and evaluate environmental factors, focusing on relative humidity, and other factors that could influence the concentration of radon and its decay products in the indoor environment. With this data, a dosimetric model is developed for the calculation of inhalation doses. To understand the variability of the equilibrium factor in different conditions, statistical analyses will be used, and mathematical models that integrate the data collected from the measurements and the evaluated environmental factors will be developed. In addition, the use of face masks will be considered as a possible factor that may influence the reduction of inhalation doses of radon decay products. Specific measurements will be taken with and without face masks to evaluate their impact. / Martínez Ferri, JE. (2023). Estudio del factor de equilibrio y cálculo de dosis aplicados al gas radón [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/196830 / Compendio

Medical imaging based on radioactive tracers exposes the patient to radiation. For this reason, a phantom is preferably used for non-clinical studies such as routine quality assurance and research. The aim of this project was to design, build and test a multi-compartment phantom to be used in dynamic SPECT/CT, PET/CT and PET/MRI studies. By treating each compartment as a biological system and plotting activity distribution, desired characteristics of the phantom can be obtained. A software program was created to simulate compartment activity distribution for different input parameters. Such parameters include number of compartments, administered activity, flow rates between compartments and compartment volume. Based on the simulation, the phantom was designed to meet the desired characteristics. Due to the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, no phantom could be built nor tested. Consequently, leading the project to create a foundation that facilitates future building of the phantom. / Medicinsk avbildning med radioaktiva spårämnen utsätter patienter för en stråldos. Av detta skäl används företrädesvis en fantom för icke-kliniska studier såsom rutinmässig kvalitetssäkring och forskning. Syftet med detta projekt var att designa, bygga och testa ett flerkammarfantom som ska användas i dynamiska SPECT/CT, PET/CT och PET/MRI studier. Genom att behandla varje kammare som ett biologiskt system och plotta aktivitetsfördelning kan önskade egenskaper hos fantomen erhållas. Ett program skapades för att simulera aktivitetsdistributionen i flerkammarfantomer för olika in parametrar så som antal kammare, administrerad aktivitet, flöden mellan kammare och kammarvolym. Baserat på simuleringen utformades fantomen för att uppfylla de önskade egenskaperna. På grund av utbrottet av SARS-CoV-2 viruset kunde ingen fantom byggas eller testas. Följaktligen leddes projektet till att skapa en grund som underlättar framtida byggande av fantomen.