Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2015-04-02T19:44:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Professores em formação de inglês.pdf: 4496123 bytes, checksum: 52f7fea608263abfe8b8b4499f8f61bb (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2015-04-03T01:22:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Professores em formação de inglês.pdf: 4496123 bytes, checksum: 52f7fea608263abfe8b8b4499f8f61bb (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-03T01:23:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Professores em formação de inglês.pdf: 4496123 bytes, checksum: 52f7fea608263abfe8b8b4499f8f61bb (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Este trabalho analisou os comportamentos e os valores que constituíram as escalas comuns de valores de um grupo de professores de língua inglesa em formação nas suas interações em um blog educacional do curso durante quatro semestres do curso de Licenciatura em Letras – Português e Inglês, a fim de averiguar o processo de constituição identitária desse grupo nos diferentes períodos. Partiu-se do entendimento que o grupo de professores em formação poderia ser visto como um sistema complexo (LARSEN-FREEMAN, 1997; LARSEN-FREEMAN e CAMERON, 2007; 2008; PAIVA, 2005; VETROMILLE-CASTRO, 2007; 2008; MARTINS, 2008; 2009) e que o processo de constituição identitária também poderia ser investigado sob esse mesmo viés (SADE, 2009; SCOZ, 2011; SILVA, 2000; NORTON, 2000). As características dos sistemas complexos foram estabelecidas a partir de Bertalanffy (2009), Gleick (1988), Morin (2011) e Lewin (1999), e os valores foram identificados conforme a definição de Piaget (1973) para escala comum de valores qualitativos. Esperava-se, inicialmente, a identificação de comportamentos autônomos (HOLEC, 1981) e colaborativos (PAAS, 2005) na interação dos alunos como professores em formação desde o início da atividade dos blogs, durante o 3º semestre. Contudo, ao longo das análises, percebeu-se que nesse período, o grupo, em geral, apresentou comportamento de aprendizes de inglês. A partir do sexto semestre, o comportamento predominante foi de professores de inglês em formação, embora as atuações dos pequenos grupos e dos alunos tenham variado ao longo desses períodos. A motivação foi um fator presente em todos os semestres, em diferentes intensidades, e acredita-se que também seja parte da função de professores. Foi possível constatar que as identidades de fato não são fixas e que mesmo uma identidade docente, de um professor em formação, altera-se sem que os indivíduos deixem de ser professores. / In this dissertation, it was analyzed the behaviors and values that were part of the scale of common values of a pre-service English teachers’ group in their interactions on an educational blog during four semesters of theirs Language Teaching Bachelor’s Course. The aim was to investigate the process of identity constitution of this group in the different semesters. The research was based on the understanding that the pre-service teachers’ group could be seen as a complex system (LARSEN-FREEMAN, 1997; LARSEN-FREEMAN e CAMERON, 2007; 2008; PAIVA, 2005; VETROMILLE-CASTRO, 2007; 2008; MARTINS, 2008; 2009) and that the process of identity constitution could also be seen in the same perspective. The complex systems’ characteristics were established from Bertalanffy (2009), Gleick (1988), Morin (2011) e Lewin (1999), and the values were identified according to Piaget’s (1973) definition for scale of common qualitative values. Initially, the researcher expected that the autonomous (HOLEC, 1981) and collaborative (PAAS, 2005) behaviors would appear in the interaction of the students as pre-service teachers since the beginning of the blog activity, in the third semester. However, the researcher perceived that the group, in general, had the behavior of English language learners. From the sixth semester on, the predominant behavior was the preservice teachers’, although the small groups and the individual students’ behaviors have ranged during the semesters. The motivation was an important factor, which appeared in different ways, in all semesters the blog was used. Besides, the motivation is believed to be part of teachers’ behavior. The analyzes demonstrated that the identities are not fixed and that a teacher’s identity change even though the individuals do not stop being teachers.

L'objectif principal de la thèse consiste à explorer des problématiques propres aux sciences sociales et à les étudier à l'aide d'outils issus du champ de la physique statistiques et des systèmes complexes. Le travail de la thèse s'est ainsi décliné sur trois grands sujets dont la problématique principale est la question de l'agrégation d'entités individuelles en une structure collective. Le premier sujet est centré sur un exemple paradigmatique de l'émergence d'un comportement collectif macroscopique inattendu à partir de règles individuelles simples: le modèle de ségrégation de Schelling. Nous avons notamment proposé une résolution analytique inédite de ce modèle et nous avons étudié analytiquement et via des simulations l'impact de différentes formes de coopération entre agents individuels sur le comportement collectif global. Cette thématique a été développée à la fois d'un point de vue économique et d'un point de vue physique. Le second sujet porte sur l'exploration de bases de données bibliométriques. Nous avons ainsi produit des 'cartes des sciences' représentant le champ des systèmes complexes (sa structure interne étant décrypté via une analyse des références utilisées par ~140000 articles) ou encore l'état de la recherche au sein d'un établissement tel que l'ENS de Lyon. Enfin, le troisième thème porte sur l'élaboration de modèles basés sur des outils des sciences 'dures' mais sociologiquement fondés. Nous présentons ainsi le processus d'élaboration d'un modèle construit avec une équipe de sociologues. Enfin, nous développons un modèle d'opinion répondant spécifiquement à une question: l'existence de structures qui durent à partir d'entités qui ne durent pas. / This thesis explores the problems raised by the aggregation of entities into a global, collective level, an old problem encountered in many fields of science. We work on three projects related to the aggregation problem in social systems, using tools derived from statistical physics, and more generally quantitative tools. The first project focus on a paradigmatic model of the emergence of puzzling macroscopic behavior from simple individual rules, Schelling's segregation model. We hence propose an analytical resolution of this model and we studied analytically and via simulations the effect of several forms of cooperation between individual agents on the collective behavior. These questions are tackled in a mutually beneficial way for both economics and physics. The second project is based on the exploration of huge databases on scientific literature. We hence produce several 'science maps' representing the fields of complex systems (its internal structure and coherence being analysed through the references used by ~140000 relevant articles) and the research carried out in a scientific institution such as the ENS de Lyon. Finally, the third project deals with the elaboration of models of social phenomena based on natural sciences tools but sociologically grounded. We hence present the elaboration process of a model built with a team of sociologists. We then propose an opinion model specifically designed to explore a single question: the existence of lasting structure from non lasting entities.

Le risque est une propriété inhérente de chaque projet. En effet, tout projet est soumis, durant l’ensemble de son cycle de vie, à de nombreux risques qui sont d’origine interne et externe dont la maîtrise est un enjeu crucial pour la réussite du projet. Beaucoup d'outils de gestion des risques ont été développés, mais ont la faiblesse récurrente de ne représenter que le projet et traitent le risque de façon isolée. Les risques affectant le projet et étant générés par ce dernier, il est nécessaire de prendre en compte les nombreuses et complexes interactions entre projet, environnement et risques.Les travaux réalisés visent à mettre en place une méthode de gestion des risques inhérents aux projets en général et plus particulièrement aux projets du domaine compétitif des énergies renouvelables.Cette méthode s’appuie sur un cadre formel et des outils applicatifs permettant d’optimiser le management des risques liés au projet. En effet, un cadre de modélisation servant de support à la méthode et ayant pour but de faciliter la modélisation du projet en tant que système complexe a été déterminé. De plus, la représentation des interactions inhérentes au projet et la prise de décision ont été rendues possibles par la nature des attributs caractérisant les entités du projet et de son environnement, et les différents modèles d’évaluation, d’interprétation et de choix des alternatives. Cette méthode a été adaptée à la prise en compte des incertitudes inhérentes au projet et à son environnement. Pour cela, nous avons d’abord procédé à l’identification et à la description des incertitudes via la réalisation d’une base de connaissances relatives aux facteurs de risques et à la documentation des variables incertaines. Les incertitudes ont ensuite été formalisées, propagée et évaluées. / Risk is an inherent property of each project. Indeed, any project faces, throughout its whole life cycle, numerous risks. Those risks can have an internal or an external origin. Be able to control risks is a crucial stake for the project success. Many risk management tools have been developed, but have the recurring weakness of representing only the project and treating the risk in isolation. Risks affect the project and are generated by the project itself. So, it is necessary to consider the numerous and complex interactions between project, environment and risks.The work carried out aims to develop a risk management method suitable for all types of projects and more particularly for projects of the competitive field of renewable energies.This method relies on a formal framework, as well as on application tools to optimize project risk management. Indeed, a modeling framework which supports the method and aims to facilitate the modeling of the project as a complex system has been developed. Moreover, the representation of the interactions and the decision making have been allowed by the nature of the attributes characterizing the entities of the project and its environment and the different models for evaluation, interpretation and selection of alternatives. This method was adapted to the uncertain context. For this purpose, uncertainties have been identified and described via the realization of a data base on risk factors. Then, uncertainties have been formalized, propagated and evaluated.

The primary intent of this thesis was to determine if and how the practice of Art of Hosting, a dialogue–based, participatory process architecture, could foster social capital in communities and other large, complex social systems working to address a variety of complex challenges, in order to draw conclusions that could contribute, in a meaningful way, to the advancement of strategic sustainable development (SSD). We hoped to gain useful insights by examining and interpreting the results from two case study systems existing within very different social contexts and with very different organizational structures: Columbus, Ohio and the European Commission. Based on the results of our research, strategic recommendations, guidelines and tools were developed for SSD practitioners wishing to assess the level of social capital in the systems in which they operate and take strategic steps to increase it. These same recommendations, guidelines and tools should also be helpful for Art of Hosting practitioners working to address complex societal challenges in general. Overall, the authors of this thesis believe that these results hold particular significance for any collaborative or multi-stakeholder effort to build support for adoption, and ensure the successful implementation, of sustainability goals and programs. This could include Eco-Municipalities, Transition Towns, Agenda 21 Communities, Smart Cities, and large complex organizations such as multi-national corporations or universities, to mention but a few. / <p>daly.elaine2013@gmail.com</p>

Ce travail présente une nouvelle approche basée sur l’étude de la stabilité du mouvement de systèmes continus, multivariables, non linéaires. Elle repose sur l’utilisation de la seconde méthode de Lyapunov pour le calcul d’une loi de commande de suivi de trajectoire d’un processus dont l’évolution est décrite par son équation d’état. Cette commande est réalisée à partir d’informations accessibles concernant le processus et son évolution désirée.Cette approche est étudiée dans le cas où cette commande n’est pas définie.Afin d’étudier la robustesse de cette commande, nous présentons une approche basée sur la stabilité des systèmes non linéaires par le calcul des systèmes majorants. Cette approche est appliquée sur les systèmes décrivant l’erreur entre le système perturbé réel présentant d’importantes imprécisions et/ou incertitudes et le modèle théorique / This work presents a new approach based on the study of the stability of motion of continuous, multivariable, nonlinear systems. It relies on the use of the second Lyapunov method for computing a control law trajectory tracking of a process whose evolution is described by the equation of state. This control is made from accessible information about the process and its desired evolution. This approach is studied in the case where the command is not defined. To investigate the robustness of this control, we present an approach based on the stability of nonlinear systems by calculating the overvaluing systems. This approach is applied to the systems describing the error between the actual perturbed system with significant inaccuracies and / or uncertainties and the theoretical model

Il existe une multitude de traitements d'images dans la littérature, chacun étant adapté à un ensemble plus ou moins grand de cadres d'application. Les traitements d'images sont fondamentalement trop différents les uns par rapport aux autres pour être mis en commun de façon naturelle. De plus, ces derniers sont trop rigides pour pouvoir s'adapter d'eux mêmes lorsqu'un problème non prévu à l'avance par le concepteur apparaît. Or la vision est un phénomène autoadaptatif, qui sait traiter en temps réel des situations singulières, en y proposant des traitements particuliers et adaptés. Elle est aussi un traitement complexe des informations, tant ces dernières ne peuvent être réduites à des représentations réductionnistes et simplifiantes sans être mutilées.Dans cette thèse, un système de vision est entrepris comme un tout où chaque partie est adaptée à l'autre, mais aussi où chaque partie ne peut s'envisager sans l'autre dans les tensions les plus extrêmes générées par la complexité et l'intrication des informations. Puisque chaque parcelle d'information joue un rôle local dans la vision, tout en étant dirigée par un objectif global peu assimilable à son niveau, nous envisageons la vision comme un système où chaque agent délibère selon une interférence produite par le potentiel décisionnel de chacun de ses voisins. Cette délibération est entreprise comme le résultat produit par l'interférence d'une superposition de solutions. De cette manière, il émerge du système à base d'agents une décision commune qui dirige les actions locales faites par chaque agent ou chaque partie du système. En commençant par décrire les principales méthodes de segmentation ainsi que les descripteurs de formes, puis en introduisant les systèmes multi-agents dans le domaine de l'image, nous discutons d'une telle approche où la vision est envisagée comme un système multi-agent apte à gérer la complexité inhérente de l'information visuelle tant en représentation qu'en dynamisme systémique. Nous encrons dans ces perspectives deux modèles multi-agents. Le premier modèle traite de la segmentation adaptative d'images sans calibration manuelle par des seuils. Le deuxième modèle traite de la représentation de formes quelconques à travers la recherche de coefficients d'ondelettes pertinents. Ces deux modèles remplissent des critères classiques liés au traitement d'images, et à la reconnaissance de formes, tout en étant des cas d'études à développer pour la recherche d'un système de vision auto-adaptatif tel que nous le décrivons. / Although several image processing approaches exist, each of them was introduced in order to be used in a specific set of applications. In fact, image processing algorithms are fundamentally too different in order to be merged in a natural way. Moreover, due to their rigidity, they are unable to adapt themselves when a non-previously programmed problem appears as it could be the case in our framework. Indeed vision is an auto-adaptive phenomenon which can deal with singular situations by providing particular and adapted treatments. It is also a complex information processing. Therefore, vision should not be reduced to reductionist and simplifying representation. According to this thesis, a vision system could be developed as a whole in which each part adapts itself with others. Its parts cannot be considered separately due to the extreme tensions generated by the complexity and the intricacy of information. Each of them contributes locally to the vision and it is directed by a global objective incomprehensible at its level. We consider vision as a system whose agents deliberate according to an interference produced by the decision potential of each agent. This deliberation is undertaken as the result produced by interferences of a solution superposition. Then, it emerges from the agent-based system a common decision which directs local actions of each agent or of each part of the system. After describing the main shape descriptors and segmentation algorithms and after introducing multi-agent systems on the image processing domain, we discuss on approaches for which vision is considered as a multi-agent system able to manage the inherent complexity of visual information. Then, we give two multi-agent models. The first one deals with an adaptive segmentation which doesn't need manual calibration through thresholds. The second one deals with shape representations through the search of pertinent wavelet coefficients. These two models respect classical image processing criteria. They also are case studies that should be developed in the search of an auto-adaptive vision system.

Finding limit cycles and their stability is one of the central problems of nonlinear thermoacoustics. However, a limit cycle is not the only type of self-excited oscillation in a nonlinear system. Nonlinear systems can have quasi-periodic and chaotic oscillations. This thesis examines the different types of oscillation in a numerical model of a ducted premixed flame, the bifurcations that lead to these oscillations and the influence of external forcing on these oscillations. Criteria for the existence and stability of limit cycles in single mode thermoacoustic systems are derived analytically. These criteria, along with the flame describing function, are used to find the types of bifurcation and minimum triggering amplitudes. The choice of model for the velocity perturbation field around the flame is shown to have a strong influence on the types of bifurcation in the system. Therefore, a reduced order model of the velocity perturbation field in a forced laminar premixed flame is obtained from Direct Numerical Simulation. It is shown that the model currently used in the literature precludes subcritical bifurcations and multi-stability. The self-excited thermoacoustic system is simulated in the time domain with many modes in the acoustics and analysed using methods from nonlinear dynamical systems theory. The transitions to the periodic, quasiperiodic and chaotic oscillations are via sub/supercritical Hopf, Neimark-Sacker and period-doubling bifurcations. Routes to chaos are established in this system. It is shown that the single mode system, which gives the same results as a describing function approach, fails to capture the period-$2$, period-$k$, quasi-periodic and chaotic oscillations or the bifurcations and multi-stability seen in the multi-modal case, and underpredicts the amplitude. Instantaneous flame images reveal that the wrinkles on the flame surface and pinch off of flame pockets are regular for periodic oscillations, while they are irregular and have multiple time and length scales for quasi-periodic and chaotic oscillations. Cusp formation, their destruction by flame propagation normal to itself, and pinch-off and rapid burning of pockets of reactants are shown to be responsible for generating a heat release rate that is a highly nonlinear function of the velocity perturbations. It is also shown that for a given acoustic model of the duct, many discretization modes are required to capture the rich dynamics and nonlinear feedback between heat release and acoustics seen in experiments. The influence of external harmonic forcing on self-excited periodic, quasi-periodic and chaotic oscillations are examined. The transition to lock-in, the forcing amplitude required for lock-in and the system response at lock-in are characterized. At certain frequencies, even low-amplitude forcing is sufficient to suppress period-$1$ oscillations to amplitudes that are 90$\%$ lower than that of the unforced state. Therefore, open-loop forcing can be an effective strategy for the suppression of thermoacoustic oscillations. This thesis shows that a ducted premixed flame behaves similarly to low-dimensional chaotic systems and that methods from nonlinear dynamical systems theory are superior to the describing function approach in the frequency domain and time domain analysis currently used in nonlinear thermoacoustics.

This diploma thesis focuses on the analysis of a particular soft complex system in the company. This system is a running car service with a determined problem situation. This system and its problem is then evaluated in terms of soft systems methodology, system dynamics and critical systems heuristics. The theoretical section provides concepts to understand the complexity and also individual system approaches. As beneficial of work I consider the practical part, which is aimed to the analysis of complex real-world system using the selected approaches as well as an evaluation of these approaches. Main purpose is to bring comparisons and suggestions for improvement and also a broader view to the system. All of this increases information value of approaches and we are able to deliver more relevant information. Thesis is therefore focused not only to deal with examples from practice but also to extend the selected theories within the system approaches.

Pour comprendre comment se construisent les connaissances sur l’effet des interventions en médecine, il est nécessaire de savoir où est faite la recherche clinique dans le monde, quelles maladies sont étudiées, et quels acteurs la mettent en place. Une vision globale du système de recherche peut aider à identifier des lacunes dans la production de connaissances et à orienter l’activité de recherche vers les priorités de santé, en particulier dans les régions où les ressources sont limitées. Dans ce travail nous avons construit des cartographies de la recherche clinique, c’est-à-dire des analyses agrégées de ce système complexe visant à extraire de l’information sur l’activité globale de recherche. Nous avons utilisé les registres d’essais cliniques inclus dans l’International Clinical Trials Registry Platform de l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé pour cartographier l’activité de recherche. Dans un premier travail nous avons évalué pour 7 régions l’alignement entre l’effort local de recherche sur 10 ans et le fardeau de 27 groupes de maladies. Ce travail a nécessité le développement d’un algorithme de classification automatique des maladies étudiées dans les essais clinique basé sur des méthodes de traitement automatique du langage. À partir des données de 117,180 essais randomisés, nous avons montré que la recherche faite dans les pays riches était bien alignée avec leurs besoins. Dans toutes les autres régions nous avons identifié des lacunes dans l’effort de recherche. En particulier, en Afrique Subsaharienne, même si des causes majeures de fardeau comme le VIH et le paludisme reçoivent un effort de recherche important, d’autres priorités locales, les maladies infectieuses communes et les pathologies du nouveau-né, ont été négligées par l’effort de recherche. Dans un deuxième travail nous avons évalué l’influence du type de promoteur (industriel ou non-industriel) dans l’utilisation de réseaux de pays pour recruter des patients dans des essais cliniques multi-pays. Nous avons montré que 30% contre 3% des essais à promoteur industriel et non-industriel sont multi-pays, respectivement. Les pays d’Europe de l’Est participent dans leur ensemble de façon surreprésentée dans la recherche multi-pays industrielle. Ceci suggère les grandes capacités des industriels à globaliser leur recherche en s’appuyant sur des réseaux de pays bien définis. À l’échelle de tous les essais clinique enregistrés, nos travaux ont mis en évidence des lacunes majeures dans l’effort de recherche mondial, et montré l’influence des différents acteurs dans la globalisation de celle-ci. Ces travaux forment une brique pour le développement d’un observatoire global de la recherche médicale. / By knowing what clinical research is undertaken worldwide, where it is conducted, which diseases are studied, and who is supporting it, we could have a better understanding on how is created the knowledge concerning health interventions. A global landscape of health research may inform policy makers on knowledge gaps and on how to reallocate resources to address health needs, in particular in low-resource settings. In this thesis we mapped clinical research, i.e. we analyzed at a macro-level the complex system of health research to bring information on the global landscape of health research effort. We based our analyses on clinical trial registries included in the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform from the World Health Organization. In a first project, we evaluated within 7 regions the local alignment between the effort of research and the burden for 27 groups of diseases. This work needed the development of a knowledge-based classifier of clinical trial registries according to diseases studied based on natural language processing methods. We mapped 117,180 randomized controlled trials. For high-income countries, the research effort was well aligned with the needs. In all other regions we identified research gaps. In particular, for Sub-Saharan Africa, where major causes of burden such as HIV and malaria received a high research attention, research was lacking for major causes of burden, especially for common infectious diseases and neonatal disorders. In a second project, we compared the mappings of multi-country trials for industry- and non-industry–sponsored clinical trials, and analyzed the networks of collaboration of countries participating together to the same multi-country trials. We showed that among industry- and non-industry–sponsored trials, 30% and 3% were multi-country, respectively. The collaboration within Eastern European countries was particularly over-represented for industry-sponsored research. Industry sponsors may thus have a greater capacity to conduct globalized research, using well-defined networks of countries. Our large-scale mappings of all registered clinical trials shed light on major gaps in the effort of health research as compared to health needs. In addition, we showed the influence of different sponsors in the globalization of clinical research. These projects are in-line with the development of a global observatory for health research.

La connaissance mondiale déclarée double environ tous les 9 ans (Kozmetsky, Smilor 1999) Parallèlement, le langage écrit ou verbal demeure le mode de transmission privilégié de la connaissance dans les organisations et sur le Web où aucune lingua franca n’a émergé, et qui est dès lors fractionné en contenus sinophone, anglophone, hispanophone, arabophone, hindiphone etc. Nous utilisons les travaux de Dehaene et al sur la mémoire épisodique dans son détournement par les calculateurs prodiges pour théoriser et concevoir une nouvelle interface homme-machine spatialisée qui permette à l’utilisateur individuel et en groupe de visualiser, de manipuler mentalement et d’échanger plus de connaissances. La théorisation et la conception de cette gamme d’interfaces, basées sur des algorithmes de spatialisation de listes, et l’unique objet de notre thèse. / Could we flow knowledge faster and better? Why is this a problem in the first place? How can we tackle it technologically? What could be a prototype solution? This work unifies these questions in the outline of a single, refutable paradigm of noodynamics - the study of knowledge flows - and nooconomics, the economy of knowledge. This paradigm will answer the question “Why”. Neuroergonomics (“brain ergonomics”), and biomimicry, will be summoned in answer to the question “How”. Their contribution will follow from the simplest knowledge flow equation that is proposed in this work. Two original optimisation problems are also posed in software neuroergonomics and biomimetics: the Mindscape and Serendipity Problem. A case of theoretical neuroergonomics, or neuroergonomics ex ante is proposed with the study of Hyperwriting, a written grapheme-loceme association, or a glyphic method for externalising spatial memory. Its application to the design of user interface will finally found neuroergonomic design, or neuromimicry, with the example of a collegial interface to augment multiscale knowledge flows: Chréage. The anatomy of this prototype mindscape will be the conclusion of this work, and its answer to the question “What”?