Les recherches sur l'apprentissage informel de l'anglais en ligne (AIAL) étudient la manière dont des locuteurs non natifs de l’anglais participent aux activités de loisir sur Internet en langue étrangère et les implications que ces interactions peuvent avoir pour le développement de la langue étrangère. Cette thèse a pour objectif d’examiner l’envergure de ces pratiques et d’analyser le développement langagier des apprenants en termes de complexité, précision, aisance à communiquer et chunks. 953 étudiants français et allemands ont renseigné un questionnaire d’environ 60 questions sur leurs pratiques informelles en ligne en anglais. Les résultats montrent des habitudes similaires entres les deux cohortes, une préférence pour les activités de compréhension plutôt que de production, des taux bas d’apprentissage explicite et des raisons de participer liées au contenu des activités plutôt qu’à la langue. Ensuite deux études de cas ont été réalisées sur 10 mois. Des données orales et écrites ont été analysées. Les résultats indiquent que chaque apprenant possède son propre profil AIAL et que les trajectoires de développement sont individuelles et non linéaires. / Preliminary research regarding the online informal learning of English has shown that L2 development can result from participation in informal activities online. The goal of this dissertation is to examine the range of these online practices and to analyse university students’ long-term L2 development through their participation in such activities.953 French and German university students responded to a questionnaire containing approximately 60 questions regarding their online informal activities in English. Results from this survey show many similar practices between the two cohorts, a preference for comprehension over production and interaction activities, low rates of active (explicit) learning and content-associated rather than language-associated reasons for participating. Case studies were subsequently carried out. Oral and written data were collected over 10 months and analysed for complexity, accuracy and fluency measures as well as the use of language chunks. Results show that each language user interacts with the activities in his/her own unique style and that the different L2 measures evolve non-linearly and in relation to one another.

Submitted by Tamara Ilinsky Crantschaninov (tami.crants@gmail.com) on 2018-04-06T22:59:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 20180405-tese-tamara-crantschaninov.pdf: 2682403 bytes, checksum: cb2c4c2b5b87a6f67d96dda9cb660f41 (MD5) / Rejected by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br), reason: Boa tarde Tamara, Conforme conversamos, para que possamos dar andamento ao seu trabalho será necessário alguns ajustes. Qualquer duvida estamos a disposição. Att, Pâmela Tonsa on 2018-04-09T18:29:46Z (GMT) / Submitted by Tamara Ilinsky Crantschaninov (tami.crants@gmail.com) on 2018-04-12T11:39:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 20180410-tese-tamara-crantschaninov.pdf: 2726745 bytes, checksum: 3d1fed601562a24de445a86c51df61fc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2018-04-12T21:01:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 20180410-tese-tamara-crantschaninov.pdf: 2726745 bytes, checksum: 3d1fed601562a24de445a86c51df61fc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-04-13T13:04:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 20180410-tese-tamara-crantschaninov.pdf: 2726745 bytes, checksum: 3d1fed601562a24de445a86c51df61fc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-13T13:04:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 20180410-tese-tamara-crantschaninov.pdf: 2726745 bytes, checksum: 3d1fed601562a24de445a86c51df61fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-16 / A expectativa sobre as instituições participativas criadas a partir da democratização do Estado brasileiro nos anos 1980 encontra-se frustrada pela baixa efetividade destes espaços em tornar práticas as demandas dos movimentos sociais e da sociedade civil. Esta tese estuda como a ressignificação da democracia e da participação popular, a partir da construção de autorreferências sistêmicas, é responsável pela desmobilização em torno dos espaços estatais de participação. As Conferências Públicas da Defensoria Pública do Estado de São Paulo – DPESP são o caso de estudo, pois a instituição é criada em 2006 após ampla pressão dos movimentos sociais pela garantia do modelo de assistência jurídica público. Cerca de uma década depois, sociedade civil e movimentos sociais encontram-se desmobilizados em torno do órgão. No entanto, em algumas localidades específicas, movimentos sociais continuam mobilizados para as Conferências Públicas, em suporte a instituição. A existência destes dois padrões é explicada pela modelo nuclear de Regionais da DPESP, que permite que os efeitos contingenciais da organização social sejam maiores, nos locais onde esta ocorre. Através da análise da narrativa dos atores envolvidos neste processo, bem como a utilização de técnicas de mapeamento visual e temporal bracketing, sugeridas por Langley (1999), este trabalho avançou na teoria organizacional por relacionar a formação e manutenção de sistemas autopoiéticos com as trajetórias de dispersão e aproximação de membros de um sistema. / The expectation about participatory institutions created after the democratization of the Brazilian State in the 1980s is frustrated by the low effectiveness of these spaces in making practical the demands of social movements and civil society. This thesis studies how the resignification of democracy and popular participation, based on the construction of systemic self-references, is responsible for the demobilization around the state spaces of participation. The Public Conferences of the Public Defender’s Office of the State of São Paulo - DPESP are the case of study, since the institution is created in 2006 after extensive pressure from social movements to guarantee the model of public legal assistance. About a decade later, civil society and social movements are demobilized around the organ. However, in some specific localities, social movements continue to be mobilized for the Public Conferences, in support of the institution. The existence of these two patterns is explained by the DPESP regional nuclear model, which allows the contingency effects of social organization to be larger where it occurs. Through the narrative analysis of the actors involved in this process, as well as the use of visual and temporal bracketing techniques suggested by Langley (1999), this work advanced in the organizational theory by relating the formation and maintenance of autopoietic systems with the trajectories of dispersion and approximation of members of a system.

Human trafficking for sexual exploitation, as the most documented type of trafficking both internationally and in South Africa, was the focus of this study as it poses significant challenges to response efforts whilst remaining a crime of vast impunity. At the centre of this study was the researcher’s curiosity-infused endeavour to understand the lived experiences of multipronged stakeholders who have first-hand experience of the investigation into human trafficking for sexual exploitation. A qualitative approach and the use of hermeneutic phenomenology within a broader postmodernist and constructivist positioning served as the catalyst for generating novel insights. Numerous formal and informal conversations over the 5-year research period, site visits to multiple sex trade locations around South Africa and 91 in-depth and unstructured interviews with participants from 15 different vantage points were conducted. Five themes were identified from participants’ lived experiences as they related to the investigation of human trafficking for sexual exploitation. These were Theme 1: Sex Trade, Human Trafficking and Organised Crime; Theme 2: Combating Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation; Theme 3: Victims of Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation; Theme 4: Corruption and Compromise; and Theme 5: The Social Context and Scope of the Problem. A rich and in-depth presentation of participants’ lived experiences from an emic point of view was made. Knowledge generated include the revelation of problematic claims by preservationists around the nature of the sex trade in South Africa, insights into complexities intrinsic to human trafficking for sexual exploitation and multi-layered challenges associated with investigations into the crime. At the apex of the study was the deconstruction of complex systems theory and its application to the phenomenological essence of participants’ lived experiences. A proposed application of the theory was suggested for a more agile, robust and effective multipronged investigation strategy to combat human trafficking for sexual exploitation. A strong argument is made for a ‘whole’ and non-reductionist approach to investigations that continuously considers both the complexity of the crime and the day-to-day realities of the stakeholders who contribute to the multipronged investigation into human trafficking for sexual exploitation. / Ukurhweba ngabantu ngeenjongo zokubaxhaphaza ngokwesondo, lolona didi lorhwebo lokuxhaphaza ekubhalwe ngalo kakhulu kwihlabathi jikelele nakuMzantsi Afrika. Esi sifundo sigxile kolu rhwebo njengoko lucela umngeni kwimizamo yokusabela lo gama ilulwaphulo mthetho olungalawulekiyo. Esizikithini sesi sifundo yayingumdla womphandi ukuqonda ngamava abo bathatha inxaxheba ekuphandeni ngorhwebo lokuxhaphaza ngokwesondo. Kukhethwe ufundo oluqwalasela umgangatho nokusetyenziswa kwesimbo sokutolika iimeko ezikhoyo kwilizwe elisemva kwelale mihla siphila kuyo njengeyona nqobo eya kuveza iimbono ezingaqhelekanga. Kwabanjwa inqwaba yeencoko ezisesikweni nezingekho sikweni ezenziwe kwisithuba seminyaka yophando engaphaya kwemihlanu, kwatyelelwa kwiindawo zorhwebo lokuxhaphaza ngokwesondlo ezikhoyo eMzantsi Afrika, kwabanjwa nodliwano ndlebe olunzulu lungaqingqwanga olungama-91 nabantu abakwiindawo zomdla ezili-15. Kwabonakala imixholo emihlanu esuka kumava abathathi nxaxheba malunga nophando ngorhwebo lokuxhaphaza ngesondo. Le mixholo yile: Umxholo woku-1: Urhwebo Lwesondo, Urhwebo Lokuxhaphaza Abantu, Nolwaphulo Mthetho Olucwangcisiweyo; Umxholo wesi-2: Ukulwa Urhwebo lokuxhaphaza abantu Ngenjongo Yesondo; Umxholo wesi-3: Amaxhoba Orhwebo Lokuxhaphaza Abantu Ngenjongo Yesondo; Umxholo wesi-4: Ubuqhophololo Nokunikezela; kunye noMxholo wesi-5: Imeko Yezentlalo Nomthamo Wengxaki. Kwenziwa inkcazelo enzulu netyebileyo yamava abathathi nxaxheba evelelwa ngokwendlela abantu bendawo abacinga nabazibona ngayo izinto. Ulwazi olufunyenweyo luquka izimvo eziyingxaki zabantu abakhuthaza ukugcinwa kwezinto zinjengoko zinjalo, malunga nohlolo olululo lorhwebo ngesondo eMzantsi Afrika, izimvo ngobunzima obubuthume kurhwebo lokuxhaphaza abantu ngenjongo yesondo kunye nemingeni emininzi eyayanyaniswa nophando lolwaphulo mthetho. Encochoyini yesi sifundo kukuhlakaza ingcingane exhakaxhaka yeenkqubo nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwiimeko ezikhoyo kumava abathathi nxaxheba. Kwacetyiswa indlela yokusebenzisa le ngcingane ekwenzeni icebo elinamandla nelisebenzayo lokulwa urhwebo lokuxhaphaza abantu ngenjongo yesondo. Kuthethelwa indlela yokusebenza ‘epheleleyo’ nengacuthi nto ekuqhubeni uphando v olusoloko luthathela ingqalelo ubuxhakaxhaka bolwaphulo mthetho namava emihla ngemihla abathathi nxaxheba abafaka isandla kuphando oluvelela iinkalo ezininzi kurhwebo lokuxhaphaza abantu ngenjongo yesondo. / Ukushushumbiswa kwabantu ukuze baxhashazwe ngokocansi, njengohlobo lokushushumbisa oluqoshwe phansi ngokudlula zonke ezinye izinhlobo emhlabeni wonke kanye naseNingizimu Afrika, yikona okugxilwe kukho kakhulu kulolu cwaningo njengoba kuyikona okungadala izingqinamba ezinkulu emizamweni yokubhekana nakho kube futhi kuyilona hlobo lobugebengu olungajeziswa kangako. Okunguwona mgomo walolu cwaningo yimizamo yomcwaningi egqugquzelwa ngukufuna kwakhe ukwazi ukuze aqonde lokho okubonwe ngababandakanyekayo abahlukahlukene abebebhekene ngqo nokuphenywa kodaba lokushushumbiswa kwabantu ukuze baxhashazwe ngokocansi. Kusetshenziswe indlela yokwenza ephathelene nokuqoqwa kwemininingwane engamaqiniso nokusetshenziswa kohlobo locwaningo olwahlukile kulolo olubheka ukwenzeka kwezinto ngokwemvelo maqondana nokuhleleka kwezinto ngokwesikhathi esilandela esezinto zesimanjemanje, nangendlela elandela umumo othize, njengegqugquzela ubukhona bokuqonda okuhlaba umxhwele ngokungajwayelekile. Kube khona izingxoxo eziningi ezihleliwe nezingahlelwanga ezenzeke esikhathini esiyiminyaka emihlanu yocwaningo, kwavakashelwa izizinda eziningi ezindaweni okuhwetshelwana kuzo ngocansi eziseNingizimu Afrika, kwaphinde kwaba nezingxoxo ezingama-91 ezijulile ngokuphonsa imibuzo engahleliwe ngokusemthethweni kubabambiqhaza abavela ezindaweni eziyi-15 ezilungele lolu cwaningo. Kuhlonzwe izingqikithi ezinhlanu eziqhamuke kulokho okubonwe ngababambiqhaza ngokuhlobana kwabo nophenyo lokushushumbiswa kwabantu ukuze baxhashazwe ngokocansi. Yilezi, Ingqikithi 1: Ukuhweba Ngocansi, Ukushushumbiswa Kwabantu Nobugebengu Obuhleliwe; Ingqikithi 2: Ukulwisana Nokushushumbiswa Kwabantu Ukuze Baxhashazwe Ngokocansi; Ingqikithi 3: Izisulu Zokushushumbiswa Ukuze Zixhashazwe Ngokocansi; Ingqikithi 4: Inkohlakalo Nokwenza Okungahambisani Nawe; neNgqikithi 5: Indikimba Kwezenhlalo Nobubanzi Benkinga. Kube sekwethulwa ngokucebile nangokujulile okubonwe ngababambiqhaza ngokwencazelo ehambisana nohlobo lwesifundo. Ulwazi olutholakele lubandakanya ukuvela kwalokho okuyinkinga okushiwo yilabo abalwela ubukhona bohwebo lwezocansi eNingizimu Afrika, ukuqondwa kwalokho okungekho lula ukukuqonda okuphathelene vii nokushushumbiswa kwabantu ukuze baxhashazwe ngokocansi kanye nezingqinamba ezishiyana ngokwezigaba ezihambisana nophenyo lwalobu bugebengu. Ekujuleni kocwaningo kube khona ukuhlaziya okubanzi ngokuhlakaza izinhlelo zezinzululwazi okungekho lula ukuziqonda nokusetshenziswa kwazo kulokho okusemqoka okubonwe ngababambiqhaza. Kuhlongozwe ukuba kusetshenziswe isu elisheshayo, elishubile nelizosebenza ngempumelelo elihlukene izigaba eziningi ezibheka konke elizolwisana nokushushumbiswa kwabantu ukuze baxhashazwe ngokocansi. Ukudingida kabanzi ngendlela 'ephelele' nengancike ndawo okumele ilandelwe uma kuphenywa nezobheka kokubili ukungabi lula kobugebengu okubhekenwe nabo kanye nokubonwa imihla ngemihla ngababambiqhaza abasiza ngokuthile ophenyweni olubheka okuningi okwahlukahlukene maqondana nokushushumbiswa kwabantu ukuze baxhashazwe ngokocansi. / Criminology and Security Science

A crescente demanda por serviços de saúde, juntamente com a necessidade de proporcionar um cuidado com qualidade e com segurança, trazem desafios para as instituições que trabalham nessa área. Buscando-se soluções para esse problema, hospitais vêm aderindo a filosofia Lean Healthcare (LH), contudo é necessário ressaltar a dificuldade que essas aplicações podem ter, em longo prazo, por ser uma abordagem distinta da gestão tradicional e não levar em consideração a natureza complexa da saúde. Esse estudo buscou em desenvolver um Framework para análise e intervenção em Sistemas Complexos (SC), por meio da integração entre princípios de gestão de sistemas enxutos e princípios da ciência da complexidade. Para isso, lançou-se mão de métodos, como mapeamento de fluxo de valor, mapeamento de processos e Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM). O Framework proposto estruturou-se em 6 etapas, sendo construído por meio da Design Science Research. O estudo aplicado ocorreu em um hospital universitário na análise do fluxo do paciente grave do Serviço de Emergência para a Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Como resultado dessa aplicação, foi possível identificar 16 problemas nesse fluxo, propondo-se um plano de ação para um dos problemas e simulando os potenciais impactos por meio da utilização do FRAM. Concluiu-se que é possível unificar as visões de LH e de SC, gerandose uma visão aprofundada dos problemas enfrentados no cotidiano dos serviços da saúde, criando meios para intervenções mais seguras e que proporcionem maior qualidade no cuidado prestado ao paciente. / The increasing demand for healthcare, altogether with the necessity to provide quality and secure care, bring challenges for institutions in this domain. Pursuing solutions for this problem, hospitals are implementing Lean Healthcare (LH) philosophy, although, it is important to consider difficulties that this application might have in a long term. This is due to the fact LH differs from a tradition approach and does not take in consideration the complex nature of healthcare systems. This study sought to develop a Framework for analysis and intervention in Complex Systems (CS) through integration of principals from Lean Production Management and Complex Science. In this way, methods such as Value Stream Mapping, Process Mapping, and Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) were used. The proposed Framework had six stages, been based in Design Science Research. The Framework application took place in an university hospital, focusing in the critically ill patients flow from the emergency service to the intensive therapy unit. As a result, it was possible to identify 16 problems in the flow and an action plan was proposed for one problem using FRAM for potential impacts simulation. In conclusion, the integration of LH and CS was possible, generating a deeper understanding of day-by-day problems in healthcare, creating means for secure interventions and allowing more quality in patient care.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude statistique des systèmes complexes à travers l’analyse de signaux expérimentaux, de signaux synthétiques et de signaux générés à partir de modèles théoriques. On a choisi la turbulence comme paradigme d’ ́etude en raison de ses propriétés: dynamique non linéaire, comportement multi-échelle, cascade d’énergie, intermittence ... Afin de faire une caractérisation statistique d’un système complexe on s’intéresse à l’étude de la distribution (fonction de densité de probabilité), des corrélations et dépendances, et des relations de causalité de Wiener, des signaux qui décrivent le système. La théorie de l’information apparaît comme un cadre idéal pour developer ce type d’analyse. Dans le cadre de la théorie de l’information on a développé deux méthodologies, différentes mais reliées, pour analyser les propriétés d’auto similarité d’un système complexe, et plus précisément de la turbulence. La première méthodologie est basée sur l’analyse des incréments du processus étudié, avec l’entropie de Shannon et la divergence de Kullback-Leibler. La deuxième méthode, qui permet d’analyser des processus non stationnaires, est basée sur l’analyse du processus avec le taux d’entropie de Shannon. On a étudié la relation entre les deux méthodologies, lesquelles caractérisent la distribution d’information du système et la déformation de la distribution des incréments, à travers les échelles. / Most of the time when studying a system, scientists face processes whose properties are a priori unknown. Characterising these processes is a major task to describe the studied system. During this thesis, which combines signal processing and physics, we were mainly motivated by the study of complex systems and turbulence, and consequently, we were interested in the study of regularity and self-similarity properties, long range dependence structures and multi-scale behavior. In order to perform this kind of study, we use information theory quantities, which are functions of the probability density function of the analysed process, and so depend on any order statistics of its PDF. We developed different, but related, data analysis methodologies, based on information theory, to analyse a process across scales τ. These scales are usually identified with the sampling parameter of Takens embedding procedure, but also with the size of the increments of the process. The methodologies developed during this thesis, can be used to characterize stationnary and non-stationnary processes by analysing time windows of length T of the studied signal.

Cette grammaire de l’amuzgo (ISO 639-3) ou n͂omndaa (littéralement ‘le mot de l’eau’) tend à combler un manque de travaux théoriques sur cette langue otomangue de la branche orientale (branche qu’elle partage avec le mixtec). La source référentielle Ethnologue lui attribue le statut ‘en développement’. Pourtant, l’amuzgo reste vulnérable sur le plan socio-politique de par son statut de langue indigène du Mexique : le village Xochistlahuaca (Etat de Guerrero) est la 16è municipalité la plus pauvre du pays. En employant des approches non-concaténatives de phonologie et de morphologie, telles la phonologie gabaritique, la morphologie templatique, et des formalismes non-lexicalistes comme le Paradigm Function Morphology, cette grammaire cherche à modéliser des systèmes complexes représentés dans cette langue. Des approches non-linéaires sont plus aptes à rendre compte des inventaires élaborés comme les tons, et (dans une échelle scalaire) la phonation non-modale, la nasalisation, et la balisticité (un contraste phonétique et articulatoire au niveau de la syllabe). Ces systèmes complexes comprennent des fonctions lexico-grammaticales par grades à travers des structures diverses dans la grammaire, de la lexicalité à la phonologie interne, de la dérivation à la flexion. / This grammar of Amuzgo (ISO 639-3), endonymically n͂omndaa, literally ‘the word of water’) seeks to fill a lack in theoretical work on this Otomanguean language from the Eastern branch (shared with Mixtec). Rated as developing by the reference Ethnologue, this language is nevertheless in a constant position of socio-political vulnerability as an indigenous language of Mexico, spoken in the village of Xochistlahuaca (Guerrero State), also the 16th poorest municipality in the country. Using non-concatenative approaches in phonology and morphology such as autosegmental phonology, templatic morphology and non-lexical morphological formalisms such as Paradigm Function Morphology, this grammar seeks to model complex systems represented in this language. Non-linear approaches account for elaborate inventories of tone, and, in a gradient scale, non-modal phonation and autosegments like nasalization and ballisticity, a syllable level contrast of phonetic and articulatory saliency. These complex systems display gradient lexical-grammatical functions across structures in the grammar, from lexicality to internal phonology, to derivation and inflection.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-07-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:08:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 arbex_hc_me_bauru.pdf: 6292419 bytes, checksum: 8c3b08ad3eb377db975bacb303c4ceda (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O propósito deste trabalho foi estudar as não linearidades na dinâmica de sistemas mecânicos e eletromecânicos. Entre eles inclui-se um corpo em levitação. As não linearidades levam o movimento da estrutura para o Efeito Sommerfeld. Por este fato, o trabalho do motor fica próximo ou na frequência de ressonância. Quando a estrutura atinge a condição de ressonância, a melhor parte da energia é consumida para gerar vibrações de grande amplitude sem nenhuma mudança sensível na frequência do motor. Neste trabalho, foi verificado o fenômeno para alguns sistemas não ideais inclusive o sistema com levitação magnética, discutindo uma forma de conduzir o sistema à condição de ressonância e evitar o absorvedor de energia que ocorre com o efeito Sommerfeld / This paper studies the nonlinearities in dynamics of mechanics and electro mechanics non ideal systems. One of them is a magnetically levitated body. These nonlinearities lead the motion of the structure to the Sommerfeld Effect. For this reason the motor's near or in resonance frequency. When the structure achieves resonance condition, the best part of the energy is consumed to generate large amplitude vibration, with no sensitive change in the motor frequency. In this paper, is checked whether the phenomenon in some non ideal systems and also, if occurs with magnetic levitation. Will be discussed how to drive the system to ressonance condition and to avoid the energy sink that occurs with the Sommerfeld effect

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:14:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3134384 bytes, checksum: 253c3fb1aaec508b89c44bcd7766a50c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this thesis, we investigate aspects of similarity between sequences of complete mitochondrial DNA. This line of study falls within the framework from the analysis of statistical properties of DNA sequences based on methods that seek to understand the information contained in these sequences a topic of renewed interest in the context of the so called Complex Systems. Previous approaches were used to obtain the frequencies of certain segments of nucleotides, regarded as the words of a given size, contained in sequences. These methods, inspired by studies devoted to the statistical properties of words distribution in linguistic and symbolical sequences, can be considered an alternative to techniques and algorithms for aligning sequences, and have been successful in the description of characteristics that allow to infer similarity and possible species grouping criteria, it means, biological afnity between DNA sequences. Previously, this methodology has been applied to evaluate the diferences between coding and nocoding DNA sequences and to extract linguistic aspects of these sequences by detecting keywords that describe relevant information embedded in the threads. In this dissertation, these studies are expanded in order to directly compare the contents of pairs of complete sequences of mitochondrial DNA, setting parameters that depend on the frequency distribution of sequences of words which highlight both the relevance of certain words as well as the possibility of grouping species estimating the distance between these words. Our results show that the best clusters between diferent species are obtained when we calculate the rate of agglomeration considering only frequencies of words. We have also observed that the larger the word size is, its greater clustering between sequences. The prospect of applying our results to analyze DNA sequences also belong to a single biological species, may be relevant in the construction of phylogenetic trees that are appropriate structures for understanding the evolutionary history of organisms. / Nesta dissertação, investigamos aspectos da similaridade entre sequências completas de DNA mitocondriais. Esta linha de estudo se insere no âmbito da análise de propriedades estatísticas de sequências de DNA baseadas em métodos que buscam entender a informação contida nessas sequências, tema de renovado interesse no contexto dos chamados Sistemas Complexos. Abordagens anteriores foram utilizadas para obtenção das frequências de determinados segmentos de nucleotídeos, considerados como palavras de um dado tamanho, contidos nas sequências. Tais métodos, inspirados em estudos dedicados às propriedades estatísticas de distribuição de palavras em textos linguísticos e sequências simbólicas, podem ser considerados uma alternativa às técnicas e algoritmos de alinhamento de sequências, e têm sido bem sucedidos na descrição de características que permitem inferir similaridade e possíveis critérios de agrupamentos de espécies, ou seja, afinidade biológica entre sequências de DNA. Anteriormente, esta metodologia foi aplicada para avaliar as diferenças entre sequências de DNA codificadas e não codificadas e para extrair aspectos linguísticos dessas sequências através da detecção de palavras-chaves que descrevem informações relevantes embutidas nas sequências. Nesta dissertação, ampliamos tais estudos, no sentido de comparar diretamente o conteúdo de pares de sequências completas de DNA mitocondriais, definindo parâmetros que dependem da distribuição de frequências de palavras das sequências que ressaltam tanto a relevância de determinadas palavras, bem como a possibilidade de agrupamentos de espécies estimando a distância entre essas sequências. Nossos resultados mostram que os melhores agrupamentos entre espécies distintas são obtidos quando calculamos a taxa de aglomeração levando em conta apenas as frequências das palavras. Notamos, também, que quanto maior o tamanho da palavra mais consistente é o agrupamento entre as sequências. A perspectiva de aplicação de nossos resultados, para analisar também sequências de DNA pertencentes a uma única espécie biológica, pode ser relevante na construção de árvores filogenéticas que são estruturas adequadas para se compreender a história evolucionária dos organismos.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-09-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:59:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 andrade_fp_me_arafcl.pdf: 531905 bytes, checksum: 167adb5226ceab33f3a09bc2276bfd89 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente estudo realiza uma avaliação das diferentes abordagens da racionalidade e suas implicações sobre a compreensão dos fenômenos econômicos. Neste sentido, utilizar-se-á um referencial teórico abrangente, pois a adequada compreensão desse tema exige aproximações teóricas de varias matrizes potencialmente complementares. Isso será feito com o intuito de oferecer um retrato não estilizado da racionalidade, seja na abordagem neoclássica, seja na abordagem de Herbert Simon. A concepção neoclássica se expressa através de postulados, que possuem baixa correspondência com a realidade, sobretudo, por pressupor processos cognitivos de maneira idealizada e incerteza na forma probabilística. Consequentemente, essa representação altera características importantes dos agentes e do ambiente. A concepção de racionalidade limita de Herbert Simon gera avanços nos campos explicativos e descritivos, principalmente para cenários bem estabelecidos. Em especial, permite conhecer como os agentes interpretam e representam diferentes problemas, além disso, contribui para elucidar qual o processo e as ações que ligam o objetivo ao resultado. Por conseguinte, gera avanços significativos em relação à compreensão ofertada pela teoria neoclássica, ademais essas pesquisas produziram como subproduto uma noção de complexidade, pois a racionalidade é limitada em virtude dos processos complexos que caracterizam o ambiente. Neste sentido, a utilização desse conceito em situações instáveis gerou avanços no conhecimento. Entretanto, é necessário aprofundar essa relação para se obter respostas para condições de incerteza forte, questão não restrita ao conhecimento econômico, já que se relaciona com o avanço da filosofia e métodos da ciência / This dissertation makes an evaluation of different approaches of rationality and its implications about the understanding of economical phenomena. For that, it will be adopted a wide-ranging theoretical references, because the appropriate understanding of this subject demands theoretical approximation of various matrices with potential overlapping. This will be done in order to offer a non stylized portrait of rationality, either in a neoclassical approach or the Hebert Simon approach. The neoclassical notion is expressed through assumptions, which are fairly different from reality, due to the fact that presumes the cognitive process in an idealized way and also to associate uncertainty and probabilities. Consequently, this representation changes important characteristics of the agents and environment. The notion of bounded rationality of Hebert Simon generates improvement in the explanatory and descriptive fields, mainly for well-established scenarios. Especially, it allows knowing how the agents interpret and show different problems. Besides that, it contributes to elucidate which process and actions link the object to the result. In consequence, creates remarkable improvements in relation to the understanding offered by the neoclassic theory, moreover, these researches produce as a sub-product a notion of complexity, because rationality is bounded due to complex process that characterized the environment. For this reason, the use of this concept in unstable situations generates improvement of knowledge. Nevertheless, it is necessary to get deep into this relationship to obtain answers in circumstances of strong uncertainty, a matter not exclusive to economics knowledge because it is already related to the advance of philosophy and science methods

A crescente demanda por serviços de saúde, juntamente com a necessidade de proporcionar um cuidado com qualidade e com segurança, trazem desafios para as instituições que trabalham nessa área. Buscando-se soluções para esse problema, hospitais vêm aderindo a filosofia Lean Healthcare (LH), contudo é necessário ressaltar a dificuldade que essas aplicações podem ter, em longo prazo, por ser uma abordagem distinta da gestão tradicional e não levar em consideração a natureza complexa da saúde. Esse estudo buscou em desenvolver um Framework para análise e intervenção em Sistemas Complexos (SC), por meio da integração entre princípios de gestão de sistemas enxutos e princípios da ciência da complexidade. Para isso, lançou-se mão de métodos, como mapeamento de fluxo de valor, mapeamento de processos e Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM). O Framework proposto estruturou-se em 6 etapas, sendo construído por meio da Design Science Research. O estudo aplicado ocorreu em um hospital universitário na análise do fluxo do paciente grave do Serviço de Emergência para a Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Como resultado dessa aplicação, foi possível identificar 16 problemas nesse fluxo, propondo-se um plano de ação para um dos problemas e simulando os potenciais impactos por meio da utilização do FRAM. Concluiu-se que é possível unificar as visões de LH e de SC, gerandose uma visão aprofundada dos problemas enfrentados no cotidiano dos serviços da saúde, criando meios para intervenções mais seguras e que proporcionem maior qualidade no cuidado prestado ao paciente. / The increasing demand for healthcare, altogether with the necessity to provide quality and secure care, bring challenges for institutions in this domain. Pursuing solutions for this problem, hospitals are implementing Lean Healthcare (LH) philosophy, although, it is important to consider difficulties that this application might have in a long term. This is due to the fact LH differs from a tradition approach and does not take in consideration the complex nature of healthcare systems. This study sought to develop a Framework for analysis and intervention in Complex Systems (CS) through integration of principals from Lean Production Management and Complex Science. In this way, methods such as Value Stream Mapping, Process Mapping, and Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) were used. The proposed Framework had six stages, been based in Design Science Research. The Framework application took place in an university hospital, focusing in the critically ill patients flow from the emergency service to the intensive therapy unit. As a result, it was possible to identify 16 problems in the flow and an action plan was proposed for one problem using FRAM for potential impacts simulation. In conclusion, the integration of LH and CS was possible, generating a deeper understanding of day-by-day problems in healthcare, creating means for secure interventions and allowing more quality in patient care.