<p>This thesis describes the design, synthesis and evaluation of novel chalcogenide antioxidants. </p><p>A computational model for the prediction of antioxidant properties of chalcogen-containing antioxidants has been developed. The model has been used to probe the relationship between geometry, chalcogen substitution and activity for a series of α-tocopherol analogues of varying ring size and chalcogen substitution. </p><p>A series of simple diaryltellurides and aryl-alkyl tellurides have been synthesised. The selenium analogue of α-tocopherol has been synthesised in eleven steps and 6.5% total yield, with formation of the selenacycle by homolytic substitution at selenium as the key step. Tentative steps have been taken towards the construction of the tellurotocopherol structure by microwave-assisted radical cyclisation methodologies.</p><p>A combination of EPR and kinetic studies has been used to assess the antioxidant characteristics of selenotocopherol. A two-phase lipid peroxidation model revealed that the selenotocopherol is not catalytically regenerable. The same model has been used to assess the cooperativity of mixtures of tellurides with α-tocopherol and an aqueous thiol. It was seen that combinations of α-tocopherol with tellurides incorporating phenols displayed synergistic properties, and the mechanistic implications of this are discussed. </p><p>DSC measurements have been used to assess the antioxidant activity of tellurides together with coantioxidants in melts of polypropylene. The tellurides display excellent activity together with thiol or a sterically hindered phenol antioxidant. In chemiluminescence studies performed at lower temperatures, the telluride mixtures still outperform commercial blends, but to a lesser extent. In a synthetic oil a telluride has demonstrated promising antioxidant properties together with a thiol or phenolic antioxidant. However, under more realistic test conditions the telluride acts instead as a prooxidant. Some tellurides have been evaluated as antioxidants in paper. Water-soluble tellurides appear to function better than lipophilic tellurides, but neither is comparable in activity to α-tocopherol.</p>

This research is focused on helping engineers design better systems by supporting their decision making. When engineers design a system, they have an almost unlimited number of possible system alternatives to consider. Modern systems are difficult to design because of a need to satisfy many different stakeholder concerns from a number of domains which requires a large amount of expert knowledge. Current systems engineering practices try to simplify the design process by providing practical approaches to managing the large amount of knowledge and information needed during the process. Although these methods make designing a system more practical, they do not support a structured decision making process, especially at early stages when designers are selecting the appropriate system architecture, and instead rely on designers using ad hoc frameworks that are often self-contradictory. In this dissertation, a framework for performing architecture exploration at early stages of the design process is presented. The goal is to support more rational and self-consistent decision making by allowing designers to explicitly represent their architecture exploration problem and then use computational tools to perform this exploration. To represent the architecture exploration problem, a modeling language is presented which explicitly models the problem as an architecture selection decision. This language is based on the principles of decision-based design and decision theory, where decisions are made by picking the alternative that results in the most preferred expected outcome. The language is designed to capture potential alternatives in a compact form, analysis knowledge used to predict the quality of a particular alternative, and evaluation criteria to differentiate and rank outcomes. This language is based on the Object Management Group's System Modeling Language (SysML). Where possible, existing SysML constructs are used; when additional constructs are needed, SysML's profile mechanism is used to extend the language. Simply modeling the selection decision explicitly is not sufficient, computational tools are also needed to explore the space of possible solutions and inform designers about the selection of the appropriate alternative. In this investigation, computational tools from the mathematical programming domain are considered for this purpose. A framework for modeling an architecture selection decision in mixed-integer linear programming (MIP) is presented. MIP solvers can then solve the MIP problem to identify promising candidate architectures at early stages of the design process. Mathematical programming is a common optimization domain, but it is rarely used in this context because of the difficulty of manually formulating an architecture selection or exploration problem as a mathematical programming optimization problem. The formulation is presented in a modular fashion; this enables the definition of a model transformation that can be applied to transform the more compact SysML representation into the mathematical programming problem, which is also presented. A modular superstructure representation is used to model the design space; in a superstructure a union of all potential architectures is represented as a set of discrete and continuous variables. Algebraic constraints are added to describe both acceptable variable combinations and system behavior to allow the solver to eliminate clearly poor alternatives and identify promising alternatives. The overall framework is demonstrated on the selection of an actuation subsystem for a hydraulic excavator. This example is chosen because of the variety of potential architecture embodiments and also a plethora of well-known configurations which can be used to verify the results.

This thesis describes the design, synthesis and evaluation of novel chalcogenide antioxidants. A computational model for the prediction of antioxidant properties of chalcogen-containing antioxidants has been developed. The model has been used to probe the relationship between geometry, chalcogen substitution and activity for a series of α-tocopherol analogues of varying ring size and chalcogen substitution. A series of simple diaryltellurides and aryl-alkyl tellurides have been synthesised. The selenium analogue of α-tocopherol has been synthesised in eleven steps and 6.5% total yield, with formation of the selenacycle by homolytic substitution at selenium as the key step. Tentative steps have been taken towards the construction of the tellurotocopherol structure by microwave-assisted radical cyclisation methodologies. A combination of EPR and kinetic studies has been used to assess the antioxidant characteristics of selenotocopherol. A two-phase lipid peroxidation model revealed that the selenotocopherol is not catalytically regenerable. The same model has been used to assess the cooperativity of mixtures of tellurides with α-tocopherol and an aqueous thiol. It was seen that combinations of α-tocopherol with tellurides incorporating phenols displayed synergistic properties, and the mechanistic implications of this are discussed. DSC measurements have been used to assess the antioxidant activity of tellurides together with coantioxidants in melts of polypropylene. The tellurides display excellent activity together with thiol or a sterically hindered phenol antioxidant. In chemiluminescence studies performed at lower temperatures, the telluride mixtures still outperform commercial blends, but to a lesser extent. In a synthetic oil a telluride has demonstrated promising antioxidant properties together with a thiol or phenolic antioxidant. However, under more realistic test conditions the telluride acts instead as a prooxidant. Some tellurides have been evaluated as antioxidants in paper. Water-soluble tellurides appear to function better than lipophilic tellurides, but neither is comparable in activity to α-tocopherol.

The study contrasts the architecture of the Art Nouveau period  1880-1915 with contemporary curvilinear computational designs created 1980-2015. This is done by examining similarities and differences in design context, methods, philosophy and forms. The study includes an analysis of the curved lines used in Art Nouveau architecture as well as comparative study of  the two periods’ building compositions, façades and ornamentation. The thesis tries to answer the following questions: Is it possible to identify significant forms or geometric markers in  the Art Nouveau architecture of the period 1890 to 1920? How do such markers differ from post 1980 computational curvilinear architecture? Is it possible to reinterpret Art Nouveau architecture today in a relevant way? / Denna studien kontrasterar Art Nouveau/ Jugendstil perioden 1880-1920 med dagens datorstödda design diskurs med fokus på den böjda linjen. Studien undersöker skillnader och likheter i kontext, metod, filosofi och form mellan de båda perioderna. Studien inkluderar en analys av den kurvatur som används inom Art Nouveau / Jugendstil och undersöker vidare byggnadskomposition,  fasader och ornament i de båda tidsperioderna. Studien försöker besvara följande frågor: Fins det några signifikanta former eller geometrier i  Art Nouveau / Jugendstil arkitekturen och hur skiljer dessa sig från dagens datorstödda arkitektur, Går det att på ett relevant sätt använda delar av  Art Nouveau / Jugendstil arkitekturen och dess diskurrs på ett idag relevant sätt.

[pt] As novas tecnologias trazem novos paradigmas para o design de adornos pessoais. Apesar da sua adoção, essas tecnologias são comumente empregadas para executar as mesmas formas de adornos produzidas em banca de ourives, portanto a inovação pode ficar limitada aos processos de fabricação. A tendência à virtualização do mundo físico também impõe novos desafios ao design de adornos. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo trazer reflexões para o design de adornos sobre como as novas tecnologias podem contribuir para dar sentidos inovadores aos produtos. Para isso, apresenta e discute características específicas do design de adornos, assim mostrando o paradigma do emprego dessas tecnologias. Posto isso, delimita o escopo das novas tecnologias pertinentes à pesquisa, expondo seus efeitos e impactos no design de adornos. Com base em uma pesquisa documental, mostra o potencial expressivo dessas tecnologias através da seleção de casos. A seguir, através de uma revisão bibliográfica, analisa a mediação que o design pode fazer entre adornos pessoais e novas tecnologias. Em conjunto à contextualização, foram realizadas atividades de experimentação em realidade virtual, digitalização tridimensional e design computacional, que buscaram explorar o potencial dessas tecnologias de forma inovadora através do design. Os experimentos desenvolvidos demonstraram aspectos específicos das novas tecnologias abordadas e, em conjunto, esses procedimentos expuseram a relação entre elas e o processo de inovação de significados no design de adornos. / [en] New technologies bring new paradigms for jewelry design. Despite their adoption, these technologies are commonly used to create the same styles of jewelry produced by hand by goldsmiths, so innovation may be limited to manufacturing processes. The shift towards virtualization of the physical world also poses new challenges to jewelry design. This research aims to reflect on how new technologies in jewelry design can give innovative meanings to products. For this, it presents and discusses specific characteristics of jewelry design, thus showing the paradigm of the use of these technologies. That said, it delimits the scope of new technologies relevant to this research, exposing their effects and impacts on jewelry design. Based on documentary research, a selection of cases is made to show the expressive potential of these technologies. Then, through a literature review, it analyzes the mediation that design can make between jewelry and new technologies. Along with the contextualization, experimentation activities in virtual reality, 3D scanning and computational design were carried out, seeking to explore the potential of these technologies through design in an innovative way. The experiments demonstrated specific aspects of the new technologies addressed in this research and also exposed the relationship between them and the process of innovation of meanings in jewelry design.

No description available.

[pt] O Design Computacional Generativo é uma forma de Design que consegue gerar uma quantidade virtualmente infinita de possíveis soluções e filtrá-las através de análises computacionais. Cada análise, experimenta e gradua uma demanda, que pode ser relacionada a diversos entes e como estes afetam e são afetados por um design. Dessa maneira, essas análises podem ser entendidas como uma forma de incluir de maneira integrada diversos fatores na síntese da forma do Design. Mesmo com todo esse potencial, as abordagens baseadas no Design Computacional Generativo ainda enfrentam dificuldades na análise e na inclusão de algumas demandas, principalmente naquelas de natureza subjetiva. Isso vem mudando devido a recente introdução de técnicas de Aprendizado Profundo no Design. Essas ferramentas conseguem captar conhecimentos implícitos através da sua aptidão para encontrar padrões em grandes quantidades de dados e replicá-los. Assim, elas podem replicar a avaliação de um designer humano. Essa pesquisa foca especificamente nas análises de critérios processados pelas capacidades humanas não simbólicas. Essas capacidades são aquelas que os humanos partilham com os animais vertebrados e permitem a compreensão de significados e o acionamento de ações sem a necessidade de linguagem. Essas capacidades possuem ao mesmo tempo um caráter objetivo, porque possuem uma base biológica comum a todos os humanos; e subjetivo, porque são influenciadas pelo estado psíquico, pelas motivações e pela experiência de um sujeito. Nesse contexto, o problema identificado é que sem um embasamento teórico essas técnicas acabam se limitando a um exercício fantasioso e ingênuo de automação de Design. Portanto, esta pesquisa parte da hipótese de que um embasamento teórico de conhecimentos da Teoria Pós- humana, da neurociência Conexionista e das Teorias de Fundamentos do Design possibilita que estímulos humanos não simbólicos possam ser incluídos de maneira efetiva na síntese da forma de processos de Design Computacional Generativo através de técnicas de Aprendizado Profundo. O objetivo do trabalho é compreender como a inserção dessas novas técnicas associadas a uma fundamentação teórica específica, vão propiciar a inclusão de fatores não- simbólicas na síntese da forma em processos de Design Computacional Generativo. Para atingir esse objetivo, a pesquisa propõe a elaboração de um conjunto de diretrizes, de uma estrutura metodológica conceitual e de um experimento prático que verifique o funcionamento da avaliação através de máquinas de Aprendizado Profundo. Esses três itens partem do estado da arte da interseção entre o Design Computacional Generativo e as técnicas de Aprendizado Profundo e se baseiam nos conhecimentos Pós-humanos, da neurociência Conexionista e das teorias de Fundamentos do Design. A pesquisa entrelaça dois temas atuais e significativos para o Campo do Design. De um lado, ela busca conhecimentos que preparem os designers para as transformações que a incorporação das técnicas recentes de inteligência artificial vem causando; e de outro, ela se insere nos esforços para que o Design seja um instrumento de transformação da sociedade através de uma reaproximação com as capacidades não simbólicas. / [en] Generative Computational Design is a form of Design that manages to generate a virtually infinite amount of possible solutions and filter them through computational analysis. Each analysis experiences and grades a demand, which can be related to different entities and how they affect and are affected by a design. In this way, these analyzes can be understood as a way of including in an integrated way several factors in the synthesis of the form of Design. Even with all this potential, approaches based on Generative Computational Design still face difficulties in analyzing and including some demands, especially those of a subjective nature. This has been changing due to the recent introduction of Deep Learning techniques in Design. These tools are able to capture implicit knowledge through their ability to find patterns in large amounts of data and replicate them. Thus, they can replicate the assessment of a human designer. This research specifically focuses on the analysis of criteria processed by non-symbolic human capacities. These capabilities are those that humans share with vertebrate animals and allow them the understanding of meanings and the triggering of actions without the need for language. These capacities have at the same time an objective character, because they have a biological basis common to all humans; and subjective, because they are influenced by a subject s psychic state, motivations and experience. In this context, the problem identified is that without a theoretical basis these techniques end up being limited to a fanciful and naive exercise in Design automation and simplistic approaches to style transfer. Thus, this research starts from the hypothesis that a theoretical foundation of knowledge from the Post- Human Theory, from the connectionist neuroscience and from the Fundamental Theories of Design can enable non-symbolic human factors to be effectively included in the synthesis of the form of processes of Generative Computational Design through Deep Learning techniques. The objective of this work is to understand how the insertion of these new techniques associated with a specific theoretical foundation will enable the inclusion of non-symbolic factors in the synthesis of form in Generative Computational Design processes. To achieve this objective, the research proposes the elaboration of a conceptual methodological framework based on the state of the art of the intersection between Generative Computational Design and Deep Learning techniques associated with Post-human knowledge, connectionist neuroscience and Design Foundations theories; as well as the verification of the operation of the technique through the execution of a practical experimental procedure. The research intertwines two current and significant themes for the Field of Design. On the one hand, it seeks knowledge that prepares designers for the transformations that the incorporation of recent artificial intelligence techniques has caused; and on the other hand, it is part of efforts to make Design an instrument for transforming society through a rapprochement with non-symbolic capacities.

I detta arbete undersöks de nya designverktyg som samlas under begreppet databaserad design, som bygger på kvantitativa värden, och huruvida dessa verktyg kan utvecklas för arbete med trivsel i centrum i byggd miljö, med särskild hänsyn tas till kvalitativa värden ‒ specifikt dagsljus. Arbetet börjar med att ta reda på vad databaserad design innebär, hur det används i Sverige idag, och om det kan hjälpa oss med att uppnå vad vi uppfattar som trivsamt dagsljus. Slutligen ska arbetet undersöka möjligheten till att uppnå ett resultat som uppfattas som trivsamt och att kvalitet sätts före kvantitet, med hjälp av datorns beräkningskapacitet. Trivsel som område stöds av ett brett forskningsunderlag, medan mycket av den forskning som görs inom datadriven design sker ‘in-house’, inom FoU-avdelningar på större företag.  Idag styrs dimensionering och utformning av ljusinsläpp i svensk arkitektur nästan uteslutande av rekommendationer i BBR. Dessa gränsvärden ‒ definierade som den lägsta accepterade nivån för det som byggs ‒ har blivit vedertagna riktlinjer, och det är upp till varje aktör att utöver dessa rekommendationer se till att god arkitektur skapas. Att arbeta med datadriven design ger vissa fördelar över traditionella designmetoder, men det för också med sig fallgropar. Beräkningskraften i dagens datorer, och möjligheterna för dess användningsområden är till synes oändliga, men att förlita sig på siffror utan att förstå vad de betyder för med sig risken att datan kan missuppfattas. Detta arbete genomfördes i flera skeden. Först hämtades kunskap och information om ämnet från litteratur och andra källor. Sedan kontaktades sakkunniga inom området. Utifrån samtal och möten med flera stora aktörer inom arkitektur och stadsutveckling i Sverige byggdes en tydligare bild av dagsläget upp. Här bekräftades också behovet av metodutveckling inom området för trivsel och dagsljus, och hur vi mäter dem. De rekommendationer som används för dagsljusets mängd och kvalitet i byggd miljö idag borde utvärderas och förnyas utifrån moderna förutsättningar. Baserat på den kunskap, utveckling och forskning som kartlagts och analyserats, genomfördes ett försök att tillämpa kunskapen i en praktisk situation. Detta mynnade ut i ett gestaltningsförslag med målsättningen att skapa trivsamt dagsljus med hjälp av databaserad design. Gestaltningen utgjordes av moduler som modifierar dagsljus, parametriskt utformade utifrån den insamlade datan ‒ väderstreck, geografiskt läge och behov utifrån specifik verksamhet eller miljö ‒ vare sig det är en bostad, ett kontor, ett bibliotek, en offentlig paviljong eller något annat. Genom att  kvantifiera kvalitativa parametrar är det möjligt att få in mjuka kvaliteter i databaserad design – med det sagt går det inte att förlita sig på data och förvänta sig ett resultat som innebär god arkitektur. Den kanske största utmaningen är att försöka kvantifiera värden som anses vara subjektiva. Metoderna ifråga funkar bäst med utgångspunkt i att de kan komplettera papper och penna, fysiska modeller och andra traditionella metoder i arkitektens verktygslåda. Databaserad design används idag sällan genomgående i hela designprocessen, och här finns stor potential för framtida utveckling. / This thesis explores a new field of design called computational design and the tools covered therein. Specifically, it focusses on quantitative values, and whether this method can be developed to center on well-being in relation to qualitative values in the built environment ‒ specifically daylight. The paper explores what computation design is, how it is implemented in Sweden today, and whether it can help us achieve what we perceive as comfortable daylight. This thesis aimed to investigate whether an alternative design method could be construed for this purpose: a method that is easy to incorporate, while ensuring high quality before quantity, using modern computational power. The subject of well-being has been thoroughly researched, while a majority of the research within computational design is conducted ‘in-house’ ‒ as part of R&amp;D departments of large actors in the field. As of today, virtually all decision-making concerning daylight in Swedish architecture relies upon the Swedish building regulations, BBR. With time, these recommendations ‒ defined as the lowest accepted level for that which is built ‒ have become established guidelines for industry actors. Every actor has a responsibility to, while ensuring the recommendations are fulfilled, to also create good architecture. Working with computational design offers some benefits over traditional design methods, but it also carries with it some pitfalls. The technology is immensely powerful, with seemingly endless possibilities, but there is an integral risk in trusting digits without really knowing what their implications are: this leads to misguidance. The project was conducted in a series of phases. First of all, information and general knowledge about computational design and daylighting was gathered through reviewing literature and previous research. Then, key Swedish professionals in the fields of architecture and computational design were identified and contacted to get some insight and background on the topic. The interviews with these influential actors in architecture and urban design confirmed the need for a methodical development within the subject of well-being and daylighting. In particular, a need was identified for reassessing methods used for calculating the amount – and quality – of daylight, based on modern conditions. After mapping and analysing the empirical findings of the study, the conclusions were implemented in a practical design task. This culminated in a design proposal for adaptable modules that modify daylight using computational design. The modules were parametrically designed based on the assembled data ‒ the direction; the location and the specific needs depending on the type of function or environment ‒ be it a residence, an office, a library, a public pavilion or something else. By quantifying qualitative parameters, it’s possible to incorporate softer qualities in computational design ‒ keeping in mind that relying on these data won’t guarantee good architecture. The biggest challenge with the task at hand is to quantify values generally considered to be subjective. The methods in question are best applied when thought of as complements to traditional design methods ‒ pen and paper, physical models and other components in the architect's toolbox. Computational design is today rarely used throughout the whole design process, and this leaves potential for future development.

No description available.

Produktutvecklingen speglar samhällets teknologiska framfart och utveckling, med ständigt ökande krav på kortare ledtider, mer högteknologiska och avancerade produkter samt en högre grad av pålitlighet hos produkten. Det innebär att de processer och verktyg som styr och ligger till grund för den moderna produktutvecklingen konstant måste förnyas och förbättras för att kunna möta de ökande kraven från såväl konsumenter som företag. Det finns många olika digitala verktyg som används inom produktutveckling idag och det som tidigare endast varit ett valbart komplement är idag en nödvändighet för att kunna utveckla och tillverka de komplexa produkter och komponenter som efterfrågas. Generativ design är ett av dessa verktyg som innefattar en rad olika datorstödda verktyg som CAD, CAE, FEM och CFD. Syftet med studien är att undersöka möjligheter och utmaningar med generativ design samt hur det påverkar produktutvecklingsarbeten och ingenjörens roll i designprocessen. De aspekter som har tagits hänsyn till är projekttid, effektivitet och slutresultat. Studien har utförts genom en inledande litteraturstudie följt av fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförda med två svenska företag med internationell anknytning. Studien visar att företagen går mot att implementera fler digitala verktyg och förändra sina produktutvecklingsprocesser med avseende på detta. Även då många möjligheter och fördelar förekommer vid implementering av avancerade program som kan bidra till framtagningen och utvecklingen av mer komplexa produkter så finns det utmaningar som måste tas hänsyn till. Kommunikationen mellan de olika grupperna inom utvecklingsprocessen och inte minst kompatibiliteten hos de program som används är avgörande. Slutligen visar studien på en indikation att ingenjörens roll kommer att genomgå en förändring de närmsta åren, i takt med att datorstödda verktyg blir mer avancerade och kan ta över stora delar av arbetsprocesserna. / Product development reflects society's technological progress and development, with ever-increasing demands for shorter lead times, more high-tech and advanced products and a higher degree of reliability of the product. This means that the processes and tools that are controlled and form the basis for modern product development must be constantly renewed and improved in order to meet the increased demands from both consumers and companies. There are many different digital tools used in product development and what was previously an optional complement is today a necessity for developing and manufacturing the complex products and components that are in demand. Generative design is one of these tools that includes a variety of computer-aided tools such as CAD, CAE, FEM and CFD. The purpose of this study is to investigate opportunities and challenges with generative design and how it affects product development and the role of the engineer in the design process. The aspects that have been considered are project time, project efficiency and end results. The study was conducted through an initial literature study followed by four semi-structured interviews conducted with two Swedish companies with international connections. The study shows that the companies are moving towards implementing more digital tools and changing their product development processes with regard to this. Even though there are many advantages and opportunities in implementing advanced programs that can contribute to the production and development of more complex products, there are challenges that must be considered. The communication between the different groups in the development process and not least the compatibility of the programs used is crucial. Finally, the study shows an indication that the role of the engineer will undergo a change in the next few years, as computer-aided tools become more advanced and can take over large parts of the work processes.