This work was oriented to studies of sodium and potassium dependent adenosinetriphosphatase, Na+ /K+ ATPase, which is selectively inhibited by cardioactive glycoside, ouabain. The alterations in level of this enzyme were followed in spleen lymphocytes and hippocampus prepared from rats. Detection of Na+ /K+ ATPase has been made by western blot analysis using primary antibodies oriented against α subunit of Na+ /K+ ATPase. Studies of lymphocytes were based on usage of both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. In studies of hippocampus monoclonal antibodies were used. The first aim of my work was to determine the alterations in the level of Na+ /K+ ATPase in spleen lymphocytes cultivated in tissue culture (i.e. under in vitro conditions) in the presence of morphine or strong mitogen, concanavalin A (ConA). The second aim of these theses was to determine the changes of Na+ /K+ ATPase α subunit in hippocampus of rats, which were under in vivo conditions exposed to stress lasting 3 days. The stress of experimental animals was induced by deprivation from sleep. The long-term incubation of spleen lymphocytes with 10 μM morphine for 48 hours did not cause a significant change of Na+ /K+ ATPase α subunit level. This result was obtain by analysis of post nuclear fraction (PNS), by use of monoclonal...

Application of Taenia saginata metacestodes as alternative antigen is an important alternative for neurocysticercosis (NC) serodiagnosis. The cross reaction with Echinococcus granulosus infection occurred in homologous and heterologous antigens, and could be avoid with different purified methods. This study analyzed antigen fractions obtained from crude saline extract of T. saginata metacestodes purified by affinity chromatography with the lectin jacalin (unbound and bound fraction), concanavalin A (unbound and bound fraction), concanavalin A using jacalina unbound fraction (unbound and bound fraction) and N-acetil (unbound and bound fraction). The fraction were tested for the detection of IgG antibodies by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblot for the laboratory diagnosis of human NC. The application of T. saginata metacestodes as an alternative antigen for use in ELISA and WB tests compared with the metacestodes antigen of Taenia solium in CFS samples was also analyzed. Serum samples were obtained from 142 individuals: 40 were diagnosed with NC, 62 presented Taenia sp. and other parasitic diseases and 40 were apparently healthy individuals. The CSF samples were obtained from 35 patients with definitive neurocysticercosis; and 35 patients with other neurological disorder. Among the fractions, unbound concanavalin A demonstrated statically higher sensitivity and specificity by ELISA (90% and 93.1 %, respectively). By Immunoblot, the concanavalin unbound showed 100% of sensitivity and specificity, where only serum samples from patients with NC recognized the protein of 64-68 kDa, so this antigen fraction may be used as specific antigen for diagnosis of NC. The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA using antigen obtained from T. solium applied to CSF samples results of 100%. When the tests were conducted using T. saginata metacestodes, results were 100% and 94.3%, respectively. The 47-52, 64-68 and 70 kDa antigens were recognized by only CSF samples from patients with NC. The results indicated that T. saginata metacestodes can be used as alternative antigen for NC diagnosis using LCR samples. / A utilização de metacestódeos de Taenia saginata como antígeno alternativo constitui uma importante ferramenta no sorodiagnóstico da neurocisticercose humana (NC). A reatividade cruzada com indivíduos infectados por Echinococcus granulosus é comum em antígenos homólogos e heterólogos, podendo ser evitada com diferentes métodos de purificação. O presente estudo analisou as diferentes frações antigênicas obtidas, a partir do extrato salino total de metacestódeos de T. saginata, por cromatografia de afinidade em coluna de Jacalina (fração ligante e não ligante), de Concanavalina A (fração ligante e não ligante), de Concanavalina A utilizando a fração não ligante de Jacalina (fração ligante e não ligante) e Coluna de N-acetil (fração ligante e não ligante). As frações foram avaliadas quanto a detecção de anticorpos IgG anti-metacestódeos de Taenia solium nos testes ELISA e Immunoblotting. Foi avaliada a utilização do extrato salino total de metacestódeos de T. saginata como antígeno alternativo nos testes ELISA e Immunoblotting para detecção de anticorpos IgG no LCR. Foram obtidas 142 amostras de soro, sendo 40 de pacientes com diagnóstico definitivo de NC, 62 de indivíduos infectados por Taenia sp e por outros parasitos e 40 de indivíduos saudáveis. Foram coletadas 70 amostras de LCR, sendo 35 de pacientes com diagnóstico definitivo de NC e 35 de indivíduos com outras manifestações neurológicas. Entre todas as frações analisadas, a fração não ligante de Concanavalina A demonstrou maior sensibilidade e especificidade pelo teste ELISA em amostras de soro (90% e 93,1%, respectivamente). Pelo Immunoblotting esta mesma fração demonstrou 100% de sensibilidade e especificidade, sendo que apenas pacientes com NC reconheceram a banda especifica de 64-68 kDa, indicando que esta fração antigênica pode se usada como antígeno especifico no sorodiagnóstico da NC humana. A sensibilidade e especificidade do teste ELISA utilizando o antígeno homólogo no LCR humano foi de 100%. Quando este teste foi conduzido com o antígeno heterólogo obteve-se 100% de sensibilidade e 94,3% de especificidade. Na reação de Immunoblotting as bandas antigênicas de 47-52, 64-68 e 70 kDa foram reconhecidas exclusivamente no LCR de pacientes com NC. Os resultados conferem ao extrato salino de T. saginata sensibilidade e especificidade para ser utilizado como antígeno alternativo para o diagnostico da NC no LCR. / Doutor em Imunologia e Parasitologia Aplicadas

The work embodied in this thesis pertains to an attempt to understand better, the molecular basis of protein-carbohydrate recognition. For this purpose a systematic study was undertaken, not only of the energetics of lectin-sugar interactions, which serve as molecular recognition prototype of protein-carbohydrate interactions, but also of the complex effects of solvent water molecules surrounding both the species in solution state. The systems chosen for investigation include the specific recognition of sugars by lectins from diverse families, leguminosae and moraceae. The following salient aspects of the molecular recognition process constitute the focus of this thesis: • Effect of site specifically modified, deoxy-, fluorodeoxy-, or methoxy- substituted D-galactopyranoside binding to lectins. Isothermal titration calorimetric (ITC) investigations of the binding of these sugars to a model lectin permitted the correct prediction of the architecture of the primary binding site in the absence of x-ray crystal or NMR structure of the combining site (Ref. 7). The study provided the only unambiguous means of a site specific mapping of the hydrogen-bond donor- acceptor relationship of the monosaccharide within the primary combining site of the lectin. • Novel features of lectin-sugar recognition. Molecular interactions and forces contributing to the stabilization of the saccharides in the primary combining site of lectins. Binding of site specifically modified fluoro- substituted D- galactopyranosides to WBA I led to the demonstration of the involvement of C- F««»H-0 hydrogen bonds in stabilizing the saccharide within the combining site of lectin (Ref. 7). Implication of the novel C-H«**O hydrogen bonds at the specificity determining C-4 position in enabling the methoxy- substituted D- galactopyranoside to be stabilized within the primary binding site of galactose specific lectins WBA I and jacalin. • Development of a novel coupled osmotic-thermodynamic approach for investigating the role of water molecules in determining the specificity of lectin- sugar interactions. The results obtained led to the first direct demonstration of a differential uptake of water molecules accompanying the specific process of recognition of sugars by lectins (Ref 2) • On the origin of enthalpy-entropy compensation, a ubiquitous phenomenon accompanying the thermodynamics of several ligand binding reactions in aqueous solutions in general and the molecular recognition involving all known lectin-sugar interactions, in particular. The results provide the first unequivocal solution state proof of water reorganization as the source of enthalpy-entropy compensation (Ref 3). A new diagnostic test of a true osmotic effect in molecular recognition phenomena was proposed (Ref. 2) and validated (Ref. 3). As an introduction, Chapter 1 is a comprehensive review of literature that touches upon the diverse properties of lectins and our present understanding of their multifarious roles and applications, which has led to their christening, perhaps appropriately, as molecules that mediate the 'social' functions of cells and tissues. Although a challenge it is still, to decipher the "glycocode", it is apparent that the fundamental basis of the recognition function of lectin-sugar interactions is the initial specific binding of the saccharide molecule by the globular proteinaceous lectin molecule. It is imperative, therefore, that an incisive investigation of the origin of specificity of the binding reaction as well as the solvent effects influencing both the interacting species be undertaken for a better understanding of the complete molecular recognition process. Towards this end is introduced in Chapter 1 our present understanding of the results on lectin-sugar interactions from two complementary approaches viz structural, including X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, as well as thermodvnamic ones, which have provided important information on the architecture of the combining sites, the dynamic modes of saccharide recognition and forces involved therein. Despite a detailed knowledge available from such methods, a structure-energetics correlation has persisted as a current challenge of the field. Towards achieving this goal, studies on the energetics of the recognition of sugars by lectins were undertaken, with an aim to better understand the origin of specificity of lectin-sugar interactions. This thesis attempts to provide new insights on some of the possible lacunae precluding structure-energetics correlation and suggests ways to overcome them. Chapter 2 deals with ITC investigation of the effect of deoxy-, fluorodeoxy-, and methoxy- substitutions on the binding of monosaccharides to the primary combining site of the lectin WBA I isolated from the mature seeds of the leguminosae family member Psophocarpus tetragonolobus as well as the moraceae lectin jacalin. These studies provide valuable information on the hydrogen-bond donor-acceptor relationships within the combining site of the lectins wherein the sugar molecule is liganded with the amino-acid residues of the lectin. This study is relevant for understanding the origin of specificity of monosaccharide binding within the primary combining site of the lectins. It has recently become apparent that there is a predisposition in three-dimensional space, of the donor-acceptor pairs within the sugar binding site of the lectins. Hence there appears to be a stereochemical basis of distinguishing the recognition of the donor group vis-a-vis that of the acceptor group and that their spatial disposition determines the specificity of the saccharide recognition. Unambiguous assignment of which of the groups within the hydrogen bonded pairs is a donor and which one is the acceptor assumes greater importance. The ITC measurements of the binding of deoxy-, flurodeoxy-and methoxy-derivatives of D-galactopyranoside (oc-D-Gal) to the basic lectin from winged bean Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, WBA I revealed that each of the ligands bind to WBA I with the same stoichiometry of one per subunit (29 kDa) of WBA I. The binding enthalpies for various derivatives were essentially independent of temperature and showed complementary changes with respect to binding entropies. Replacement of the hydroxyl group by fluorine or hydrogen on C3 and C4 of the galactopyranoside eliminated their binding to the lectin, consistent with C3-OH and C4-OH acting as hydrogen bond donors. The affinity for C2 derivatives of galactose decreased in the order: GalNAc>2MeOGal>2FGal=Gal>2HGal which suggests that both polar and non-polar residues surround the C2 locus of galactose, consistent with the observed high affinity of WBA I towards GalNAc, where the acetamido group at C2 position is probably stabilized by both non-polar interactions with the methyl-group and polar interactions with the carbonyl group. The binding of C6 derivatives followed the order: Gal>6FGal>D-Fuc»6MeOGal=L-Ara indicating the presence of favourable polar interactions with a hydrogen bond donor in the vicinity. Based on these results the hydrogen bond donor-acceptor relationship of the complexation of methyl-a-D-galactopyranoside with the primary combining site of WBA I was proposed (Ref. /), which was subsequently validated by the crystal structure of methyl-a-D-galactopyranoside complexed with WBA I. This chapter also describes the results from ITC studies on the binding of monosaccharides and disaccharides to the lectin jacalin isolated from the mature seeds of the moraceae family member Artocarpus integrifolia. The novel observation about the existence of C-F*«*H-0 and C-H**»O hydrogen bonds in lectin-sugar interactions is also discussed in this chapter. Chapter 3 is a description of the detailed investigation on the role of water molecules in influencing the energetics of lectin-sugar recognition. A novel coupled osmotic-thermodynamic approach was developed to dissect the role of water molecules in determining the recognition of the sugars by lectins. For this purpose, the model system of mannotriose-concanavalin A was used because atomic level structural information on these complexes were available. The work described in this chapter, is the first solution state evidence for the role of water molecules in the specific interaction of carbohydrates with a legume lectin, concanavalin A (Con A) (Ref. 2). Sugar binding to Con A was accompanied by linear changes in the logarithm of binding constants as a function of neutral osmolyte strength, and were described by well defined negative slopes characteristic for each sugar. As these changes were independent of the chemical nature of the osmolyte used, the results were rationalized in terms of a true osmotic effect. It was demonstrated that the specific recognition of the branched trimannoside (3,6-di-0-(a-D-mannopyranosyl)~a-D-mannopyranoside), the individual dimannosidic arms (3-<9-(a-D-mannopyranosyl)-a-D-mannopyranoside, and 6-0-(a-D-marmopyranosyl)-a-D-mannopyranoside) and the monomeric unit D-mannopyranoside by Con A was accompanied by differential uptake of water molecules; 1,3 and 5 respectively. We also observed a conservation of the compensatory behaviour of binding enthalpies and entropies in the presence as well as absence of osmolytes. This provided the first definitive evidence that water-reorganization plays a direct role in effecting the phenomenon of enthalpy-entropy compensation in protein-ligand interactions in general and lectin-sugar interactions in particular, and that the specificity of lectin-sugar recognition is characterized by a differential uptake of water molecules. Chapter 3 also describes the first experimental identification of the origin of enthalpy-entropy compensation (EEC), a ubiquitous phenomenon accompanying the thermodynamics of multifarious biomolecular recognition processes. By coupling direct microcalorimetry with osmotic stress technique, an experimental handle was devised to test the hypothesis that solvent reorganization could be the source of EEC. The results provided an unequivocal demonstration that an osmotic change in water activity alone, at the same temperature and pH, is sufficient to result in the conservation of EEC during the molecular recognition of specific ligands by macromolecules belonging to thermodynamically diverse and unrelated systems, a compelling evidence that the primary source of EEC in aqueous solutions is attributable to reorganization of solvent water molecules, thus validating the test for the role of water reorganization as a source of EEC (Ref. 3). This provides the first definitive evidence for the notion that there is a direct involvement of water molecules in originating the EEC effect. Despite the generality of the results it is urged that several systems be subjected to a vigorous application of the coupled osmotic-thermodynamic approach proposed herein before constituting it as a proof. Suffice to say, it is perhaps heartening that at last one has a handle to test the role of water molecules in effecting EEC in the solution state and appreciate the diverse roles played by water molecules in mediating molecular recognition reactions. The proposal presented in Ref 2, that the strong isoequilibrium relationship of enthalpy with entropy during the recognition of saccharides by Con A studied under osmotic stress, be considered as diagnostic of a true osmotic effect was subsequently validated in a thermodynamically diverse and unrelated system of peptide recognition by monoclonal antibody, the results from which are discussed in an Appendix (A) to this thesis (Ref 4). That the stabilities of these lectins are not hampered in the presence of osmolytes was demonstrated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) (Ref 2). During the course of these DSC studies, we discovered an unusual feature in an animal galectin. Despite possessing the legume lectin fold, the 14-kDa S- type lectin exhibits multiple oligomeric states that are influenced profoundly by complementary ligands and surprisingly do not dissociate at the denaturation temperature. These results are discussed in an Appendix (B) to this thesis (Ref. 5). The general discussion and conclusions drawn from this work are summarized in chapter 4. Briefly, the following salient conclusions can be drawn from the work presented in this thesis: 1. Unambiguous assignment of hydrogen-bond donor-acceptor relationship at each of the hydroxyl group of the monosaccharide bound to the lectin belonging to different families has been demonstrated (Refs. 1,6). 2. First report of novel hydrogen bonds in lectin-sugar interactions such as C- F«MH-0 (Ref 1) and C-H^*O hydrogen bonds (Ref 6). 3. Unusual structural stabilities in a galectin with a fold similar to that in legume lectins but with starkly different thermodynamic stabilities (Ref 5). 4. We have demonstrated for the first time in solution state, that water molecules are involved in the specific recognition of sugars by concanavalin A (Ref 2). It appears that lectin-sugar recognition reactions are, in general, mediated by a net uptake of water molecules during the binding process (Ref 7). 5. We have provided the first experimental demonstration that reorganization of water molecules is the source of enthalpy-entropy compensation in molecular recognition processes (Ref 3). 6. We provide evidence for another facet in the recognition of antigens by antibodies, viz water release accompanying the binding reaction (Ref 4). The studies reported in this thesis provide the foundation for embarking on a systematic study not only of the origin of specificity of lectin-sugar recognition but also of the complex roles that water molecules play in mediating these molecular recognition processes. These specific binding reactions wherein non-linear thermodynamics predominates and precludes a direct structure-energetics correlation emphasize the need to account for the effect of solvent water molecules in lectin-sugar interactions in particular and, without any overemphasis, in molecular recognition processes in general.

Orientador: João Carlos Pinheiro Ferreira / Resumo: O objetivo geral do trabalho foi caracterizar a produção de progesterona (P4) pelas células do corpo lúteo (CL) bovino submetidas a diferentes meios de cultivo e cocultivo in vitro. Para tanto foram realizados três experimentos descritos em dois artigos. No artigo I, CLs pertencentes à fase média (10-12 dias, n=5) foram coletados e processados em laboratório. As LCs foram cultivadas por 07 dias em atmosfera umida a 5% de CO2, com ou sem a adição de 10% de soro fetal bovino (SFB), com os respectivos tratamentos: CONTROLE; CONA (10 μg/mL); LH (100 μg/mL); CONALH; LHPGFβα (10 ng/mL); CONALHPGFβα. Amostras de meio de cultivo foram coletadas nos D1 e D7 para posterior dosagem de P4. Valores com P<0,05 foram considerados diferentes estatisticamente. O cultivo de LCs na presença de CONA diminuiu a capacidade secretória de P4 das LCs e este efeito foi revertido pela adição de LH no meio de cultivo no D1, mas não no D7. A ação supressora da CONA foi mais evidente no cultivo que não empregaram o SFB. No artigo II, No Exp. 1, foram utilizados CLs pertencentes à fase média (10-12 dias, n=4). No laboratório os CLs foram processados e as LCs foram cultivadas por 07 dias em atmosfera umida a 5% de CO2. As LCs receberam os respectivos tratamentos com ou sem LH: Controle; PGF2α (10 ng/mL); PGF2α (100 ng/mL); PGF2α (354,5 ng/mL). As amostras que receberam LH apresentaram maior produção de P4, e a administração de diferentes doses de PGFβα não mostrou alteração na secreção de P4. No Exp. β, for... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The general objective of this study was to characterize the production of progesterone (P4) by the cells of the bovine corpus luteum (CL) subjected to different culture and coculture media in vitro. To this end, three experiments described in two articles were conducted. Article I: CLs belonging to the middle phase (10-12 days, n=5) were collected and processed in the laboratory. The luteal cells (LCs) were cultured for 07 days in a humid atmosphere of 5% CO2, with or without the addition of 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), with their respective treatments: CONTROL; CONA (concanavalin-A) (10 μg/mL); LH (100 μg/mL); CONALH; LHPGFβα (10 ng/mL); CONALHPGFβα. Samples of culture medium were collected on D1 and D7 for further P4 measurement. P values <0.05 were considered statistically different. Culture of LCs in the presence of CONA decreases the ability of LC to secrete P4, and this effect was reversed by addition of LH in the culture medium in D1, but not in D7. The suppressive action was more evident in CONA cultures without FBS. In Article II, Experiment 1, CLs of middle phase of the estrous cycle (10-12 days, n = 4) were used. In the laboratory, the CLs were processed and the LCs were cultured for 07 days in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2. The LCs received the respective treatments with or without LH (100 μg/mL): Control; PGFβα (10 ng/mL); PGFβα (100 ng/mL); PGFβα (354,5 ng/mL). The samples that received LH produced more P4, and the administration of different doses of PGFβα... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

House mouse hybrid zone is a complex of subspecies Mus musculus musculus, Mus musculus domesticus and their hybrids. This hybrid zone is considered as a tension zone, maintained by balance between dispersion of individuals towards the zone center and negative selection against the hybrids. Decreased anti-parasite resistance could be one of selective factors which maintain the hybrid zone. In this thesis, I use hematological methods and skin-swelling test to compare variability in mouse health state within the house mouse hybrid zone. The skin-swelling test is a method measuring pro-inflammatory immune responsiveness. Since the commonly adopted method to perform this test does not allow clear interpretation of the test results, in this thesis I also aim to optimise the test protoco . I found that utilization of concanavalin A (ConA) is more suitable in mice than application of the commonly used phytohemaglutinin (PHA). Assessment of health state of mice by both hematological methods and skin-swelling test consistently indicates increased ability of anti-parasitic resistance in the subspecies M. m. musculus compared to subspecies M. m. domesticus. Hematological examination further shows better health state of hybrid individuals compared to parental subspecies. Our results support hybrid resistance hypothesis....

Traditional solution and solid state approaches (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, X-Ray Crystallography) are methods of choice when analysing both biological and inorganic analytes. However, the characterisation of transient species, often encountered in self-assembling systems, is difficult. Such systems rarely produce crystals of high quality and due to their dynamic nature; their structures are difficult to study with NMR. Hyphenated gas phase methods which rely on mass spectrometry detection offer simultaneous structural analysis and direct stoichiometry measurement. As a consequence, it is possible to investigate specific, non-interacting molecules and molecular complexes in an isolated environment. This thesis focuses on the development and applications of two such methods - ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) and cold ion spectroscopy. IM-MS measurements yield a so called collisional cross sectional area (CCS). This parameter can be pictured as a rotationally averaged, shadow projection of a molecule structure. When correlated with the ion abundance, a CCS distribution yields intuitively interpretable information about the conformational preferences of an isolated molecule. Although indispensable in describing a "global" geometrical structure, the CCS parameter itself provides a limited insight into the local structural features of the assembly. Ion spectroscopy, both in the UV and IR regions, can provide an extra layer of highly descriptive information. Here, we present several cases where the above techniques have been applied. With the aid of IM-MS, we have analysed the geometry of inorganic supramolecular assemblies, highlighting the stability of particular metal-ligand interactions. Using cold ion spectroscopy, we have assessed the fine structural information of self-assembled oligomers of an amyloidogenic peptide. We correlated spectral features of isolated oligomers to features observed in the mature fibrils; therefore attempting to delineate the events in early stages of amyloidogenic aggregation. A major part of this report focusses on technological aspects of the design and development of a high resolution, variable temperature ion mobility mass spectrometer (VT-IM-MS). The thermal stability of molecules is a vital aspect in industrial process development and formulation science. Solution phase Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is a widely applied technique, allowing to monitor reversibility of thermally induced conformational transitions, a key aspect in protein folding analysis. The instrument reported here aims to provide parallel information about gaseous ions, with a particular focus on protein ions. Capabilities of the newly built instrument have been tested using small, rigid molecules, a small protein and a large multiprotein complex.

Prostate cancer (PCa) represents the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in males. Initial development and progression of the disease is mainly regulated by androgens. However, the pathology of the disease may progress to a loss of hormone dependence, resulting in rapid growth and a metastatic phenotype. Invasion and metastasis of tumour cells results from the degradation of the basement membrane (BM) and extracellular matrix (ECM). The degradation of the BM and ECM is in part mediated by a family of proteinases called the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Currently more than 20 members of the MMP family have been identified and they are further divided in to sub-classes according to their protein structure. Collectively, MMPs are capable of degrading essentially all ECM components. High expression of some MMPs correlates with a malignant phenotype of various tumours. This study focused on the expression and regulation of a sub-class of MMPs called the membrane-type MMPs (MT-MMPs) in PCa. To date 6 MT-MMPs have been identified and they are characterized by a transmembrane domain, followed by a short cytoplasmic tail (MT1-, MT2-, MT3- and MT5-MMPs) or a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) moiety (MT4- and MT6-MMPs). MT-MMPs are thought to play a key role in tumour cell invasion by virtue of their ability to activate MMP-2 (a secreted MMP, which is implicated in many metastatic tumours) and their direct degradation activity on ECM components. Elevated MT-MMP expression has been shown in breast, colon, skin, stomach, lung, pancreas and brain cancers. Until very recently there had been no studies conducted on MT-MMPs in PCa. The few studies preceding or occurring in parallel with this one, have mainly reported the mRNA expression of these enzymes in PCa. Most studies have focused on MT1-MMP. Thus, at the commencement of this project there were many unexplored aspects of the expression and regulation of the broader MT-MMP family in PCa. The aims of this study were to examine: 1 a) The expression of MT-MMPs in prostate cancer cell lines using RT-PCR and western blot analysis and b) expression of MT1-MMP and MT5-MMP in BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) and PCa clinical tissue sections by immunohistochemistry. 2) The regulation of MT1-MMP, MT3-MMP and MT5-MMP in PCa cell lines by Concanavalin A (Con A), phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF I and IGF II) using western blot analysis. In this study RWPE1, a transformed but non-tumorigenic prostate cell line was used as a "normal" prostate cell model, ALVA-41 and LNCaP as androgen-dependent PCa cell models and DU-145 and PC-3 as androgen-independent PCa cell models. The mRNA expression for the 6 MT-MMPs was determined by RT-PCR. The results indicate that MT1- and MT3-MMP were detected in all cell lines. This is the first study to report MT1-MMP mRNA expression in LNCaP cells and MT3-MMP mRNA in DU-145 cells. MT2-MMP mRNA was detected in only LNCaP and DU-145 cells, whilst MT5-MMP was detected in PC-3, DU-145 and LNCaP cells. nterestingly, MT2-, MT4-, MT5- or MT6-MMP mRNA expression was not detected in the "normal" cell line RWPE1, perhaps indicating an induction in gene transcription in tumour cells. MT4-MMP mRNA was only detected in the androgen-independent cell lines, indicating a potential role in the invasion and metastasis processes of the aggressive androgen-independent PCa. In this study, very low expression of MT6-MMP was detected only in LNCaP and DU-145 cells. Previously there had been no reports on the expression of MT6-MMP in the normal or cancerous prostate. Due to the mRNA of MT1-, MT3- and MT5-MMPs being the predominant MT-MMPs expressed in the current study, and the availability of suitable antibodies against them, the protein expression of these three MT-MMPs was studied by western blot analysis. MT1-, MT3- and MT5-MMP protein expression was detected in the cell lysates and conditioned medium (CM) of RWPE1, LNCaP and PC-3 cells. For each MT-MMP, various protein species were detected including putative proforms, mature (active) forms, processed or fragmented forms as well as soluble or shed forms. The presence of soluble or shed forms of MT-MMPs in the CM of cultures of "normal" and PCa cells could imply one of the following mechanisms: ectodomain shedding by either extracellular sheddases, the secretion of intracellular processed proteins without the transmembrane domain, the release of membrane vesicles containing membrane-bound enzymes, or the presence of alternatively spliced mRNA, which gives rise to MT-MMPs without a transmembrane domain. Further characterization of these various forms, including their amino acid sequence, is required to fully elucidate their structural composition. Despite the detection of the mRNA, we did not detect the cell-associated proteins of MT1-MMP and MT5-MMP and only very low expression of MT3-MMP in DU-145 cells (CM of DU-145 cells were not screened for soluble forms of the enzymes). This is the first study to report MT5-MMP expression at the protein level in prostate derived cell lines. Immunohistochemistry was carried out on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and PCa clinical tissues using MT1- and MT5-MMP antibodies to determine their cellular localisation in benign and cancer glands. MT1- and MT5-MMPs were expressed in BPH and moderate and high grade PCa. MT1-MMP expression was highest in moderate grade cancer compared to BPH and high grade cancer. MT1-MMP expression was predominantly observed in the cytoplasm of secretory epithelial cells of both benign and cancer glands, although in cancer glands, some nuclear staining was also observed. Stromal expression of MT1-MMP was only observed in high grade cancer. This study is the first to report the immunolocalization of MT5-MMP outside the brain and in kidneys of diabetic patients. MT5-MMP was predominantly expressed in the cytoplasm of the secretory cells in benign glands. In the cancer glands, staining was heterogeneous with low to intense staining, mainly in the nuclei, plasma membrane and cytoplasm of secretory epithelial cells. Stromal expression of MT5-MMP was only observed in cancer tissues, particularly in high grade cancer. To study the regulation of MT-MMPs in PCa, we treated LNCaP and PC-3 cells, with either Con A, PMA, DHT or IGF-I and -II and studied the protein expression of MT1-, MT3- and MT5-MMPs by western blot analysis. Con A and PMA have been shown to stimulate MMP expression in other cell systems. Con A treatment showed a general increase in the protein expression of MT1-, MT3- and MT5-MMPs. By far the greatest induction by Con A observed was the nearly 4 fold increase in MT5-MMP expression caused by 40μg/mL Con A treatment of PC-3 cells. PMA treatment of LNCaP and PC-3 cells appeared to increase shedding or secretion of all three MT-MMPs in to the CM. This increase in the soluble forms corresponded to a decrease in cell-associated forms in LNCaP cells. Treatment of LNCaP with DHT alone and treatment of LNCaP and PC-3 cells with IGF-I and -II alone failed to detect any change in expression of MT1-MMP. The information gathered in this study on MT-MMPs with respect to cellular localization, expression levels and regulation by growth factors or chemicals that mimic their actions, will aid in our understanding of the role of MT-MMPs in PCa. This study provides strong preliminary data for further research, particularly with respect to functional studies of MT-MMPs in PCa. Understanding the processes which govern the actions of such proteins as these will provide potential insights into development of new management and therapeutic regimens to prevent cancer progression.

Orientadores : Sonia Maria Alves Bueno, Ricardo de Lima Zollner / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T11:50:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Duarte_IsaSantos_D.pdf: 749498 bytes, checksum: 83d66753c75e7828fd4a8b858aecf473 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A alergia é uma enfermidade do sistema imunológico que afeta aproximadamente de 20 a 30% da população mundial. Dentre as reações alérgicas, a reação de hipersensibilidade imediata é mediada pelas imunoglobulinas E (IgE). Os indivíduos geneticamente predispostos a manifestar reações por hipersensibilidade imediata e polissensibilizados aos alérgenos ambientais são considerados atópicos e, geralmente, possuem teores de IgE total até 10.000 vezes mais elevados do que as pessoas não-atópicas. O conhecimento das interações entre a IgE e ligantes de afinidade pode levar ao desenvolvimento de novos tratamentos da hipersensibilidade imediata, por exemplo a terapia de adsorção seletiva através de circulação extracorpórea, assim como ao desenvolvimento de métodos de obtenção de IgE purificada, para aplicação nas áreas de diagnóstico, pesquisa molecular, dentre outras. Os adsorventes empregados na terapia de adsorção seletiva, bem como na purificação de IgE, geralmente são anticorpos anti-IgE imobilizados em agarose, os quais são de alto custo e difícil obtenção. Este trabalho avaliou o desempenho de adsorventes alternativos ao Sepharose-anti-IgE, visando a remoção de IgE total e específica aos ácaros Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus e Blomia tropicalis de amostras plasmáticas e a preparação de soluções enriquecidas em IgE, como uma das etapas do processo de purificação de IgE. Os adsorventes estudados constituíram-se de lectinas (concanavalina A e Lens culinaris), aminas (poli-L-lisina e aminohexil) e o aminoácido D-triptofano, imobilizados em agarose. Dentre eles, o gel agarose-Lens culinaris mostrou-se o mais promissor para aplicação na terapia de adsorção seletiva de IgE e o gel Sepharose-concanavalina A mostrou-se o mais adequado para ser usado na obtenção de soluções enriquecidas em IgE. Experimentos cromatográficos foram realizados visando estabelecer condições experimentais (velocidade superficial, número de passagens de plasma pela coluna, temperatura e razão entre volume de plasma e volume de leito) mais favoráveis à adsorção de IgE em agarose-Lens culinaris. Posteriormente, essas condições foram utilizadas nos experimentos de simulação in vitro de circulação extracorpórea, nos quais o gel agarose-Lens culinaris removeu de 40,7 a 42,8% de IgE¿s total e específicas. A obtenção da solução enriquecida em IgE foi realizada por meio de duas etapas cromatográficas, empregando-se os princípios de afinidade (colunas agarosejacalina e Sepharose-concanavalina A) e de exclusão por tamanho (permeação em gel). A solução final enriquecida em IgE obtida, continha como principais impurezas, IgA e IgG. Como resultado das duas etapas, 36,6% de IgE foi recuperada e o fator de enriquecimento em IgE, em relação a IgA, IgG, IgM e albumina, foi de 75,8. Apesar do gel Sepharose-anti- IgE apresentar desempenho melhor tanto na remoção quanto na purificação de IgE, os adsorventes agarose-Lens culinaris e Sepharose-concanavalina A apresentam custos mais atrativos / Abstract: Allergy is a disorder of the imune system, affecting approximately 20%-30% of the general population. Among allergic reactions, immediate hypersensitivity is mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE). Individuals that have a genetic predisposition for responses to immediate hypersensitivity are named atopic and generally have elevated serum IgE concentration, up to 10,000-fold higher than in the normal population. The knowledge of the interactions between IgE and affinity ligands may lead to the development of new methods of treatment for immediate hypersensitivity, for example, IgE selective adsorption therapy through extracorporeal circulation, as well as to new methods for obtaining purified IgE, which is employed in diagnostic and in molecular research. The adsorbents employed in IgE selective adsorption therapy, as well as in IgE purification, are usually antibodies anti-IgE immobilized on agarose, which have high costs and are difficult to obtain. This work assessed the performance of adsorbents (alternative to Sepharose-anti-IgE) for the removal of total IgE and IgE specific for the airbone allergens Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Blomia tropicalis from plasma samples, as well as in the production of IgE enriched solutions, considered as a step of IgE purification. The adsorbents studied were lectins (concanavalina A and Lens culinaris), amines (poli-L-lisina e aminohexil) and the aminoacid D-tryptophan, all of them immobilized on agarose. Among them, Lens culinaris-agarose showed the best performance for IgE selective adsorption therapy, and Sepharose¿concanavalin A was considered the most appropriate for the production of IgE enriched solutions. Chromatographic experiments were accomplished in order to determine operating conditions (superficial velocity, number of times the plasma passed through the column, temperature, and ratio of plasma volume to bed volume) more favorable to IgE adsorption on Lens culinaris-agarose. The selected conditions were utilized in in vitro simulation assays of extracorporeal circulation, in which the Lens culinaris-agarose removed from 40.7% to 42.8% of total and specific IgE. The production of IgE enriched solutions was carried out with two chromatographic steps, employing affinity (columns jacalin-agarose and Sepharose-concanavalin A) and size exclusion (gel permeation) principles. The IgE enriched final solution contained IgA and IgG as the major impurities. As a result of both steps, 36.6% of IgE was recovered and the IgE enrichement number concerning IgA, IgG, IgM, and albumin was 75.8. Despite Sepharose-anti-IgE has better performance in removal and purification of IgE, Lens culinaris-agarose and Sepharose-concanavalin A adsorbents have more attractive costs / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Biotecnologicos / Doutora em Engenharia Quimica

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This thesis deals with the design, formation and evaluation of dynamic systems constructed by means of sulfur-containing reversible reactions, in organic and aqueous media and under mild conditions. In a first part, the synthesis of thioglycoside derivatives, constituting the biologically relevant starting components of the dynamic systems, is described. In addition, the pD-profile of the mutarotation process in aqueous media for a series of 1-thioaldoses is reported and revealed an astonishing beta-anomeric preference for all the carbohydrate analogs under acidic or neutral conditions. In a second part, the phosphine-catalyzed or -mediated disulfide metathesis for dynamic system generation in organic or aqueous media is presented, respectively. The direct in situ 1H STD-NMR resolution of a dynamic carbohydrate system in the presence of a target protein (Concanavalin A) proved the suitability and compatibility of such disulfide metathesis protocols for the discovery of biologically relevant ligands. In a third part, hemithioacetal formation is demonstrated as a new and efficient reversible reaction for the spontaneous generation of a dynamic system, despite a virtual character of the component associations in basic aqueous media. The direct in situ 1H STD-NMR identification of the best dynamic beta-galactosidase inhibitors from the dynamic HTA system was performed and the results were confirmed by inhibition studies. Thus, the HTA product formed from the reaction between 1-thiogalactopyranose and a pyridine carboxaldehyde derivative provided the best dynamic inhibitor. In a fourth and final part, a dynamic drug design strategy, where the best inhibitors from the aforementioned dynamic HTA system were used as model for the design of non-dynamic (or “static”) beta-galactosidase inhibitors, is depicted. Inhibition studies disclosed potent leads among the set of ligands. / QC 20100621