Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:48:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3448.pdf: 396695 bytes, checksum: 7654d6a413d720fdc7e65ea0d6e4214e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-16 / Urinary Incontinence (UI) is considered to be a global problem that affects both men and women. Among the existing types of the condition, the Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI) is more evident, given its expressive prevalence. The SUI is categorized as a nursing diagnosis (ND) according to the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International (NANDA-I), a situation that highlights the importance of study development in this area by nurses. The general objectives of this paperwork are: to perform a concept analysis of the stress urinary incontinence, and to compare the concept analysis results to the nursing diagnosis Stress urinary incontinence presented at NANDA-I taxonomy II. The concept analysis was preformed based on Walker and Avant (2005). A literature review was performed on the PubMed, CINAHL and LILACS databases. 810 studies were identified, among which 34 studies that included all the necessary elements for the concept analysis were chosen to comprise the sample. In order to identify the concept uses, textbooks on urology and materials obtained through websites of professional associations were consulted. The concept analysis allowed us to point out that the SUI concept is used mainly in the health services area. The comparison to NANDA-I s SUI nursing diagnosis led to the suggestion that other studies ought to be carried out in order for the definition to be changed to: Involuntary leakage of urine during activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure, without detrusor contraction Suggested adaptations have been made to the existing defining characteristics, with the inclusion of: reported involuntary urine leakage during sexual intercourse (climacturia and/or during penetration); observed or reported involuntary urine leakage during pregnancy; urine leakage during stress test (Valsalva Maneuver, Cough Test and Stress Test at supine position); specific alterations at the urodynamic test (such as lower maximum urethral closing pressure; lower leakage pressure upon stress). Regarding the related factors, we suggest that the term weakening be replaced with dysfunction on the related factor weakening of the pelvic floor muscle . Also among the related factors, we suggest the inclusion of: levator ani muscle dysfunction; pudendal nerve dysfunction; and bladder neck hypermobility and/or urethral hypermobility. The consequences also reflect upon the social and psychological aspects of an individual, resulting in life quality impairment. Empirical references or possible methods for SUI diagnosis confirmation are mainly: history, detailed physical examination and urodynamic tests to identify the exact cause. This study indicates the possibility of contributions to NANDA-I Stress urinary incontinence diagnosis, and provides nurses with support for a better understanding of the matter, which may contribute to a more effective approach of the care planning aimed at patients that present this condition. / A Incontinência Urinária (IU) é considerada um problema mundial e afeta homens e mulheres. Dos tipos existentes, destaca-se a Incontinência Urinária de Esforço (IUE) por sua expressiva prevalência. A IUE é apresentada como um diagnóstico de enfermagem (DE) na classificação da North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International (NANDA-I), o que reforça a importância de desenvolvimento de estudos nessa temática por enfermeiros. O texto que resultou da pesquisa realizada teve como objetivos gerais: realizar análise do conceito de incontinência urinária de esforço e comparar o resultado da análise de conceito com o DE Incontinência urinária de esforço apresentado na taxonomia II da NANDA-I. A análise de conceito foi realizada com base em Walker e Avant (2005). Uma revisão de literatura foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, CINAHL e LILACS. Foram identificados 810 estudos. Desses, 34 fizeram parte da amostra, por incluírem todos os elementos necessários à análise de conceito. Para a identificação dos usos do conceito, foram consultados livros-texto de urologia e materiais obtidos por meio de consulta a websites de associações de profissionais. A análise de conceito possibilitou identificar que o conceito IUE é usado principalmente na área da saúde. A comparação com o DE IUE da NANDA-I levou a sugerir que sejam realizados outros estudos que possibilitem a alteração na definição para: Perda involuntária de urina durante atividades que aumentam a pressão intra-abdominal sem que haja contração do detrusor . Adequações sugeridas nas características definidoras já existentes foram feitas, com inclusão de: perda involuntária relatada de urina durante relação sexual (climactúria e/ou durante a penetração); perda involuntária observada e/ou relatada de urina durante a gestação; perda de urina durante o teste de esforço (Manobra de Valsalva, Teste da Tosse e Teste de Esforço na posição supina); alterações específicas no teste urodinâmico (como menor pressão de fechamento uretral máxima; menor pressão de perda ao esforço). Em relação aos fatores relacionados, sugere-se enfraquecimento da musculatura do assoalho pélvico , substituição do termo enfraquecimento por disfunção e inclusão de: disfunção do músculo levantador do ânus; disfunção do nervo pudendo; e hipermobilidade do colo vesical e/ou hipermobilidade uretral. As consequências estão situadas também nos âmbitos social e psicológico e convergem em prejuízo na qualidade de vida. As referências empíricas, ou possíveis métodos para se confirmar o diagnóstico de IUE, principalmente, são: história, exame físico detalhado e os testes urodinâmicos para a identificação da causa exata. O estudo que resultou neste texto aponta para a possibilidade de contribuições para o diagnóstico Incontinência urinária de esforço da NANDA-I e oferece subsídios aos enfermeiros para um melhor entendimento desse problema, o que pode contribuir para uma atuação mais efetiva no planejamento do cuidado aos pacientes que o apresentam.

Les progrès de la technologie pour la création, le stockage et la diffusion des données ont considérablement augmenté le besoin d’outils qui permettent effectivement aux utilisateurs les moyens d’identifier et de comprendre l’information pertinente. Malgré les possibilités de calcul dans les cadres distribuées telles que des outils comme Hadoop offrent, il a seulement augmenté le besoin de moyens pour identifier et comprendre les informations pertinentes. L’Analyse de Concepts Formels (ACF) peut jouer un rôle important dans ce contexte, en utilisant des moyens plus intelligents dans le processus d’analyse. ACF fournit une compréhension intuitive de la généralisation et de spécialisation des relations entre les objets et leurs attributs dans une structure connue comme un treillis de concepts. Cette thèse aborde le problème de l’exploitation et visualisation des concepts sur un flux de données. L’approche proposée est composé de plusieurs composants distribués qui effectuent le calcul des concepts d’une transaction de base, filtre et transforme les données, les stocke et fournit des fonctionnalités analytiques pour l’exploitation visuelle des données. La nouveauté de notre travail consiste à: (i) une architecture distribuée de traitement et d’analyse des concepts et l’exploitation en temps réel, (ii) la combinaison de l’ACF avec l’analyse des techniques d’exploration, y compris la visualisation des règles d’association, (iii) des nouveaux algorithmes pour condenser et filtrage des données conceptuelles et (iv) un système qui met en œuvre toutes les techniques proposées, Cubix, et ses étude de cas en biologie, dans la conception de systèmes complexes et dans les applications spatiales. / The advances in technology for creation, storage and dissemination of data have dramatically increased the need for tools that effectively provide users with means of identifying and understanding relevant information. Despite the great computing opportunities distributed frameworks such as Hadoop provide, it has only increased the need for means of identifying and understanding relevant information. Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) may play an important role in this context, by employing more intelligent means in the analysis process. FCA provides an intuitive understanding of generalization and specialization relationships among objects and their attributes in a structure known as a concept lattice. The present thesis addresses the problem of mining and visualising concepts over a data stream. The proposed approach is comprised of several distributed components that carry the computation of concepts from a basic transaction, filter and transforms data, stores and provides analytic features to visually explore data. The novelty of our work consists of: (i) a distributed processing and analysis architecture for mining concepts in real-time; (ii) the combination of FCA with visual analytics visualisation and exploration techniques, including association rules analytics; (iii) new algorithms for condensing and filtering conceptual data and (iv) a system that implements all proposed techniques, called Cubix, and its use cases in Biology, Complex System Design and Space Applications.

Bakgrund: Begreppet delaktighet saknar en entydig definition. Trots detta har sjuksköterskor i Sverige en skyldighet enligt lag att arbeta för att göra sina patienter delaktiga. Betydelsen av vad delaktighet innebär är inte klarlagd och därför kan det uppstå problem i arbetet för delaktighet. Syfte: Syftet är att förtydliga innebörden av begreppet delaktighet ur ett vårdvetenskapligt perspektiv. Metod: Begreppsanalys i åtta steg enligt vårdforskarna Walker och Avant. Resultat: Begreppets fem attribut är; aktiv medverkan, bekräftelse, information, kommunikation och partnerskap. Alla attribut måste uppfyllas för att delaktighet ska införlivas. Slutsats: Delaktighet är en subjektiv upplevelse som kan vara svår att uppnå. Det krävs arbete för att skapa möjligheter för att alla delaktighetens attribut ska uppfyllas. / Background: The concept of participation lacks a clear definition. Nevertheless, nurses in Sweden have an obligation under law to work to make their patients participate. The significance of what participation implies is not cleared and therefore problems may arise in the work for participation. Aim: The purpose is to clarify the meaning of the concept of participation from a health science perspective. Method: Concept analysis in eight steps according to care researchers Walker and Avant. Results: The term's five attributes are; active participation, confirmation, information, communication and partnership. All of which must be met in order for participation to be incorporated. Conclusion: Participation is a subjective experience that can be difficult to achieve. Work is required to create opportunities for all attributes to be met.

A Análise de Conceitos Formais (FCA) é uma teoria matemática que formaliza a noção de conceitos e hierarquias conceituais. De importância central a esta teoria é uma estrutura algébrica denominada reticulado de conceitos. Esta estrutura é definida em função de um conjunto de objetos, outro de atributos e uma relação que indica os atributos apresentados por cada objeto. Uma representação gráfica de um reticulado de conceitos, por meio de uma interface computacional, é capaz de expor regularidades presentes em dados a um usuário, e este pode então realizar tarefas de análise exploratória de dados. Este tipo de aplicação de FCA vem sendo empregado em dezenas de projetos pertencentes a áreas diversas, como medicina, serviços de inteligência, engenharia de software e bioinformática. Mostramos neste trabalho um sistema de análise exploratória de dados baseado em FCA, e sua utilização sobre dados reais. Também é mostrado como reticulados de conceitos podem ser empregados em interfaces de recuperação de informação. Do ponto de vista algorítmico, analisamos métodos computacionais para a determinação do reticulado de conceitos, e também de uma subestrutura simplificada, o conjunto de conceitos. O tamanho de um reticulado de conceitos pode ser exponencial em função dos tamanhos dos conjuntos de objetos e de atributos. Assim, é de vital interesse o estabelecimento de cotas superiores para o número de conceitos de um reticulado. Neste trabalho, apresentamos as cotas já conhecidas presentes na literatura. Também estabelecemos uma nova cota superior, e mostramos famílias de casos em que nossa cota superior é mais justa que as demais. Para algumas famílias particulares, nossa cota é polinomial, enquanto que as demais são exponenciais. / Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) is a mathematical theory that formalizes the notion of concepts and conceptual hierarchies. Of central importance to this theory is an algebraic structure termed concept lattice. Such structure becomes defined after being given one set of objects, one of attributes, and an incidence relation describing the attributes held by each object. A graphical representation of a concept lattice, by means of a computational interface, is capable of unfolding regularities present in data to an user, who is then able to conduct exploratory data analysis tasks. This sort of FCA application is currently deployed in tens of projects belonging to a wide range of areas, such as medicine, intelligence services, software engineering and bioinformatics. We show in this work an FCA-based system of exploratory data analysis, and its use over real data. Moreover, it is shown how concept lattices can be employed in information retrieval interfaces. From the algorithmic viewpoint, we analyse computational methods for the determination of a concept lattice, and also of a simplified substructure, the concept set. The size of a concept lattice can be exponential when compared to the size of the objects and the attributes sets. Therefore, it is of paramount interest the establishment of upper bounds for the number of concepts of a lattice. In this work, we present the upper bounds already known in the literature. We also establish a new upper bound, and show families of cases in which our bound is sharper than the others. For particular families, our bound is polynomial, whereas the other bounds are exponential.

Bakgrund: Förlossningssmärta är ett begrepp som används inom barnmorskeutbildningen och hälso- och sjukvård där kvinnor vårdas under graviditet och på förlossningsavdelningar. Begreppet är odefinierat i litteraturen och hur och vad som innefattas av begreppet är brett. Förlossningssmärta har stor plats inom mödrahälsovården men just som begrepp finns lite information. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva begreppet förlossningssmärta genom en begreppsanalys. Metod: En begreppsanalys med kvalitativ design. Först utfördes en litteratursökning, den teoretiska fasen, och sedan blev fem barnmorskor identifierade genom ett bekvämlighetsurval och intervjuades i fältstudiefasen. Resultatet från fältstudiefasen sammanställdes med resultatet från den teoretiska fasen. Resultat: Analysen av begreppet förlossningssmärta mynnade ut i ett resultat med flera dimensioner där den unika upplevelsen är konklusionen. De tre huvuddimensionerna är sensorisk, affektiv och kognitiv upplevelse av förlossningssmärta. Där det sensoriska står för fysiologin, det affektiva för det vi bär med oss in i smärtupplevelsen och det kognitiva för hur vi tänker kring smärtupplevelsen. Referens-ramen för begreppet bestäms av dess förutsättningar och konsekvenser. Förlossningssmärtan är en unik upplevelse och endast den födande kvinnan vet hur den känns. Förlossningssmärta är en upplevelse som tolkas olika och uttrycket är individuellt. Slutsats: Förlossningssmärta kan ses som ett komplext begrepp som anpassas till varje gravid utifrån de definierade dimensionerna. Klinisk tillämpbarhet: Begreppet förlossningssmärta är viktigt att klargöra för barnmorskestudenter under utbildning. / Background: Labor pain is a term used in education and healthcare, where women are cared for during pregnancy and in maternity wards. How the concept is defined is described in literature and how and what is covered by the concept is wide. Labor pain has great location within maternity care but as a concept it is relatively undefined. Aim: The aim was to describe the concept of labor pain through a concept analysis. Methods: A concept analysis with qualitative design. Five midwives were selected trough a convenience sampling and were interviewed; earlier a literature review was conducted. The result from the field study phase was brought together with the result from the theoretical phase. Results: After the analysis of the concept of labor pain the main results is that it is truly one unique experience of labour pain. Defined three dimensions sensory, affective and cognitive. The sensory dimension stands for physiology, the affective dimension for earlier experiences and the cognitive dimension for how a person thinks about pain and the experience of it. Pain in labour is a unique experience. Only the woman in labour knows how it feels like. Pain during labour is an individual experience and just like all other experience it has its unique and individual interpretation for the person involved. Conclusion: Labor pain can be identified as a complex concept adapted to each pregnancy based on the defined dimensions. Clinical applicability: Clarification of the concept is important in education of midwifery students.

Appliqué à des problèmes actuels de recherche pharmaceutique, ce mémoire traite de la génération de signatures de biomarqueurs par une approche d'extraction de règles d'association et une Analyse Formelle de Concepts. Elle a aboutit au développement d'une méthodologie qui a été validée par six projets de recherche de signatures de biomarqueurs.Alors qu'il n'existe pas de méthode optimale pour traiter les données biomarqueurs, cette méthodologie logique s'appuie sur un scénario global d'analyse déployant quatre méthodes, chacune dépendante de procédés différents. Cette architecture qualifie une problématique centrale de manière à optimiser la qualité d'une solution aux différents problèmes scientifiques posés. Les six applications pratiques ont démontré l'intérêt de la prise en compte précoce des critères de qualité énoncés par les experts du domaine. L'interactivité est soutenue tout au long du processus de découverte et produit des résultats imprévus pour l'expert. La méthodologie s'inscrit dans la lignée des approches dédiées à la stratification systématique des individus, qui constitue le premier palier vers une médecine personnalisée. / In the framework of current intricate questions to be solved by the pharmaceutical industry, this manuscript examines the generation of biomarker signatures through an approach that combines association rules extraction and Formal Concept Analysis. It led to the development of a methodology which was validated by six research industrial projects. While there is no single optimal method to handle biomarkers datasets, this logical methodology relies on a global datamining scenario made up of four different methods. Each method utilizes different processes. This architecture qualifies global approach that helps to optimize a response to different biomarker signatures discovery problems. The six applications presented in this manuscript demonstrate the interest of an early consideration of the quality criteria are expressed by the experts in the field. The interactivity is supported throughout the process of discovery and produces unexpected results for the expert. The methodology helps the systematic stratification of individuals, which constitutes the first step towards personalized medicine.

The aim of this dissertation is to provide a unified treatment of various spell checkers and correctors. Firstly, the spell checking and correcting problems are formally described in mathematics in order to provide a better understanding of these tasks. An approach that is similar to the way in which denotational semantics used to describe programming languages is adopted. Secondly, the various attributes of existing spell checking and correcting techniques are discussed. Extensive studies on selected spell checking/correcting algorithms and packages are then performed. Lastly, an empirical investigation of various spell checking/correcting packages is presented. It provides a comparison and suggests a classification of these packages in terms of their functionalities, implementation strategies, and performance. The investigation was conducted on packages for spell checking and correcting in English as well as in Northern Sotho and Chinese. The classification provides a unified presentation of the strengths and weaknesses of the techniques studied in the research. The findings provide a better understanding of these techniques in order to assist in improving some existing spell checking/correcting applications and future spell checking/correcting package designs and implementations. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Computer Science / unrestricted

This thesis explores the concept of moral distress in the context of decision-making. Several factors complicate the decision-making process in the clinical context. One such factor is moral distress. According to its original conceptualization, moral distress is experienced when the course of action is known, but its realization is limited or prevented by constraints, i.e., institutional, financial, or organizational. Much of the conceptual and empirical research on moral distress addresses this conceptualization, which leads to the recommendation to better conceptualize or understand moral distress. This thesis presents an analysis of the function of the concept, thus identifying what the empirical and conceptual literature provides as a working definition of moral distress. To this end, the identification of the function of the concept will serve as a starting point to better understand the variety and the richness of the concept of moral distress. / Ce mémoire explore le concept de la détresse morale dans le contexte de la prise de décision clinique. Plusieurs facteurs compliquent le processus de prise de décision dans le contexte clinique. Un tel facteur est la détresse morale. Selon sa conceptualisation originale, la détresse morale est ressentie lorsque la démarche à suivre est connue, mais sa réalisation est limitée ou empêchée par des contraintes, p.ex. institutionnelles, financières, organisationnelles. Une grande proportion de la recherche conceptuelle et empirique se penche sur cette conceptualisation qui aboutit à la recommandation de mieux conceptualiser ou comprendre la détresse morale. Ce mémoire présente une analyse de la fonction du concept, donc d’identifier ce que la littérature empirique et conceptuelle fournit comme définition pratique de la détresse morale. L’indentification de la définition fonctionnelle du concept servira donc comme point de départ pour mieux comprendre la richesse et la portée des connaissances sur la détresse morale.

Every third year a PISA study is conducted, through international measurements for member states of the OECD-organization. This aims to measure each country´s pupils by the ages of 15 years old. Its purpose is to examine how each member´s pupils perform in mathematics, reading comprehensions, sciences and problem solving. In this essay we intend to examine how the PISA studies were received as a creation of opinion and self-image.  This research follows up on selected actors in the media debate surrounding PISA as a tool of argument and means of discussion. The natural demarcation is made by actors; mostly from professional teachers, but also journalists, lectures, writers and school experts in the fields. Its purpose is to give a well-balanced and comprehensive picture of the PISA-debates. From a political standpoint the actors represent different positions of the spectrum. The study consists of a total of 10 actors. Between the years of 2004-2005 and 2016-2017 of the PISA 2003 and 2015. This paper will focus on the PISA studies that were done by the years of 2003 and 2015. By working with different PISA studies with a long span of time between them. This is done as a conscious strategy in favor of the comparative study. In this essay the conceptual changes between these two PISA studies will be examined and studied with a conceptual analysis.

Description logics knowledge bases are a popular approach to represent terminological and assertional knowledge suitable for computers to work with. Despite that, the practicality of description logics is impaired by the difficulties one has to overcome to construct such knowledge bases. Previous work has addressed this issue by providing methods to learn valid terminological knowledge from data, making use of ideas from formal concept analysis. A basic assumption here is that the data is free of errors, an assumption that can in general not be made for practical applications. This thesis presents extensions of these results that allow to handle errors in the data. For this, knowledge that is "almost valid" in the data is retrieved, where the notion of "almost valid" is formalized using the notion of confidence from data mining. This thesis presents two algorithms which achieve this retrieval. The first algorithm just extracts all almost valid knowledge from the data, while the second algorithm utilizes expert interaction to distinguish errors from rare but valid counterexamples.