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Esta investigación trata sobre la aplicación del método de madurez aplicado al concreto en las estructuras de un edificio multifamiliar de 8 pisos para evaluar la resistencia a compresión del concreto y optimizar el tiempo de encofrado de las estructuras. La práctica usual de monitorear el concreto in situ usando especímenes cilíndricos es considerada inapropiada debido a que los especímenes curados en obra no experimenten el mismo historial de curado que las estructuras a las que se supone deben de representar. Por otro lado, el tiempo de encofrado depende de la resistencia de la estructura, un desencofrado prematuro puede generar el colapso de la estructura, pero un encofrado tardío puede generar mayores gastos en el presupuesto de la obra. El método de madurez contempla 2 ecuaciones para determinar y correlacionar la temperatura del concreto con su resistencia. Los resultados de resistencia a compresión del concreto medidos por el método de madurez no difirieron en más del 10% del valor de resistencia de los especímenes cilíndricos y se optimizó significativamente el uso del encofrado en las estructuras. Se concluye que este método es confiable para evaluar la resistencia a compresión del concreto y permite optimizar el uso de encofrado de las estructuras tanto verticales como horizontales. / This research discusses the application of the concrete maturity method in an 8-story building structures for assessing the compressive strength of concrete and optimize the time of formwork structures. The usual practice of monitoring the concrete in situ using cylindrical specimens is inappropriate because specimens cured at work do not experience the same history of curing that structures which are supposed to represent. On the other hand, formwork time depends on the strength of the structure, a premature form removal can lead to the collapse of the structure, but a late formwork can generate higher expenses in the budget of the work. Concrete maturity method includes 2 equations to determine and correlate the temperature of concrete with strength. The results of resistance to compression of the concrete measured by the method of maturity not differed in more than the 10% of resistance of the cylindrical specimens and the use of the formwork is optimized significantly in the structures. It is concluded that this method is reliable to evaluate the resistance to compression of the concrete and allows you to optimize the use of formwork of the structures both vertical as horizontal. / Tesis

This doctoral thesis deals with design of three variants of ultra lightweight concrete (ULC) and their mechanical properties. The ULC usually has the dry density of 900-1200 kg/m3 and it is possible to use it for load bearing structures. Low density of ULC is achieved by replacing heavy aggregate for lightweight aggregate. The lightweight aggregate is known under the trade name Liapor in the Czech Republic. To achieve density below 1000 kg/m3, an aeration of the paste has to be done. An exchange of heavy aggregate for lightweight aggregate results in a very fragile behavior of ULC. A great attention is paid to bond strength between concrete and reinforcing steel in the thesis. In addition to the standard test of bond strength testing by pull-out, a modified pull-out test is designed, which includes the effect of minimum reinforcement cover. The mentioned test more precisely simulates a real behaviour of the structure exposed to bending moment. The doctoral thesis tries to point out on different parameters between measured data and the applicable standard for the design of load-bearing structures.

Vid gjutning av bostadsbjälklag är formbyggnad och stämprivning ett viktigt moment. Inombyggbranschen råder vissa tveksamheter angående när och hur stämpen skall rivas. Instruktioner förhur det skall gå till finns att tillgå men de är ofta svårtolkade och i viss mån utdaterade. Det leder tillatt de i många fall inte följs. Hjälpmedel som mätinstrument och simuleringsprogram för detta finnsmen används sparsamt. För att undvika olyckor och säkerställa att betongens hållfasthet är tillräckligutan hjälpmedel används överdrivna tidsmarginaler och detta leder sannolikt till att stämp blirståendes längre än vad som krävs.Under arbetets gång studeras stämp och gjutningsprocessen i detalj för att kunna skapa en tydligbild över hur de ingående faktorerna vid valvgjutningar påverkar varandra. Syftet är att föreslå enlämplig tidpunkt för stämprivning vid valvkonstruktioner. Detta utförs för att kunna avgöra ifall detfinns någon större förbättringspotential, dels när det gäller att motverka slösaktighet av resurser ochförbättra arbetsmiljön men även för att se över instruktionerna för tillvägagångssättet vidformrivning.De metoder som används för att nå resultatet är:● Litteraturstudie av de dokument som beskriver tillvägagångssättet vid stämprivning.● Mätningar med instrument som beräknar hållfasthet vid gjutningar av bostadsbjälklag.● Simuleringar av hållfasthet i programmet Hett 11.● Intervjuer av sakkunniga inom branschen.Resultatet av studien visar på stora skillnader mellan hur länge stämpen står i praktiken och hurlänge de enligt teorin behöver stå. En anledning till detta är att uttorkningstiderna är styrande underproduktionen. Detta medför att högre betongkvaliteter och snabbare härdningstider än de somprojekterades används i byggandet, speciellt vid låga temperaturer. Slutsatsen är att det finnsförbättringspotential inom området. Säkerhetsstämpning kan utföras endast ett par dagar eftergjutning vid goda förhållanden. Fördelarna med detta är att antalet stämp kan minskas, vilket ledertill minskade hyror, samt att framkomligheten för kommande yrkesgrupper och arbetsmoment kanförbättras. / When casting a residential floor, formwork and shore removal is an important element. There aresome doubts in the industry about when and how to remove the shores. There are instructionsavailable but they are often outdated and difficult to interpret. As a result, they are often notfollowed. Appliances such as measuring equipment and simulation software are available but areused sparingly. To avoid accidents and to ensure that the strength of the concrete is sufficientwithout appliances, excessive time margins are used. This will most likely result in unnecessarily longshoring times.During the course of the work, the subject will be studied in detail to create a clear picture of howthe many different factors of the casted floor influence each other. The purpose is to propose asuitable time to remove the shores. This is done in order to determine if there is improvementpotential, partly to improve the working environment, but also to review the instructions of theapproach.The methods used to reach the result are:• Study of the documents describing the procedure of shoring and reshoring• Calculate the compressive strength of the concrete with the device “BI Distant”• Simulate the compressive strength of the concrete in the program Hett 11.• Interviews by experts in the industry.The results show that the shores could theoretically be removed earlier compared to when they areusually removed in practice. One reason for this is that drying times are governing during theproduction. This means that increased concrete qualities and faster curing times than those thatwere planned, were used in construction, particularly at low temperatures. The conclusion is thatthere is an improvement potential in this area. Reshoring can be done only a few days after castingunder good conditions. The advantages of this are that the number of shores can be reduced. Thisleads to reduced rents, and the accessibility for the subsequent professionals and operations can beimproved.

En jämförelse av Abetongs beräkningsunderlag och statistik från tryckprov visar att sliprarna klarar mycket mer belastning än vad beräkningarna visar. I den här studien har en utvärdering av använda beräkningsmetoder gjorts, samt en jämförelse mellan olika dimensioneringsprinciper för att komma så nära resultaten vid tryckprov som möjligt. Beräkningar med förenklat tryckblock och idealiserad-rektangulär parabolisk arbetskurva visade att det senare alternativet gav ett något högre värde på sliprarnas momentkapacitet, men förändringen förklarade inte varför den verkliga momentkapaciteten är så mycket högre än den framräknade. Den faktor som enligt den här undersökningen påverkar betongens tryckhållfasthet och i sin tur ger en större momentkapacitet än vad tidigare beräkningar visar är förhindrad tvärutvidgning. Studien visar att hänsyn till förhindrad tvärutvidgning bör tas med i beräkningar på betongsliprars hållfasthet. Detta medför att det finns utrymme att minska betongklass på Abetongs slipermodell A26 från C58/70 till C50/60. / A comparison of the calculation data from Abetong and statistics from pressure tests shows that the sleepers can handle more load than the calculations show. In this study, an evaluation of used calculation methods has been made and a comparison between different principles of dimensioning to get as close to the result from the pressure tests as possible. Calculations with rectangular stress distribution and idealized parabola-rectangle diagram showed that the second alternative gave a bit higher value on the sleeper bending moment capacity, but the difference did not explain why the real bending moment capacity is so much higher than the calculated one. According to this study confined concrete gave a larger capacity than the previous calculations. With regards to that effect the compressive strength of the concrete almost doubled, which together with an increased critical strain gave a bending moment capacity very close the one obtained from the pressure tests. This study concludes that the confined concrete effect should be considered when calculating the concrete strength. This also means that there is a possibility to reduce the concrete strength of Abetong’s sleeper model A26 from C58/70 to C50/60.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo da (não-)conformidade dos concretos estruturais produzidos no Brasil, bem como uma investigação da segurança de pilares curtos de concreto armado submetidos à compressão simples levando em conta a influência da (não-)conformidade da resistência do concreto. Esta investigação tem como base ensaios de resistência de mais de seis mil corpos-de-prova de diferentes localidades do Brasil. Estes ensaios mostram que parte significativa dos concretos atualmente produzidos no Brasil não atinge a resistência característica (fck) especificada em projeto. Como resultado, estes concretos deveriam ser considerados não-conformes e medidas de mitigação deveriam ser aplicadas. O trabalho investiga ainda o impacto da não-conformidade dos concretos produzidos no Brasil na confiabilidade de pilares curtos de concreto armado submetidos a compressão simples, quando medidas de reforço e recuperação não são adotadas. Para refletir o universo de condições de projeto, na análise de confiabilidade são consideradas quatro classes de resistência do concreto, quinze valores de razão de carregamento e três valores de taxa geométrica de armadura. O trabalho revela uma redução significativa da confiabilidade dos pilares curtos em função da não-conformidade dos concretos. Estes resultados reforçam a necessidade de um controle rigoroso no recebimento do concreto, bem como na fiscalização das medidas de mitigação no caso dos concretos não-conformes. / This paper presents a study of the strength (non-)compliance of structural concretes produced in Brazil, and an investigation of the safety of shortt reinforced concrete columns subjected to axial compression considering the influence of concrete strength (non-)compliance. The investigation is based on experimental results of over six thousand concrete samples from different parts of Brazil. Results show that a significant part of these concretes do not reach the characteristic strength specified in design. As a consequence, these concretes should be considered non-compliant, and mitigation measures should be adopted. The study also investigates the impact of concrete strength non-compliance on the reliability of short columns subject to axial compression, when mitigation measures are not adopted. In order to reflect different design conditions, four classes of concrete strength, fifteen load ratios and three reinforcement ratios are considered. The study reveals that concrete strength non-compliance significantly reduces the reliability of short columns. These results stress the necessity of a rigorous control of concrete deliveries, and the importance of a rigorous control of the mitigation actions, in case of concrete strength non-compliance.

Most materials including concrete have pre-existing flaws or defects. The fracture energy of concrete is a basic material property needed to understand fracture initiation and propagation in concrete. Whether fracture energy is size dependent or not is being discussed world over. Strictly the fracture energy if taken as a material property should be constant, and should be independent of the method of measurement, test methods, specimen shapes and sizes. A computational study on simulation of fracture in concrete using two dimensional lattice models is presented. A comparison is made with acoustic emission (AE) events with the number of fractured elements. A three-point bend specimen (TPB) is modeled using regular triangular lattice network. It was observed that the number of fractured elements increases near the peak load and beyond the peak load. AE events also increase rapidly beyond the peak load. Singular Fractal Functions (S.F.F) has been employed to interpret the size effect of quasi-brittle materials like concrete. The usual size dependent fracture energy of High Strength Concrete (HSC) beam is reported. The results are presented which are obtained directly from the experiments related to size effect in concrete carried out in the Structural engineering laboratory, Department of Civil engineering, IISc. Various fracture parameters studied in this experimental program are (a) Nominal strength N (b) Fracture energy, Gf (c)Fracture toughness, KIc, (c) Crack mouth opening displacement, CMOD (d) Size effect on the strength of concrete. Three-point-bend (TPB) specimen was chosen for the experimental study. Six different concrete mixes viz. A-mix, B-Mix, C-mix, D-Mix, E-mix, F-Mix were used. Acoustic Emission (AE) experiments are conducted to relate acoustic emission energy to fracture energy. It is interesting to note that both acoustic emission energy and fracture energy have similar characteristics. The advantage of the above relationship is that now it is possible to evaluate fracture energy by non-destructive testing methods. The b-value analysis of AE was carried out to study the damage in concrete structures. The Guttengberg-Richter relation for frequency versus magnitude can be applied to the AE method to study the scaling of the amplitude distribution of the acoustic emission waves generated during the cracking process in the test specimen at laboratory or in engineering structures. In the next part of this chapter b-value at various stages of damage of a reinforced concrete beam are obtained experimentally under typical cyclic loadings. The b-values at different levels of damage are tabulated. As fracture is size dependent, it may not be very useful unless its size dependency is eliminated. An effort is made to obtain size independent fracture energy by a hybrid technique.

Pour évaluer la résistance mécanique du béton dans un ouvrage existant, la méthodologie courante combine des mesures non destructives (CND) comme le rebond ou/et la vitesse des ondes ultrasoniques avec la technique destructive (carottes) afin de produire une relation‘‘modèle de conversion” entre la résistance mécanique et les mesures CND. Le modèle de conversion est utilisé pour estimer la valeur locale de résistance mécanique à chaque emplacement de test en utilisant la valeur CND correspondante. Ensuite, on calcule les estimations de la résistance moyenne et/ou de l’écart-type de la résistance (variabilité de la résistance du béton). Cependant, la fiabilité d’estimation est toujours discutable en raison des incertitudes associées à l’évaluation de la résistance basée sur les mesures CND. Pour améliorer la fiabilité, les incertitudes doivent être réduites en spécifiant et en contrôlant leurs facteurs d’influence. Par conséquent, l’objectif de cette thèse est d’analyser la méthodologie d’évaluation courante afin de fournir des recommandations pratiques qui peuvent améliorer la fiabilité de l’évaluation de la résistance in-situ du béton dans les ouvrages existantes par des tests non destructifs et des carottes.Pour ce but, un simulateur a été construit afin d’analyser les effets des facteurs les plus influents en utilisant une vaste campagne de données provenant de sources différentes (études in situ ou en laboratoire et données synthétiques générées). La première contribution de ce travail est le développement d’une nouvelle approche d’identification du modèle ‘‘bi-objectif” qui peut efficacement capturer la variabilité de la résistance mécanique en plus de la moyenne. Après avoir étudié l’effet du mode de sélection des emplacements pour les carottes, une méthode a été proposée pour sélectionner ces emplacements en fonction des mesures CND ‘‘sélection conditionnelle” qui améliore la qualité de l’évaluation sans coût supplémentaire. Une dernière innovation est l’établissement de courbes de risque qui quantifient la relation entre le nombre de carottes et la précision de l’estimation. Enfin, des recommandations ont été formulées afin de fournir des estimations plus fiables. / To assess concrete strength in an existing structure, the current methodology combines nondestructive measurements (NDT) like rebound hammer or/and pulse velocity with destructive technique (cores) in order to implement a relationship ‘‘conversion model” between the compressive strength and NDT measurements. The conversion model is used to estimate the local strength value at each test location using the corresponding NDT value.Then the estimated mean strength and/or estimated strength standard deviation (concrete strength variability) values are calculated. However, the reliability of these estimated values isalways a questionable issue because of the uncertainties associated with the strength assessment based upon NDT measurements. To improve the reliability, the uncertainties must be reduced by specifying and controlling their influencing factors. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is to analyze the current assessment methodology in order to provide practical recommendations that can improve the reliability of assessing the in-situ strength in existing concrete structures by nondestructive tests and cores.To this end, a simulator was built in order to analyze the effects of the most influencing factors using a large campaign of datasets from different sources (in-situ or laboratory studies,and generated synthetic data).The first contribution of this work is the development of a new model identification approach“bi-objective” that can efficiently capture the strength variability in addition to the mean strength. After studying the effect of the way of selection the core locations, a method was proposed to select these locations depending on the NDT measurements “conditional selection” that improves the quality of assessment without additional cost. A third innovation was the development of a procedure to identify the relation between the number of cores and the accuracy of the estimation. Finally recommendations were derived in order to providemore reliable estimated values.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo da (não-)conformidade dos concretos estruturais produzidos no Brasil, bem como uma investigação da segurança de pilares curtos de concreto armado submetidos à compressão simples levando em conta a influência da (não-)conformidade da resistência do concreto. Esta investigação tem como base ensaios de resistência de mais de seis mil corpos-de-prova de diferentes localidades do Brasil. Estes ensaios mostram que parte significativa dos concretos atualmente produzidos no Brasil não atinge a resistência característica (fck) especificada em projeto. Como resultado, estes concretos deveriam ser considerados não-conformes e medidas de mitigação deveriam ser aplicadas. O trabalho investiga ainda o impacto da não-conformidade dos concretos produzidos no Brasil na confiabilidade de pilares curtos de concreto armado submetidos a compressão simples, quando medidas de reforço e recuperação não são adotadas. Para refletir o universo de condições de projeto, na análise de confiabilidade são consideradas quatro classes de resistência do concreto, quinze valores de razão de carregamento e três valores de taxa geométrica de armadura. O trabalho revela uma redução significativa da confiabilidade dos pilares curtos em função da não-conformidade dos concretos. Estes resultados reforçam a necessidade de um controle rigoroso no recebimento do concreto, bem como na fiscalização das medidas de mitigação no caso dos concretos não-conformes. / This paper presents a study of the strength (non-)compliance of structural concretes produced in Brazil, and an investigation of the safety of shortt reinforced concrete columns subjected to axial compression considering the influence of concrete strength (non-)compliance. The investigation is based on experimental results of over six thousand concrete samples from different parts of Brazil. Results show that a significant part of these concretes do not reach the characteristic strength specified in design. As a consequence, these concretes should be considered non-compliant, and mitigation measures should be adopted. The study also investigates the impact of concrete strength non-compliance on the reliability of short columns subject to axial compression, when mitigation measures are not adopted. In order to reflect different design conditions, four classes of concrete strength, fifteen load ratios and three reinforcement ratios are considered. The study reveals that concrete strength non-compliance significantly reduces the reliability of short columns. These results stress the necessity of a rigorous control of concrete deliveries, and the importance of a rigorous control of the mitigation actions, in case of concrete strength non-compliance.