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As the demand for energy increases, as well as the demand for renewable energy, Vattenfall, as network owner, receives many requests to connect new wind power to the grid. The limiting factor for how much wind power that can be connected to the grid is in this case the maximum current capacity of the overhead lines that is based on a line temperature limit. The temperature limit is set to ensure a safety distance between the lines and the ground. This master thesis project is a part of a research project at Vattenfall Research and Development that is examining the possibilities of increasing the allowed current on overhead lines in order to be able to connect more wind power to the existing network. Measured data from two overhead lines in southern Sweden is analyzed and the internal relations between the measured parameters are examined. The measured parameters are overhead line sag, line temperature, ambient temperature, solar radiation, wind speed and line current. The results indicate that there is a big load margin that could be utilized to increase the maximum current as long as further work could show that low winds at line height correlates with low wind at nacelle height. The results show that the sag versus line temperature is approximately linear within the measured temperature range. This means that a real-time-monitoring system measuring the line temperature should give adequate knowledge of the line position to ensure the safety distance. A model for the line temperature as a function of insolation, current, ambient temperature and wind speed has been estimated for one of the lines. Simulations show that a sudden increase in current at a worst-case scenario would give the operators about ten minutes to react before the line reaches the temperature limit.

ABSTRACT There is a limited possibility for many of the concert-goers to go behind the stage and follow the work process with putting together a program for the concert season in a concert institution. The purpose of this study is to describe a concert institution's work with developing a concert program for each season. This is done through a presentation of the factors affecting the work. This is a descriptive essay and a case study of the Malmö Symphony Orchestra. Interviews have been made with people directly involved in the work or affected by the outcome of the work process. The results of the survey show that there are many opinions about the choice of repertoire and the program is greatly influenced by the chosen conductors and their preferences. The underlying repertoire ideology is a factor that permeates the work. The ideology and the view of symphony music as public education have to be compromised with the various interests involved in the working process. The survey also shows that the audience is not taken into account in the process as much as I expected before the survey. Key words: repertoire, symphony orchestra, concert, season, conductor

In order to construct the integrated circuit with high efficiency, the size of the semiconductor devices becomes smaller and smaller. The surface of the chip is unable to offer enough area for devices interconnecting, that the Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) has to adopt the construction of multilayer metal conductor line, and to decrease it¡¦s connects. However, the RC delay time becomes a main issue to limiting semiconductor speed when the electron signal was transferred between two metal connects. In order to solve the problem of RC delay, and to lower resistivity, copper (1.7 £g£[-cm) is applied instead of Aluminum (2.7 £g£[-cm) at present. In additation, to lower the capacitance, the low-k material has taken place SiO for reducing the electric capacity. In this work, the capacitance and current of MIM(Metal-Insulator-Metal) of interconnecting circuit were investigated under bending stress. SiOC of OSG (Organic silicate glass) layer has applied to a MIM structure. In order to apply the strain in devices, the device was bended to a fixed curvature for compressed and tensile stress. By bending the device, the capacitance and leakage current I-V & C-V were analyzed and compared with the unstressed SAMPLE of I-V and C-V at high temperature, too. The result reveals both of Schottky and Poole-Frenkel conduction mechanism existing in device under a high electric field of 1800 V/cm1/2, which indicates the theoretical treatment is unappropriate for the interpretation of the leakage current mechanism.

Lightning conductor system investigation Grounding system experiment Franlin rod system investigation.

Mokslinėje, metodinėje dirigavimo literatūroje aprašomos dirigentui reikalingos asmens savybės, gabumai ir įgūdžiai, tačiau palyginti nedaug literatūros, kur atkreipiamas dėmesys į dirigento pedagoginę veiklą. Dėl šios priežasties ir buvo atliktas šis dirigento veiklos tyrimas. Tyrimo objektas – dirigento veikla. Tyrimo tikslas – pabrėžti dirigento pedagoginės kompetencijos svarbą. Tikslui pasiekti keliami uždaviniai: išryškinti ir teoriškai pagrįsti dirigento vaidmenį muzikos atlikimo procese, atskleisti dirigentų požiūrį į pedagoginę kompetenciją, lyginant su kitomis kompetencijomis, apžvelgti dirigento dirigavimo technikos ryšį su pedagogine veikla ir išsiaiškinti, kurios specifinės pedagoginės kompetencijos yra svarbiausios. Tyrimo metodai: mokslinės ir metodinės dirigavimo bei pedagoginės literatūros sisteminė analizė, anketa, pusiau struktūruotas interviu. Tyrimo imtis 31 dirigentas ir 3 dirigavimo ekspertai iš įvairių šalių. Apžvelgus dirigento vaidmenį mokslinėje metodinėje muzikos literatūroje, galima teigti, kad dirigento veikla muzikos atlikimo procese su laiku darosi vis įvairiapusiškesnė. Dirigentas atsiskleidžia ne tik kaip individualus atlikėjas, bet ir muzikos kolektyvo vadovas bei pedagogas. Atliktos apklausos rezultatai leidžia iš esmės pakeisti nuomonę apie dirigavimą pedagoginės kompetencijos aspektu. Dirigavimo procesą, kuris lietuviškoje muzikinėje literatūroje dažniausia vienpusiškai apibrėžiamas kaip menas, dirigentai vertina nevienprasmiškai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Scientific and methodological literature on conducting describes in great detail personal characteristics, talents and skills expected of a conductor. Yet relatively few literature sources mention the importance of conductor’s teaching competences. The peculiar scarcity of existing literature on the topic of conductor’s pedagogic competences gives rise to this research. Research subject: pedagogic competence of conductor. Research objective: to highlight the importance pedagogic competence of conductor. Goals necessary to reach the objective: highlight and theoretically prove the importance of conductor’s role in the process of music performance; reveal conductors opinions on pedagogic competence as compared to the others; review the relationship between conductor‘s technique and his pedagogic activity; determine which specific pedagogic competences are most important. Research methods: scientific and methodological literature analysis in field of pedagogy and conducting, a survey, a semi-structured interview. Research extent: 31 conductors and 3 conducting experts from various countries. Literature review shows that conductor role has grown over time. Conductor is no longer viewed as an individual performer, but also as a musical group leader and a teacher. Conducted survey results allow us to challenge the existing opinion on conducting as it relates to the aspect of pedagogic competences. In particular, the conducted research reveals that the process of conducting... [to full text]

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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23728号 / 理博第4818号 / 新制||理||1689(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 北川 宏, 教授 吉村 一良, 教授 竹腰 清乃理 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

This thesis describes an investigation into the influences of arcing and conductor deflection due to magnetic forces on the accuracy of fault locator algorithms in electrical distribution networks. The work also explores the possibilities of using the properties of an arc to identify two specific types of faults that may occur on an overhead distribution line. A new technique using the convolution operator is introduced for deriving differential equation algorithms. The first algorithm was derived by estimating the voltage as an array of impulse functions while the second algorithm was derived using a piecewise linear voltage signal. These algorithms were tested on a simulated single-phase circuit using a PI-model line. It was shown that the second algorithm gave identical results as the existing dynamic integration operator type algorithm. The first algorithm used a transformation to a three-phase circuit that did not require any matrix calculations as an equivalent sequence component circuit is utilised for a single-phase to ground fault. A simulated arc was used to test the influence of the non-linearity of an arc on the accuracy of this algorithm. The simulations showed that the variation in the resistance due to arcing causes large oscillations of the algorithm output and a 40th order mean filter was used to increase the accuracy and stability of the algorithm. The same tests were performed on a previously developed fault locator algorithm that includes a square-wave power frequency proximation of the fault arc. This algorithm gave more accurate and stable results even with large arc length variations. During phase-to-phase fault conditions, two opposing magnetic fields force the conductors outwards away from each other and this movement causes a change in the total inductance of the line. A three dimensional finite element line model based on standard wave equations but incorporating magnetic forces was used to evaluate this phenomenon. The results show that appreciable errors in the distance estimations can be expected especially on poorly tensioned di stribution lines.New techniques were also explored that are based on identification of the fault arc. Two methods were successfully tested on simulated networks to identify a breakingconductor. The methods are based on the rate of increase in arc length during the breaking of the conductor. The first method uses arc voltage increase as the basis of the detection while the second method make use of the increase in the non-linearity of the network resistance to identify a breaking conductor. An unsuccessful attempt was made to identifying conductor clashing caused by high winds: it was found that too many parameters influence the separation speed of the two conductors. No unique characteristic could be found to identify the conductor clashing using the speed of conductor separation. The existing algorithm was also used to estimate the voltage in a distribution network during a fault for power quality monitoring purposes.

El tema que trata esta memoria de titulo es minimizar el primer valor propio de un conductor compuesto por dos materiales homogéneos, que son distribuidos en proporciones fijas dentro de un dominio. Los trabajos pioneros de F. Murat y L. Tartar [26] muestran que esta clase de problemas del cálculo de variaciones podrían tener existencia de minimizadores sólo en una clase más grande, llamada clase de materiales homogenizados o con micro-estructura, excluyendo a priori distribuciones clásicas de material como soluciones optimales. Para dominios en una dimensión, M. G. Krein [22] probó la existencia de una solución clásica. En dimensiones más altas, cuando el problema se restringe a una bola, A. Alvino, P. L. Trombetti y P. L. Lions [4] probaron que se pueden obtener soluciones clásicas radialmente simétricas. Sin embargo, estos resultados han sido vistos como excepcionales, atribuidos a la completa simetría del dominio. Cox y Lipton [11], sólo estudiaron condiciones para un diseño óptimo del problema asumiendo soluciones homogenizadas. Aún es desconocido si en dominios con simetría parcial es posible o no obtener una solución clásica que respete la simetría del dominio. Esperamos revivir el interés a esta pregunta dando una nueva prueba del resultado en una bola. Creemos además que, en este caso, distribuir el material de mayor conductividad en el centro es una solución óptima. En los primeros capítulos se introduce el problema y se hace un resumen crítico del estado del arte en lo que se refiere a la existencia de un minimizador, incluyendo algunas referencias clásicas que plantean la no existencia de solución para problemas similares. Luego se describen las principales herramientas utilizadas en el desarrollo de esta tesis. Se da un énfasis particular a los re-arreglos de funciones. En el capítulo cuarto se describe el problema general y en el quinto un análisis exhaustivo del problema en una dimensión. En el capítulo sexto se desarrolla el caso de una bola N dimensional, otorgando una nueva prueba de la existencia de una solución clásica radialmente simétrica. En el capítulo séptimo se desarrolla el cálculo de la derivada con respecto al dominio del primer valor propio, y en el octavo se muestran experiencias numéricas asociadas al problema, en el caso de un disco en R2. En el capítulo noveno se genera un análisis del signo de la derivada para el caso de una bola N dimensional, otorgando resultados, con los cuales se espera concluir, en un futuro próximo, que la solución del problema para este tipo de dominios, se encuentra disponiendo el material de más alta conductividad en el centro.