This thesis is focused on interpreting constitutive components of Michel Foucault's political thought (power, knowledge, subjectivity) from the viewpoint of the subjectification. The first goal of this work is to pursue the technique of confession as a crucial mechanism that participates on constructing the subjectivity in Foucault's work. To uncover in which connections it is usually pursued and what forms according to Foucault did it gain during history depending on various configurations of bonds between power and knowledge. The work's second goal is to substantiate a technique of confession defined by Foucault in contemporary human sciences, specifically in the foundations of the processes of data collection and then to demonstrate confession as a necessary element for creating an empirical type of knowledge.

This thesis aims to attempt to clarify whether the principle of TV reality shows in general and also specific gender reality show Wife Swap could be a variation of the modern technologies of discipline or a special case of media confession which influences the audience through a TV reality show while presenting the positive norms. Furthermore, based on discourse analysis of interviews with various actors and actress of selected TV Part of Wife Swap it aims to understand and uncover their motivation to participate in this gender reality show, as well as to analyze strong attitude of the audience towards the controversial name of this reality show. The theoretical basis of the work are based on the idea of Foucault new technologies of discipline (the Panopticon principle), internalization of norms and the concept of pastoral power, and Judith Butler's concept of formation of repetitive body. In the end, the thesis considers not only the identified discourses that constitute the motivation of participants of this television gender show, but also a discussion of the research possibilities and limits in an environment that is defined by dominant discursive dichotomies.

No description available.

In the years following the military dictatorship in Argentina many novels were published that spoke about the violence, terror, and traumas experienced during the Junta's rule. These texts deal with the theme of memory and retell the traumas of the past as a form of mourning. Such novels look back to the past in an effort to redeem it. In this essay I explore the use of the confessional mode in postdictatorial literature as a vehicle for the task of mourning. In two of his novels, Qué solos se quedan los muertos (1985) and Cuestiones interiores (2003), Argentine author Mempo Giardinelli employs the confessional mode to tell the stories of two guilt-ridden protagonists who resort to writing in search of redemption. Giardinelli's use of the confessional mode highlights two aspects of confession that in actuality deny its completion. While confession aims to alleviate the guilt felt by the confessant and to provide him with a sense of self-understanding in light of his sins, the confessional act subverts these very purposes. The confession requires one to speak of guilt in order to arrive at a state of innocence, which only engenders more guilt and perpetuates the confession. Moreover, in confession the subject that speaks is also the object that it creates in speech. Confession as an attempt to present oneself as a coherent object to be understood and in turn to validate ones notion of identity involves a doubling effect of the self-inherent in language that reveals the impossibility of attaining an unmediated access to the self. These two aspects of the confessional act constitute the failure of confession to allow the confessant to attain the redemption and absolution they seek. I argue that the confessional mode serves as an ideal vehicle for the task of mourning and that the inherent failure of confession is comparable to what Idelvar Avelar calls the “interminability of mourning” (5). These two processes constitute a tool of memory needed in post dictatorial Argentina as a way to conserve the past and redeem it from oblivion.

À ce jour, peu est encore connu sur les facteurs individuels, délictuels et situationnels permettant de prédire l’aveu d’agresseurs sexuels. Ceci pose particulièrement problème sachant que leur taux d’aveu est plus faible que les auteurs d’autres crimes et que cet aveu constitue souvent la seule preuve de culpabilité à leur égard. Une étude de cas-témoins a été privilégiée afin (1) d’identifier les facteurs associés à l’aveu et (2) d’en établir un modèle multivarié permettant de mieux comprendre la passation à l’aveu d’agresseurs sexuels en contexte d’entrevue d’enquête. Soixante-dix-huit hommes adultes ayant été reconnu coupables d’agression sexuelle ont été recrutés au Centre régional de réception, un établissement correctionnel fédéral situé au Québec (Canada), et divisés en deux groupes (c.-à-d. confesseurs vs non-confesseurs). Les résultats obtenus sont les premiers à mettre en valeur l’apport que peuvent avoir les facteurs situationnels relatifs à l’enquête (p. ex. type de preuve, consultation d’un avocat, cadre physique de l’interrogatoire) dans l’aveu d’agresseurs sexuels spécifiquement. Les résultats appuient également le fait qu'une approche intégrée de l'aveu, c’est-à-dire qui tiendrait à la fois compte des facteurs individuels, délictuels et situationnels, est à favoriser afin de mieux comprendre ce qui pousse les auteurs d'agressions sexuelles à avouer en contexte d'entrevue d'enquête. Les modèles de régression obtenus et leurs facteurs explicatifs seront discutés en lien avec leur incidence sur les pratiques policières en contexte d’entrevue d’enquête. / Much is still yet unknown of individual, offense and situational factors allowing to predict sexual offenders’ confession to their crime. This is particularly worrying given that sexual offenders’ confession rate is lower compared to other type of offenders and that their confession is often the sole evidence available. A case-control study was chosen to (1) identify factors associated to confession, and (2) elaborate a multivariate model helping to better understand sexual offenders’ decision to confess during an investigative interview. Seventy-eight adult males convicted of sexual aggression were recruited at the Regional Reception Centre, a federal correctional facility located in Quebec (Canada), and divided into two groups (i.e. confessors vs non-confessors). The obtained results were the first to highlight the contribution of situational factors pertaining to the investigation (e.g. type of evidence, consultation of a lawyer, setting of the interrogation room) in sex offenders’ confession specifically. The results also support an integrative approach to confession that would take into account individual, offense and situational factors in order to better understand what makes sexual offenders confess in an investigative interview. The regression models and the predictor variables within them are further discussed in relation to their implications for police practices in the interrogation room.

No description available.

This thesis focuses on the Summa Angelica de casibus conscientie written by Angelo da Chivasso (d. 1495), first printed in 1486. Angelo belonged to the Observantine branch of the Franciscan Order and was its vicar general four times. Having documented Angelo's life and career, the thesis centres on the construction and purpose of his Summa. It assesses its originality within the tradition of confession manuals and the reasons for its popularity. It argues that the structure is very clear because Angelo intended it for the use of simplices confessores, by which he probably meant priests who did not have a university degree. He arranged his material alphabetically and in the longer sections, paragraphs were numbered, making cross-referencing easy. He included a list of authorities and explained the manner of quoting from them. Not all these features were original, but together they helped to make the Summa popular. There are several noteworthy features of Angelo's Summa. The procedures described had been laid down in earlier manuals, including the need for more rigorous questions - ad status – relating to the profession of each penitent and where this might lead to sin. Angelo however diverged from some earlier authorities by warning about excessive rigour. Circumstances were to be taken into account, and where possible penitents to be given the benefit of the doubt. The number of copies of Angelo's Summa printed throughout Western Christendom during his lifetime and following his death are a tribute to its importance. The period of fame however, was short. Martin Luther was a particularly virulent critic of the Summa, and the Catholic Church changed the method of hearing confessions, making much of it redundant, though it survived for some centuries more as a work of reference for confessors.

<p>Mitt syfte med denna uppsats var att undersöka Katolska och Syrisk-Ortodoxa kyrkans förståelse av bikten. Det var på grund utav mitt intresse för båda kyrkorna samt att jag inte funnit något liknande material på svenska som jag valde just detta syfte med min uppsats. Jag har i bästa möjliga mån försökt presentera och analysera bikten utifrån katolsk och syrisk-ortodox tradition. Jag har genom att granska de båda traditionernas katekeser samt bibeln och andra källor, försökt söka deras förståelse av bikten samt hur de tänker kring de olika delarna som bikten omfattas av. Jag valde ut de texter som jag kände passade bäst och var mest representativa för traditionerna samt de texter som har en koppling till kyrkans auktoriteter, det vill säga påvar och patriarker. Genom att använda mig av primärkällor som är skrivna ur ett inifrån perspektiv har jag kunnat få ta del av den korrekta förståelsen om av vad traditionerna egentligen tycker om och förstår av bikten.</p>

本研究主要是陳述自白濫用之困境與解決途徑。過去法院在審理案件時，相當重視犯人的自白，然而過份強調自白容易違反無罪推定原則及公平法院原則，且易造成誤判。自白信用性應如何確定，一直是刑事法學及偵審實務上最具爭議且影響事實認定之重大的課題，但深入探討此議題的文獻有限。在台灣最著名的冤案之一就是江國慶案，其冤案成因，主要是法院與偵查機關過度依賴江國慶的自白，研究者為監察院調查官，於民國92年奉命調查此案，調查期間因案件需要，遂開始研究此議題。拉丁法諺明確說明「自白是證據之王」。過去常見使用非任意性自白作為裁判基礎，但對於如何獲取自白方式較不被重視，使用酷刑取得非任意性自白很常見。雖然現代社會使用拷問及酷刑方式取得非任意性自白並不多見，但法官與檢察官仍十分重視自白，因與其他證據相較，自白較容易勾畫犯罪事實之全貌，具有較優勢的地位。雖然自白之取得縱未經強暴、脅迫、利誘、詐欺或其他不正方法，然仍有許多案件顯示有虛偽自白情形。到底是何種原因產生虛偽自白，應該用何種分析方式與審查標準評價該自白，首先必須探討國家機關獲取自白之方式與過程對於犯罪嫌疑人心理影響，始能明瞭自白內容其實是偵訊者透過訊問與犯罪嫌疑人溝通互動之產物，存有偵訊者主觀的意念。因此，本研究之目的主要是藉由江國慶案件深入分析自白信用性，並訂定出審查標準。 本文引用日本有關自白信用性之學說、研究結果以及現行實務，配合我國實務現狀，再藉由江國慶案卷證，描繪自白信用性審查標準。江國慶案因受限軍事審判法規定，不得上述上訴最高法院審酌，其中有關江國慶自白部分具有相當疑義，包括自白之成立係在高壓偵訊環境中所生, 自白與證物不一致等。本案為密室偵訊之典型案例，其中雖自白任意性之爭議極大，但因任意性舉證極為困難，導致歷審軍事法院均三言兩語駁回被告有關任意性之調查證據之聲請，此即為自白任意性在實務操作最大的問題；就自白信用性部分，歷審法院認定方式較無標準，這也是我國實務上之通病。綜合文獻及實務，研究者認為在審查自白信用性的標準應包括：(1)自白成立過程 (2)自白內容變動之合理性 (3)體驗供述之陳述 (4)秘密的暴露 (5)自白與客觀證據之一致性 (6)可供證實之物證不存在與欠缺相關情況證據 (7)犯罪嫌疑人對犯行前後偵訊者以外之人言行與被告的辯解等7項標準。 希望藉由本研究所訂定之標準，提供從事司法實務者在審判審案件時有一清晰客觀的標準，以達成維護公共福祉與保障人權。 / The focus of this study was to describe the dilemma regarding the abusive use of confessions and its solution. In the past, a great emphasis has been placed in course on the confessions of the accused. However, an overemphasis on confessions may violate the principles of presumption of innocence and just court, resulting in miscarriage of justice. Determining the credibility of confessions has been one of the most controversial issues in the criminal law and in the investigation and trial practice. However, limited studies have explored on this issue. In Taiwan, one of the most well-known cases of injustice is the case of Chiang Kuo-Ching. The primary reason for the injustice was the over-reliance of the court and investigation agency on the confession of Chiang Kuo-Ching. As an inquisitor at the Control Yuan, the researcher was involved in the investigation of the case of Chiang Kuo-Ching in 2003. During the investigation, the researcher began a more in-depth study on the issue of abusive use of confessions. Latin law principles proclaim that “confession is the king of evidence”. Involuntary confessions have been commonly used in the past as a foundation for judicial judgment. However, the strategies for acquiring confessions were not stressed. Torture was used in the past for the acquisition of involuntary confessions, while it is not a current practice. Currently, judges and prosecutors greatly value confessions due to their greater capacity of providing an overall picture of the criminal facts, as compared to other strategies. In many cases, false confessions are commonly present. To understand the causes of false confessions and to develop standardized determining criteria for false confessions, it is critical to explore the psychological impacts of the processes and strategies of acquiring confessions on the criminal suspects. Such exploration will provide an understanding that a confession is the product of the interactive communications between the investigator and the suspect, involving the subjectivity of the investigator. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the credibility of confessions and to develop an evaluation criteria based on an analysis of the case of Chiang Kuo-Ching. A Japanese theory of credibility of confessions, research findings, current practice in Taiwan and the case of Chiang Kuo-Ching were used to develop credible evaluation criteria for confessions. Due to the restriction from the military trail law placed on the case of Chiang Kuo-Ching, appeal to the Supreme Court was not permitted. Several elements of the confession of Chiang Kuo-Ching were questionable, such as the highly stressful interrogation environment for the confession, and the inconsistency between the confession and evidences. The case of Chiang Kuo-Ching is a typical case of secret interrogation, which generates great controversial on the voluntary nature of confessions. Due to the difficulties in obtaining evidences for voluntary confessions, the requests to acquire evidence for voluntary confessions were denied by the military court. This is the greatest problem related to the practical operation of voluntary confessions. Currently, there are no standardized evaluation criteria to review the credibility of confessions, which has been a common issue in the practical judicial operation. Derived on the literature and practice experiences, the researcher proposed the application of seven criterions in the evaluation of the credibility of confessions: (1) process of acquiring confessions, (2) rationality of changes in the contents of confessions, (3) existence of criminal experiences, (4) exposure of secrets, (5) consistency between the confessions and objective evidences, (6) lack of evidence to proof the crime of the accused, and (7) the words and actions of the suspect toward the individuals other than the investigators before and after the crime, and the argument of the defendant. The finding of this study will provide an objective and standardized criteria for judicial practice for the purposes of protecting public welfare and human right.

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