Mitt syfte med denna uppsats var att undersöka Katolska och Syrisk-Ortodoxa kyrkans förståelse av bikten. Det var på grund utav mitt intresse för båda kyrkorna samt att jag inte funnit något liknande material på svenska som jag valde just detta syfte med min uppsats. Jag har i bästa möjliga mån försökt presentera och analysera bikten utifrån katolsk och syrisk-ortodox tradition. Jag har genom att granska de båda traditionernas katekeser samt bibeln och andra källor, försökt söka deras förståelse av bikten samt hur de tänker kring de olika delarna som bikten omfattas av. Jag valde ut de texter som jag kände passade bäst och var mest representativa för traditionerna samt de texter som har en koppling till kyrkans auktoriteter, det vill säga påvar och patriarker. Genom att använda mig av primärkällor som är skrivna ur ett inifrån perspektiv har jag kunnat få ta del av den korrekta förståelsen om av vad traditionerna egentligen tycker om och förstår av bikten.

The work deals with the constitutional protection of freedom of conscience , religion and autonomy of churches and religious societies (hereinafter Freedoms). The work defines the concept and sources of cofession law . The work defines a framework of constitutional freedoms set out in Articles 15 and 16 of the Charter . The fact that the confession law is not purely theoretical discipline , even in its constitutionally level, is best evident in the next chapter of this work, which deals with the case law of the Constitutional Court concerning Articles 15 and 16 of the Charter . The Essentials focus of this work was to collect and capture the basic content of the decision of the Constitutional Court , in which the above-mentioned articles of the Charter were applied. Decision are arranged according to their content and through their interpretations suggestions for improvements to the existing legislation.are made.

La problématique de cette thèse est centrée sur une réflexion approfondie entre l’expression musicale d’une confession de foi catholique exposée et défendue par Almeida Prado et l’appréhension suscitée par une démarche que tout chercheur doit entreprendre à condition qu’il respecte le contexte brésilien fondé essentiellement sur le multiculturalisme.En ce sens, le répertoire choisi comprend Le Rosaire de Medjugorje, Les Chorals, Les Louanges Sonores et Les Prophéties. Ces quatre recueils ont fait l’objet d’un travail de recherche qui, au niveau de la méthode, s’est attaché à la mise en œuvre d’une minutieuse vérification de la présence de textes religieux. Ces derniers ont été référencés à partir des œuvres citées et ils ont été mêlés à une autre problématique, celle de l’analyse musicale, à condition que cette discipline participe pleinement au décryptage du sens religieux qu’il faut accorder aux œuvres composées par Almeida Prado.Six catégories musicales au service d’une organisation d’articulations poétiques ont été dégagées à partir de : la thématique, la succession de gestes pianistiques, la répétitivité, la juxtaposition des idées, la résonance, la réflexion sur le timbre. Cette hypothèse de lecture s’est confrontée à la réalité de quatre éléments déduits du contenu religieux et axés sur un appel à des sources puisées dans la bible, la théologie catholique, la religiosité populaire brésilienne, la dévotion personnelle d’Almeida Prado. Cette recherche ne saurait perdre de vue le contexte brésilien où le syncrétisme religieux accompagne le métissage culturel. Cette donnée si importante a largement contribué à l’orientation de cette thèse. / The problems of this thesis are centered on a cogitation deepened between the musical expression of a confession of Catholic creed displayed and defended by Almeida Prado and the apprehension provoked by a step which every researcher must undertake provided that he respects the Brazilian context principally on the multiculturalism.In the sense, the chosen directory consists of The Rosary of Medjugorje, Chorales, Sound Commendations and Prophecies. These four collections made the object of a research work which, at the level of method, became attached to the implementation of a detailed check on the presence of religious texts. These last were classified were classified from named writings and they were blended with another problems, that of the musical analysis, provided that this discipline participates entirely in the deciphering of the religious sense which it is necessary to grant in writings composed by Almeida Prado.Six musical categories in the service of an organization of poetic pronunciations were cleared from: themes, succession of piano gestures, repetitiveness, the juxtaposition of ideas, resonance, cogitation on the stamp. This hypothesis of reading was confronted with the reality of four elements deducted from religious contents and centered on a call to sources scooped out from the Bible, Catholic theology, religious inclination popular Brazilian, the personal devotion of Almeida Prado. This research would not know how to lose Brazilian context of view where religious syncretism accompanies cultural interbreeding. These so important data broadly contributed to the orientation of this thesis.

The purpose of this thesis is to ascertain to what extent D.T. Niles’ theory of preaching is Reformed and Biblical and can help in the dialogue between Western and Non-Western Christianity. The study achieves this aim by employing the qualitative case-study research to meet four objectives. First, it describes Niles’ theory of preaching as found in his trilogy of lectures on preaching, explicating especially the double calling of the preacher, the double content and the pneumatological character and nature of preaching, the three-fold purpose and double consequences of preaching. Second, it interprets Niles’ theory of preaching in the light of his own cultural background and in dialogue with the works of key Reformation figures including Erasmus, Zwingli, Luther, Calvin and Bullinger’s Second Helvetic Confession. Based on this examination, the study determines that Niles’ homiletical theory is in concert with the theology of preaching of the Magisterial Reformers as summarised in Bullinger’s classic statement: ‘The preaching of the word of God is the word of God’ . Third, this study evaluates critically Niles’ theory of preaching within the normative context of the preaching of Jesus in the Synagogue in Nazareth and the wider New Testament teaching on preaching and finds that Niles’ homiletical theory is in agreement with Scriptural norm. Fourth, having found Niles’ theory of preaching to be broadly in concert with the understanding of the Reformers and the Biblical teaching on the nature of preaching, this study undertakes the pragmatic task of developing a global theology of preaching that would promote dialogue between Western and Non-Western Christianity. This study was undertaken because of the dearth of theologies of preaching written from a Non-Western perspective and the lack of dialogue between Western and Non-Western homiletical theories. The result of the investigation is the conclusion that the preaching of the word of God is the word of God since preaching is a pneumatological event where God is present in the act of human preaching so long as the preacher himself is lawfully called and the content of his preaching is Christological and soteriological. / PhD, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The purpose of this thesis is to ascertain to what extent D.T. Niles’ theory of preaching is Reformed and Biblical and can help in the dialogue between Western and Non-Western Christianity. The study achieves this aim by employing the qualitative case-study research to meet four objectives. First, it describes Niles’ theory of preaching as found in his trilogy of lectures on preaching, explicating especially the double calling of the preacher, the double content and the pneumatological character and nature of preaching, the three-fold purpose and double consequences of preaching. Second, it interprets Niles’ theory of preaching in the light of his own cultural background and in dialogue with the works of key Reformation figures including Erasmus, Zwingli, Luther, Calvin and Bullinger’s Second Helvetic Confession. Based on this examination, the study determines that Niles’ homiletical theory is in concert with the theology of preaching of the Magisterial Reformers as summarised in Bullinger’s classic statement: ‘The preaching of the word of God is the word of God’ . Third, this study evaluates critically Niles’ theory of preaching within the normative context of the preaching of Jesus in the Synagogue in Nazareth and the wider New Testament teaching on preaching and finds that Niles’ homiletical theory is in agreement with Scriptural norm. Fourth, having found Niles’ theory of preaching to be broadly in concert with the understanding of the Reformers and the Biblical teaching on the nature of preaching, this study undertakes the pragmatic task of developing a global theology of preaching that would promote dialogue between Western and Non-Western Christianity. This study was undertaken because of the dearth of theologies of preaching written from a Non-Western perspective and the lack of dialogue between Western and Non-Western homiletical theories. The result of the investigation is the conclusion that the preaching of the word of God is the word of God since preaching is a pneumatological event where God is present in the act of human preaching so long as the preacher himself is lawfully called and the content of his preaching is Christological and soteriological. / PhD, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Thesis (D. Th.)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Christian confessions are frequently seen as Christian documents that have nothing to do with the subject of politics. This study endeavours to investigate the relationship between Christian confessions and politics, looking particularly at how the relationship between them has been construed in the theology of Karl Barth, the Barmen Declaration and the Belhar Confession. It concludes that a relationship between confession and politics is unavoidable, yet this relationship is only best comprehended when one looks at it in a confessional manner. A ‘confessional manner’ of reading Karl Barth’s theology is explained. Issues such as the primacy of the Word of God, the church as the subject of theology, the public witness of Christ to the world, the political context in which this theology takes place, as well as the ethical implications which emanates from this theology characterises confessional theology. The usage of the concept “confession” is informed by Barth’s observation that as Christians we are obliged to speak about God, but we are human beings and therefore cannot speak about God in an manner that suggest that God is fully comprehensible. By confining itself not merely to his monumental work – the Church Dogmatics – but also to Barth’s preceding and succeeding works, this research is able to render a detailed illustration of how Barth viewed the relationship of confessions to politics. Chapter 1 establishes the confessional nature of his theology. This chapter traces the most influential people and events that shaped the confessional nature of Barth’s theology. These include Luther, Kant, the Blumhardts, as well as Calvin and the Reformed theology in particular. Chapter 2 investigates whether Barth was true to his 1925 understanding of what constituted a Reformed confession when he was confronted with the need to confess in 1934. The historicity of the Barmen Theological Declaration is explored to illustrate that Barth continued to view theology in a confessional manner. Chapter 3 deals with Barth’s Church Dogmatics, illustrating that Barth never wanted his work to be seen as a complete event, but preferred to see it as a process. It argues that contrary to the 1930s where Barth’s theology insisted on the essence of confessional theology, the entire Church Dogmatics (especially the parts that proceeds the era indicated) should be read as confessional theology. Chapter 4 deals with the Belhar Confession that was adopted in South African in 1986. Admitting that the Belhar Confession was influenced by the theology of Barth, the characteristics of confessional theology are also explored in this Confession. It is argued that many have failed to see the Belhar Confession’s call for embodiment, because they have interpreted this Confession without regard for the new church order. Finally, it is argued that the confessional nature of Belhar allows this Confession to contribute positively to the current democratic dispensation in South Africa. It is admitted that the Belhar Confession is a confession of its time and. It is also argued that a confessional theology can be a suitable theological alternative that can contribute to the current theological deliberations. Additionally a confessional theology can provide a platform of discussing ways in which theology and politics, which remain intertwined, can both exist side by side, without the one dictating to the other. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Christelike belydenisse word dikwels beskou as Christelike verklarings wat geen verband met die politiek het nie. Gevolglik is daar 'n neiging om hierdie dokumente bloot te sien as teologies maar nie polities nie. Hierdie navorsing bespreek dié siening, maar voer aan dat, hoewel hierdie dokumente nie as sodanig polities is nie, ons tog nie die politieke kontekste waaruit hulle voortspruit, kan ignoreer nie. Twee belydenisse word gebruik om hierdie punt te illustreer, naamlik die Barmen Teologiese Verklaring (1934) in Nazi-Duitsland, en die Belharbelydenis (1986) gedurende die apartheidsregering in Suid-Afrika. Die gevolgtrekking van hierdie studie is dat daar in die teologie van Karl Barth én die Belhar Belydenis 'n onvermydelike verhouding tussen die Christelike belydenis en politiek bestaan. Die woord ”belydenis” word hier in verband gebring met Barth se interpretasie van die opdrag om oor God te praat uit hoofde van ons Christelike oortuigings, en ons onvermoë om oor God te praat weens ons menslike feilbaarheid. Hiervolgens is belydende teologie gekant teen neigings om oor God te praat op 'n manier wat voorgee dat God in sy volheid aan ons bekend is. Vyf opsigtelike kenmerke in die teologie van Barth word ondersoek. Hierdie kenmerke illustreer die mate waartoe teologie en politiek aan mekaar verwant is, en dat politiek altyd in Barth se teologie geïmpliseer word. Die studie voer ook aan dat Barth se teologie relevant is omdat dit probeer om die Woord op 'n ander manier te interpreteer na aanleiding van die spesifieke konteks waarbinne daar oor God gepraat word. Die studie beweer verder dat Barth se hele teologie as belydende teologie gelees moet word. Die gevolgtrekking word gemaak dat belydende teologie verskil van “konfessionalisme” en altyd die beliggaming van dít wat bely word, impliseer. Deur hierdie kenmerke van belydende teologie in die teologie van Barth waar te neem, word daar besef dat sy teologie steeds ‘n deurslaggewende rol in ander teologiese kontekste speel. Om hierdie rede word daar aangevoer dat die Belharbelydenis grootliks deur die teologie van Barth beïnvloed is. Die debat oor die Belharbelydenis bring ook belangrike vrae oor die teologiese situasie in Suid-Afrika na vore. Ten slotte word daar aangevoer dat belydende teologie 'n nuttige teologie is wat teologie in die algemeen kan beskerm teen die kloue van “geteologiseerde politiek”. Hierdie teologie kan dus steeds 'n konstruktiewe bydrae tot die huidige teologiese debatte in 'n demokratiese Suid-Afrika lewer.

Si l'aveu n'entretient pas de rapport obligatoire avec la vérité judiciaire, penser l'aveu en matière pénale renvoie à une question infiniment plus complexe qui excède le domaine exploré. Non seulement, en effet, il semblerait que l'aveu renvoie au réel critère d'appréciation en matière judiciaire mais également il repose sur une pratique qui concerne des éléments personnels vécus sur un mode négatif, en relation avec des valeurs et des normes acceptées au sein d'une société historique donnée. Car c'est dans le mystère de la conscience de l'auteur de l'aveu que le passage à l'acte est possible, donc dans une sphère qui a davantage partie liée avec son intériorité éthique qu'avec le caractère impératif d'une norme pénale. En même temps, l'aveu est le reflet de l'évolution de nos sociétés modernes. Si l'aveu devait être recherché hier inconditionnellement et constituait un impératif absolu même au détriment de la vérité, il s'est aujourd'hui banalisé comme d'ailleurs la mesure qui le rendait nécessaire, la garde à vue. Ce qui prévalait antérieurement, sous le règne de l'aveu traditionnel comme reine des preuves, c'était davantage une forme d'exigence éthique qui faisait de la vérité la norme. Cette conception absolue de l'aveu était également celle d'une société fondée sur la confiance, c'est-à-dire celle où précisément une vérité pouvait se manifester plus aisément car elle en constituait une valeur structurante. Il semblerait que cette société de confiance ait laissé place à une société de défiance dans laquelle la vérité n'est plus le référent essentiel, mais davantage l'efficacité ou la célérité des procédures / If a confession doesn't have a mandatory connection with legal truth, the mental conception of a confession leads to an infinitely more complex question which goes beyond the field under study. It would seem that, not only does the confession imply a real criterion in terms of legal appreciation, but is also based on practice linked to personal factors, stemming from negative experience, connected to values and standards prevailing within a given social history. For it is within the mystery of the subject's conscience that committing the act is possible; that is to say in a sphere more closely connected with his personal ethics, than with the constraints of legal norms. At the same time, the confession is a reflection of the evolution of modern society. If the confession was previously sought unconditionally, and represented an absolute imperative, even to the detriment of the truth, it has today been tendered mundane, as has moreover the measure which made it necessary, legal detainment. What was formerly prevalent, when the confession was considered as the ultimate proof, was more a form of an ethical requirement which made truth the standard. This concept of the confession as an absolute was also that of a society based on confidence, that is to say, one in which truth could effectively become known more easily, as it was a structural value. It would seem that this society based on confidence, has given way to a society based on mistrust, in which truth is no longer the essential reference but rather the effectiveness or the rapidity of procedures

Dans cette thèse nous voudrions mener une étude approfondie sur le Songe du Vieil Pelerin (1389) de Philippe de Mézières concernant la structure complexe de ce voyage allégorique-didactique, ses facteurs de cohérence et cohésion qui font son principe d’unité, l’utilisation de certaines sources ainsi que sa réception auprès du public. Notre but est de mieux éclairer le procès de construction de ce texte, la posture de l’auteur et la place du Songe dans le contexte littéraire de la fin du XIVème siècle. Notre étude commence par une analyse détaillée du prologue. C’est là que Philippe de Mézières fournit les clés de lecture de son œuvre et qu’il met en place la réflexion sur le problème de la vérité: vérité spirituelle, morale ou encore verbale, et donc liée à un modèle rhétorique précis, enfin vérité de l’œuvre, de contenus qui y sont véhiculés et authenticité de l’écriture. Ce problème constitue un fil rouge qui traverse tout l’itinéraire accompli par le pèlerin, dans le récit, ainsi que les parenthèses didactiques ou digressives qui le parsèment, comme nous essayons de montrer dans la partie centrale de notre étude.Enfin, nous choisissons deux canaux langagiers bien définis et privilégiés dans le tissu discursif et narratif du Songe, la polémique et la pénitence, pour analyser plus en détail comment le modèle rhétorique proposé par l’auteur peut être le premier pas vers la voie d’un renouvellement social et spirituel. / This research presents a thorough study on the Songe du Vieil Pelerin focused on four aspects: the complex structure of the allegorical-didactic journey described by Philippe de Mezieres; the internal coherence and cohesion that contribute to the unity of the text; the use of sources and the critical reception by Mezieres' contemporaries. From a general standpoint, the main goal of this research is to clarify the inner workings of Mezieres' creative endeavour, in order to better understand the place of the Songe in the literary context of the late fourteenth century. The research begins with a detailed analysis of the prologue, where Mezieres provides the keys to understand his work and organizes its reasoning on the problem of truth, distinguishing between a spiritual, moral, and verbal truth. This analysis marks the way of the pilgrim – the Songe main character – throughout Mezieres' work, both in the story and in the frequent didactical digressions. When the pilgrim's path ends, the rethorical model that underlies the entire work is explained with the help of the concepts of polémique and pénitence, to show how Mezieres conceives his work as a first step in the way of a social and spiritual renewal.

[pt] Este trabalho consiste numa análise das Confissões de Nelson Rodrigues, crônicas de costumes escritas na passagem da década de 1960 para 1970 e reeditadas recentemente em três coletâneas: O óbvio ululante, A cabra vadia e O reacionário. O propósito da dissertação é, a partir da leitura das crônicas, fazer emergir o personagem/narrador Nelson Rodrigues que trabalha na fronteira da ficção e da confissão. Narrador que cria outros personagens a partir das figuras públicas do Brasil daquele momento. Caberá verificar, então, como Nelson Rodrigues ficcionaliza a si próprio e aos outros protagonistas da década de 1960/70. / [en] This piece of work consists of an analysis of Nelson Rodrigues` Confessions, custom chronicles written in the passage from the 1960`s to the 1970`s and recently reedited in three compilations: O óbvio ululante, A cabra vadia, O reacionário. The purpose of this dissertation is to make emerge, from the reading of chronicles, the character/narrator, Nelson Rodrigues, who works on the thin line between fiction and confession. A narrator who creates other characters from the image of Brazilian public figures of the time. It will hence rest to verify how Nelson Rodrigues fictionalizes himself and other protagonists of the 1960`s and 70`s.

Often overlooked in the nineteenth century Gothic novel are the complicated social issues existing within the text. In Emily Brontèe's Wuthering Heights and Robert Louis Stevenson's The Master of Ballantrae, the authors each create villains who represent the preoccupation with appropriate sexuality and conventional gender roles existing in Victorian England. Brontèe's Heathcliff and Stevenson's James Durie embody all that is immoral and non-normative in society with their depraved behavior ; however, because of the authors' craftiness with language, the authors, through their villains, manage to magnetize the other characters and subsequently emasculate those men in the text who emulate the Victorian ideal of masculinity. By focusing their novels on the plight of the Other and his disruption to the homogeneous rules regarding sexuality and gender in the nineteenth century, both authors articulate a profound understanding of the societal fears regarding these issues existing in their time. / by Dana DeFalco. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2011. Mode of access: World Wide Web.