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Organisms must continuously navigate complex environments, balancing the drive to seek rewards with the need to avoid potential threats. This tradeoff between approach and avoidance behaviors, known as approach-avoidance conflict, is a critical determinant of survival. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays a key role in regulating these behaviors, with the ventromedial (vmPFC) and dorsomedial components thought to suppress and promote, respectively, behavioral responses to threats. Within the vmPFC, neural populations expressing the opioid peptide dynorphin (Dyn) and its receptor, the kappa opioid receptor (KOR), have been implicated in stress responses. However, the specific role of the vmPFC Dyn system in encoding threat-related information and shaping behavioral responses remains largely unexplored. To address this, we employed a multi-faceted approach, utilizing fiber photometry, calcium imaging, shRNA-mediated knockdown, and DREADD-mediated inhibition to investigate the vmPFC Dyn system in various threat-related paradigms. These included the platform-mediated avoidance (PMA) task, which assesses approach-avoidance conflict; the repeated looming disk test, a pain-free model of innate fear suppression; and standard fear conditioning, a well-established paradigm for studying learned fear responses. Our findings reveal that while the vmPFC Dyn system is not differentially regulated under non-threatening baseline conditions, it is actively recruited upon threat exposure. Fiber photometry recordings during the PMA task showed that vmPFC Dyn neurons bidirectionally signal features related to approach and avoidance behaviors in the presence of threat. Furthermore, shRNA-mediated downregulation of Dyn in the vmPFC led to enhanced avoidance in the repeated looming disk test, indicating that Dyn is necessary for suppressing avoidance in this context. Calcium imaging of the pan-neuronal vmPFC population in conjunction with Dyn knockdown revealed that loss of Dyn impairs cortical activity, as evidenced by reduced synchrony and decreased performance of a logistic regression decoder. These findings suggest that Dyn plays a critical role in shaping the activity of vmPFC neurons during threat processing. Taken together, our results highlight a specific role for the vmPFC Dyn system in toggling threat-driven behavioral responses, particularly in the context of approach-avoidance conflict. By demonstrating how Dyn shapes both behavior and neural activity in the vmPFC during threat exposure, this study provides novel insights into an understudied area of opioidergic circuitry. Moreover, our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how distinct cell types within the vmPFC encode threat-related features to promote or suppress avoidance behaviors, shedding light on the neural mechanisms underlying adaptive responses to environmental challenges.

The problem of this study addressed how women experience the conflict variables of beliefs about conflict, anger arousal, conflict styles, and received and expressed violence as partners in love relationships and how these factors affect their reported satisfaction. Graduate women (M = 186) from University of North Texas completed the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS), a subscale of Relationship Beliefs Inventory (RBI), the Multidimensional Anger Inventory (MAI), and Interpersonal Conflict Tactics and Strategies Scale (ICTAS), and the Severity of Violence Against Women scale (SVAW). Data were analyzed using MANOVAs with ANOVAs to examine significant differences. Multiple regression procedures were used for the exploratory questions. Women reporting less satisfied relationships were expected to believe that disagreement was more destructive and to report higher anger arousal than those who were more satisfied. The hypotheses were supported. Women who were less satisfied also reported using less constructive conflict tactics and more destructive and avoidant tactics as well as receiving some forms of violence. Expressed violence was not significantly related to low satisfaction. Results suggested that these conflict variables are highly interrelated. Strong feedback loops may develop. Strongly held conflict beliefs may affect the use of destructive and avoidant conflict strategies and increase anger which may reinforce the conflict beliefs. Women who have received violence may use both destructive and avoidant tactics. Use of tactics that escalate then de-escalate conflict suggests that conflict strategies may not be mutually exclusive. However, when a woman is low in anger and has previously received violence from a partner, she may use more avoidant tactics. In contrast women who express violence to their partners may use all three conflict tactics including constructive tactics. This finding suggested that women may express violence as a last resort to get a reaction from their partners.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2005. / Advisor: Dr. Roy F. Baumeister, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Psychology. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 22, 2005). Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 44 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

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Examing the antecedents and outcomes of elder care based work-family conflict, - presenting family interference with work and work interference with family as major components.

Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2019-02-06T12:30:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 helga_costa_carvalho_rodrigues.pdf: 613780 bytes, checksum: fc3c2174ef963e1d8b1fb0904919592b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-02-06T12:30:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 helga_costa_carvalho_rodrigues.pdf: 613780 bytes, checksum: fc3c2174ef963e1d8b1fb0904919592b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-10-03 / Money is part of human development and it is present in all relationships. Economic issues influence the behavior of people, thus presenting refutations in marital relationships. Money has its own meaning for each human being and during the constitution of conjugality a particular way of managing the finances on the part of the couple will be established. In turn, couples may face problems related to financial issues. In this sense, this dissertation sought to understand the influence of money management in the exercise of conjugality, having as specific objectives: a) to analyze the meaning that money has for the individual; b) identify the way of managing the money chosen by the conjugal dyad; c) recognize the existence of possible conflicts faced by the couple, related to financial matters; d) distinguish coping strategies used by the couple in an attempt to resolve possible conflicts over financial issues. This is a qualitative research in which eight subjects participated, being four women and four men (not married to each other), heterosexuals, of middle class, without children, aged between 25 and 40 years. They answered a sociodemographic questionnaire, which had as objective to collect relevant information about the studied public, and an interview conducted in a semi-directed way, composed of questions related to the objectives of the research. The responses to the interview were analyzed based on the thematic content analysis. The main results indicate that: the way couples manage finances influences the exercise of conjugality; the meaning of money is directly influenced by the patterns of financial behavior inherited and taught by the family of origin; financial issues are likely to create conflicts; couples facing economic conflicts use negotiation and dialogue strategies to solve the problem. It is hoped to be able to contribute to broaden the understanding and visibility about this subject, as well as to provide subsidies for the work of professionals dealing with couples in conflicts, since research related to the proposed subject is still scarce in the Brazilian reality. / O dinheiro faz parte do desenvolvimento humano e está presente em todas as relações. As questões econômicas influenciam o comportamento das pessoas, apresentando, dessa forma, rebatimentos nas relações conjugais. O dinheiro tem um significado próprio para cada ser humano e durante a constituição da conjugalidade será estabelecida uma maneira particular de administração das finanças por parte do casal. Por sua vez, os casais podem enfrentar problemas relacionados a questões de ordem financeira. Nesse sentido, esta dissertação pretendeu compreender a influência do manejo do dinheiro no exercício da conjugalidade, tendo como objetivos específicos: a) analisar o significado que o dinheiro tem para o indivíduo; b) identificar a forma de manejo do dinheiro escolhida pela díade conjugal; c) reconhecer a existência de possíveis conflitos enfrentados pelo casal, relacionados às questões financeiras; d) distinguir estratégias de enfrentamento utilizadas pelo casal na tentativa de resolução de possíveis conflitos atravessados pelas questões financeiras. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa da qual participaram oito sujeitos, sendo quatro mulheres e quatro homens (não casados entre si), heterossexuais, de camadas médias, sem filhos, na faixa etária entre 25 e 40 anos. Eles responderam a um questionário sociodemográfico, que teve como objetivo a coleta de informações relevantes acerca do público estudado, e a uma entrevista conduzida de forma semidirigida, composta de questões relacionadas aos objetivos da pesquisa. As respostas à entrevista foram analisadas com base na análise de conteúdo temática. Os principais resultados indicam que: a forma como os casais manejam as finanças apresenta influência no exercício da conjugalidade; o significado do dinheiro é diretamente influenciado pelos padrões de comportamentos financeiros herdados e ensinados pela família de origem; questões de ordem financeira são passíveis de gerarem conflitos; casais que enfrentam conflitos econômicos utilizam estratégias de negociação e diálogo na busca da resolução do problema. Espera-se poder contribuir no sentido de ampliar a compreensão e a visibilidade acerca dessa temática, bem como proporcionar subsídios para o trabalho de profissionais que lidam com casais em conflitos, visto que pesquisas relacionadas ao assunto proposto ainda são escassas na realidade brasileira.

Increasingly, evidence indicates that workplace interpersonal conflicts (WIC) are the most upsetting/troublesome daily work stressors (Sulsky & Smith, 2007), and within the context of nursing, WIC is a problem of high prevalence and intensity (Baltimore, 2006; Farrell, 1999). In relation to coping with stressors such as WIC, Lazarus and Folkman (1984) established the transactional model of stress and coping, where cognitive appraisals of the stressor (e.g., perceived control) are central to coping and classified all coping behaviors as either problem-focused or emotion-focused. They also proposed the "goodness of fit hypothesis", which predicts that problem-focused coping efforts used to cope with stressors of high appraised control and emotion-focused coping paired with stressors of low appraised control will produce the most effective outcomes. Contrary to these predictions, the general literature has produced inconsistent results, suggesting that context, research method, and individual difference variables (i.e., occupational tenure) should be considered when testing this hypothesis, particularly in novel contexts such as the nursing workplace. This research was part of a larger study to identify key factors in the retention of nurses in the workforce, including a weekly survey spanning 12 weeks. Across the 12 week study period, 148 nurse participants completed an online survey, which included questions regarding the most negative interpersonal conflict at work for that week, the appraised controllability of the event, how the participant coped across 8 coping strategies, and how effective the coping efforts were. I used hierarchical linear modeling to test the goodness of fit hypothesis with these data, where the interaction terms between coping frequency and control represented the key predictions of goodness of fit. Results revealed no support for the goodness of fit hypothesis, as the interactions were not significant. Consistent with goodness of fit, however, perceived control positively predicted problem-focused coping and negatively predicted emotion-focused coping for some nurses. This suggests that despite no improvement in coping outcomes, the underlying mechanisms for goodness of fit (i.e., matching perceived control with coping type) were in operation. Results also demonstrated no support of occupational tenure as a variable influential on the coping process. However, supplemental analyses revealed that as organizational tenure increased, nurses varied their coping strategies more, which then, in turn, produced more effective coping outcomes. As the first effort to examine goodness of fit within the workplace to the best of my knowledge, these results suggest that the goodness of fit hypothesis may only have limited applicability to nursing, but should be examined in other nursing contexts and workplace conditions. Moreover, the length of time a nurse spends with an organization seems to influence one's coping style and the ability to match coping efforts with situational characteristics, producing more effective coping with interpersonal conflicts at work. These findings also imply that providing nurses with training about organization-specifics may improve efforts to cope with interpersonal conflicts that arise in the workplace.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / The long-term care institutions for the elderly are becoming one of the house source and support to the elderly in need of long-term care. Be admitted in these places has a great impact in the life of these people, which in addition to adapt to the routine, need also to establish new relationships and state their spaces. In these situations, conflicts between elderly residents or between them and professionals working at the institution may arise, which facilitates the occurrence of disharmonious conditions. Thus, situations that triggers conflicts and creates possible implications in daily life and health of institutionalized elderly are identified. This study has the main aim: to analyze the perception of the nursing team about the occurrence of relational conflicts of eldery in a long-term care institution. It is a qualitative study with 15 nursing professionals, that was conducted in March and July 2015 in an institution located in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul State. Data collecting was made using semi-structured interviews, recorded, transcribed and analyzed according to thematic content analysis of Minayo operative proposal. The ethical aspects of research involving human beings were respected following the Resolution 466/12 of the National Health Council. Conflict situations experienced by nurses and elderly of the institution, the aspects that led to these conflicts, and the management of nursing professionals at these situations were identified. Among the situations identified in this study, conflicts emerges in moments when the emotional and inclusion needs of elderly women were not met; when them try to preserve their identity and autonomy within the institution; and in situations where their behaviors are modified by the presence of psychological/psychiatric symptoms and have their attitudes contradicted by others. Factors that motivated the emergence of conflicts included attitudes from habits and the individuality created before the institutionalization and changes in behavior caused by neurological and / or psychiatric diseases. The performance of some professionals in an attempt to stop the conflicts are focused on authority, intimidation, punishment attitudes and the administration of medications. Other professionals have chosen to use conversation as an alternative for solving the conflicts. The results show that nursing professionals have difficulties for the management of relational conflicts of eldery that often come from the lack of skills of interpersonal relationships and knowledge about the specificities of fragile elderly population. / As Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos vem tornando-se uma das fontes de residência e amparo à população idosa que necessita de cuidados de longo prazo. Ser admitido nesses locais é um fator de grande impacto na vida do idoso, que além de adequar-se às regras, necessita estabelecer novos relacionamentos e demarcar seus espaços. Frente a essas situações, podem surgir conflitos entre os idosos residentes ou entre eles e profissionais que atuam no local, o que favorece a ocorrência de condições desarmônicas. A partir disso, identifica-se situações propulsoras de conflitos e que geram possíveis implicações no cotidiano e na saúde dos idosos institucionalizados. Este estudo tem como objetivo geral: analisar a percepção da equipe de enfermagem acerca da ocorrência de conflitos interpessoais de idosas em Instituição de Longa Permanência. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa com 15 profissionais de enfermagem, realizada nos meses de março a julho de 2015, em uma instituição localizada na região central do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A coleta dos dados ocorreu por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, gravada, transcrita e, após, os dados foram analisados conforme a análise de conteúdo temática da proposta operativa de Minayo. Os aspectos éticos das pesquisas com seres humanos foram respeitados seguindo a Resolução 466/12 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde. Foram identificadas as situações de conflito vivenciadas por profissionais de enfermagem e idosas da instituição, os fatores que ocasionaram esses conflitos e as condutas dos profissionais de enfermagem nessas ocasiões. Dentre as situações de conflitos identificadas destacam-se momentos em que as necessidades afetivas e de inclusão das idosas não foram satisfeitas, quando as idosas tentam preservar a identidade e autonomia no âmbito da instituição e em ocasiões que apresentam comportamentos alterados pela presença de sintomas psíquicos/ psiquiátricos e tem suas atitudes contrariadas pelos demais. Quanto aos fatores que motivaram o surgimento de conflitos foram evidenciadas as atitudes provenientes de costumes e da individualidade construídos anterior a institucionalização e de alterações no comportamento ocasionadas por doenças neurológicas e/ou psiquiátricas. As condutas de alguns profissionais no intuito de cessar os conflitos centraram-se em atitudes como autoridade, intimidação, punição e administração de medicações. Outros profissionais optaram por utilizar a conversa como alternativa de grande potencial para resolutividade frente aos conflitos. Os resultados apontam que existem dificuldades dos profissionais de enfermagem para o manejo dos conflitos interpessoais das idosas que, muitas vezes, são provenientes da falta de habilidades com os relacionamentos interpessoais e do conhecimento frágil às especificidades da população idosa.

The purpose of this paper is to present a study that examines the underlying stucture of work/family conflict. Research has shown that reducing work/family conflict is beneficial to both employees and the organization by reducing turnover and increasing satisfction, production and commitment to the organization.