University of Macau / Faculty of Law

Esta tese trata da resolução online de controvérsias. Parte-se da hipótese de que sua expansão para múltiplas jurisdições e vários tipos de conflitos, incluindo os complexos e de alto valor, provocará mudanças significativas no direito. São analisados, das perspectivas jurídica e econômica, as condições para a resolução extrajudicial de disputas, por meios alternativos (adequados), inclusive online, com atenção para o design orientado à prevenção e à resolução massificada de conflitos e para o emprego de tecnologias persuasivas com esta finalidade. Examinam-se os desafios conexos a tecnologias de informação e comunicação, os conflitos deles derivados e as instituições e partes envolvidas em sua resolução. Descreve-se o potencial dos mecanismos de resolução online de controvérsias a partir de três estudos de caso eBay, prefeitura de Nova York e Wikipedia. Investigam-se as consequências jurídicas da disseminação de mecanismos de resolução online de controvérsias à luz das experiências públicas e privadas e projetos existentes. Por fim, os impactos destas novas formas de dirimir conflitos são analisados nos planos nacional em relação a devido processo legal, direitos de terceiros e ordem pública e internacional, com destaque para as alternativas que se apresentam a Estados e organizações internacionais. Conclui-se apontando, por um lado, as preocupações relativas ao controle jurisdicional sobre a resolução online de controvérsias; por outro, as promessas desta decorrentes, traduzidas em especial em eficiência e acesso à justiça. / This dissertation discusses online dispute resolution. Its hypothesis is that the expansion of this form of dispute resolution across jurisdictions and towards many types of conflict, including complex and high-value ones, will promote substantive legal changes. The conditions for outof-court dispute resolution are analyzed, from the normative and economic perspectives, covering alternative (adequate) and online dispute resolution, with attention to its design focused on the scalable resolution of controversies and to the use of persuasive technologies to that end. The challenges connected to information and communication technologies, the conflicts deriving from them and the institutions and parties involved in their resolution are examined. The potential for online dispute resolution is described through three case studies eBay, New York City and Wikipedia. The legal consequences of the dissemination of online dispute resolution are studied in light of the existing public and private experiences and projects. Finally, the impacts of these new forms of solving conflicts are analyzed at the national with respect to due process, third party rights and public policy and international levels, highlighting the alternatives available to states and international organizations. The dissertation concludes by noting the concerns related to jurisdictional control over online dispute resolution and the prospects arising out of it, especially prominent in terms of efficiency and access to justice.

As relações de consumo, da mesma forma como relações privadas em geral, têm assumido caráter internacional. O crescente fenômeno acarreta, contudo, o incremento de vulnerabilidade do consumidor, a qual, em nível nacional, já exige que o direito restabeleça o desequilíbrio intrínseco à relação de consumo. Em nível internacional, assim, esses desafios aumentam, especialmente porque as normas conflituais clássicas foram construídas a partir da sociedade liberal moderna, que buscava basicamente a manutenção da igualdade formal entre os indivíduos, sem preocupações de cunho material. No Direito Internacional Privado Brasileiro essa situação se repete. Busca o presente trabalho, portanto, construir propostas para o Direito Internacional Privado Brasileiro de defesa do consumidor. Na primeira parte do trabalho, então, são analisadas as causas da vulnerabilidade na relação internacional de consumo, constatando-se estar no liberalismo jurídico e suas conseqüências na disciplina, bem como o duplo papel do princípio da autonomia da vontade. Por um lado, a autonomia permite o reconhecimento do indivíduo no plano internacional, mas por outro demonstra a insuficiência do modelo conflitual clássico. Diante da crise do modelo liberal moderno, discutem-se, na segunda parte do trabalho, os remédios para superar a vulnerabilidade na relação internacional de consumo. Analisa-se a informação enquanto forma de mitigar a vulnerabilidade do consumidor. Abordam-se, ainda, as formas de se encontrar a lei mais favorável ao consumidor. Nas conclusões, enfim, constrói-se uma sugestão de redação para a lei brasileira de proteção internacional do consumidor. / Consumers’ relations are becoming international, as private relations in general. This change brings, however, more difficulties to consumers’ protection, which is already hard in every kind of consumer’s relations. In international terms the difficulties increase, specially because the Classic Conflicts of Law Theory were built on the modern liberal society, whose basic aim was to maintain the formal equality between individuals, without any material concerns. In Brazilian Private International Law this situation is confirmed. Therefore, this present paper intend to find solutions to overcome the problems, based on the analysis of the vulnerability causes of the international consumer’s relations, providing proposals to the Brazilian Private International Law. At the first part, the causes of the international consumer’s relations vulnerability will be study, analyzing the legal liberalism and its consequences to the field. To reach this aim the solutions provided by the Classic Conflicts of Law Theory to the international consumer’s protection will be discussed, based on conflict rules and public order exception. In addiction, the double function of party autonomy is study, analyzing its positive and negative aspects in the international consumer’s relation. In the second part, the solutions to overcome the vulnerability are concerned, also analyzing the information´ rule, considering the language problem in the international relations. The paper attempt to find the best ways to find criteria that benefit the consumers, through alternative connections and imperative rules. As conclusion, a suggestion to a Brazilian rule of law to protect consumers internationally is built.

As relações de consumo, da mesma forma como relações privadas em geral, têm assumido caráter internacional. O crescente fenômeno acarreta, contudo, o incremento de vulnerabilidade do consumidor, a qual, em nível nacional, já exige que o direito restabeleça o desequilíbrio intrínseco à relação de consumo. Em nível internacional, assim, esses desafios aumentam, especialmente porque as normas conflituais clássicas foram construídas a partir da sociedade liberal moderna, que buscava basicamente a manutenção da igualdade formal entre os indivíduos, sem preocupações de cunho material. No Direito Internacional Privado Brasileiro essa situação se repete. Busca o presente trabalho, portanto, construir propostas para o Direito Internacional Privado Brasileiro de defesa do consumidor. Na primeira parte do trabalho, então, são analisadas as causas da vulnerabilidade na relação internacional de consumo, constatando-se estar no liberalismo jurídico e suas conseqüências na disciplina, bem como o duplo papel do princípio da autonomia da vontade. Por um lado, a autonomia permite o reconhecimento do indivíduo no plano internacional, mas por outro demonstra a insuficiência do modelo conflitual clássico. Diante da crise do modelo liberal moderno, discutem-se, na segunda parte do trabalho, os remédios para superar a vulnerabilidade na relação internacional de consumo. Analisa-se a informação enquanto forma de mitigar a vulnerabilidade do consumidor. Abordam-se, ainda, as formas de se encontrar a lei mais favorável ao consumidor. Nas conclusões, enfim, constrói-se uma sugestão de redação para a lei brasileira de proteção internacional do consumidor. / Consumers’ relations are becoming international, as private relations in general. This change brings, however, more difficulties to consumers’ protection, which is already hard in every kind of consumer’s relations. In international terms the difficulties increase, specially because the Classic Conflicts of Law Theory were built on the modern liberal society, whose basic aim was to maintain the formal equality between individuals, without any material concerns. In Brazilian Private International Law this situation is confirmed. Therefore, this present paper intend to find solutions to overcome the problems, based on the analysis of the vulnerability causes of the international consumer’s relations, providing proposals to the Brazilian Private International Law. At the first part, the causes of the international consumer’s relations vulnerability will be study, analyzing the legal liberalism and its consequences to the field. To reach this aim the solutions provided by the Classic Conflicts of Law Theory to the international consumer’s protection will be discussed, based on conflict rules and public order exception. In addiction, the double function of party autonomy is study, analyzing its positive and negative aspects in the international consumer’s relation. In the second part, the solutions to overcome the vulnerability are concerned, also analyzing the information´ rule, considering the language problem in the international relations. The paper attempt to find the best ways to find criteria that benefit the consumers, through alternative connections and imperative rules. As conclusion, a suggestion to a Brazilian rule of law to protect consumers internationally is built.

As relações de consumo, da mesma forma como relações privadas em geral, têm assumido caráter internacional. O crescente fenômeno acarreta, contudo, o incremento de vulnerabilidade do consumidor, a qual, em nível nacional, já exige que o direito restabeleça o desequilíbrio intrínseco à relação de consumo. Em nível internacional, assim, esses desafios aumentam, especialmente porque as normas conflituais clássicas foram construídas a partir da sociedade liberal moderna, que buscava basicamente a manutenção da igualdade formal entre os indivíduos, sem preocupações de cunho material. No Direito Internacional Privado Brasileiro essa situação se repete. Busca o presente trabalho, portanto, construir propostas para o Direito Internacional Privado Brasileiro de defesa do consumidor. Na primeira parte do trabalho, então, são analisadas as causas da vulnerabilidade na relação internacional de consumo, constatando-se estar no liberalismo jurídico e suas conseqüências na disciplina, bem como o duplo papel do princípio da autonomia da vontade. Por um lado, a autonomia permite o reconhecimento do indivíduo no plano internacional, mas por outro demonstra a insuficiência do modelo conflitual clássico. Diante da crise do modelo liberal moderno, discutem-se, na segunda parte do trabalho, os remédios para superar a vulnerabilidade na relação internacional de consumo. Analisa-se a informação enquanto forma de mitigar a vulnerabilidade do consumidor. Abordam-se, ainda, as formas de se encontrar a lei mais favorável ao consumidor. Nas conclusões, enfim, constrói-se uma sugestão de redação para a lei brasileira de proteção internacional do consumidor. / Consumers’ relations are becoming international, as private relations in general. This change brings, however, more difficulties to consumers’ protection, which is already hard in every kind of consumer’s relations. In international terms the difficulties increase, specially because the Classic Conflicts of Law Theory were built on the modern liberal society, whose basic aim was to maintain the formal equality between individuals, without any material concerns. In Brazilian Private International Law this situation is confirmed. Therefore, this present paper intend to find solutions to overcome the problems, based on the analysis of the vulnerability causes of the international consumer’s relations, providing proposals to the Brazilian Private International Law. At the first part, the causes of the international consumer’s relations vulnerability will be study, analyzing the legal liberalism and its consequences to the field. To reach this aim the solutions provided by the Classic Conflicts of Law Theory to the international consumer’s protection will be discussed, based on conflict rules and public order exception. In addiction, the double function of party autonomy is study, analyzing its positive and negative aspects in the international consumer’s relation. In the second part, the solutions to overcome the vulnerability are concerned, also analyzing the information´ rule, considering the language problem in the international relations. The paper attempt to find the best ways to find criteria that benefit the consumers, through alternative connections and imperative rules. As conclusion, a suggestion to a Brazilian rule of law to protect consumers internationally is built.

Le droit international privé colombien demeure tributaire d’une approche publiciste qui repose sur les principes de territorialité et de souveraineté. Ces principes, pourtant délaissés depuis le début du XXe siècle en droit international privé comparé, constituent encore aujourd’hui le fondement des règles de conflit en matière contractuelle qui forment le droit positif. Bien que la jurisprudence colombienne ait aussi utilisé des méthodes qui s’apparentent à d’autres proposées plus récemment aux États-Unis et en France, le système colombien n’offre pas de solutions satisfaisantes aux problèmes que posent les situations internationales, y compris en matière contractuelle. Le droit international privé colombien doit donc être repensé. À cet égard, il est possible, sur le fondement des textes en vigueur, de justifier tant la transformation de l’approche que l’adoption de nouvelles solutions. En matière de contrats, il est possible d’identifier au sein de l’ordre juridique colombien une tendance favorable à la consécration de la liberté de choix de la loi applicable en tant que solution de principe. En effet, cette solution est conforme au principe constitutionnel d’internationalisation et compatible avec le rôle reconnu à l’initiative privé en droit colombien. Largement répandue en droit international privé comparé, la liberté de choix a les faveurs des institutions internationales et, en 2015, la Conférence de La Haye a publié des principes sur le choix de la loi applicable aux contrats commerciaux internationaux. Cet instrument non contraignant peut servir d’inspiration pour l’élaboration d’une réglementation du choix de loi en droit colombien. / Colombian private international law remains in thrall to a public-law inspired approach resting on the principles of territoriality and sovereignty. These principles, which have been abandoned since the beginning of the twentieth century in comparative private international law, still form the basis of the choice-of-law rules for contractual matters found in positive law. Even though the courts have also used methods that are similar to others put forward more recently in the United States and France, the Colombian system does not offer satisfactory solutions to the issues raised by international situations, particularly in contractual matters. Colombian private international law therefore needs to be rethought. In this respect, it is possible, on the basis of existing texts in Colombian law, to justify both the transformation of the approach and the adoption of new solutions. As far as contracts are concerned, a favorable trend towards the consecration of the freedom of choice of the applicable law as a solution of principle can actually be identified within the Colombian legal order. Indeed, this solution aligns with the constitutional principle of internationalization and is compatible with the role recognized to private initiative in Colombian law. Choice of law, which is widely used in comparative international private law, is also favored by international institutions. In 2015, The Hague Conference thus published its Principles on the choice of law applicable to international commercial contracts. This non-binding instrument can provide inspiration for the development of a choice of law regime in Colombian law.

L’étude a examiné la question de l’assimilation du statut personnel mahorais. Elle a permis surtout d’élucider le processus de la substitution des règles du Code civil aux institutions juridiques locales initialement d’essence islamique et coutumière. Certes, des avancées notables ont été réalisées durant la dernière décennie. Néanmoins, il subsiste des zones d’ombres qui exigent une intervention imminente du législateur afin que la lumière soit faite. En effet, le droit ne peut se satisfaire d’incertitudes. Pour son efficacité, il a besoin de l’énonciation de principes clairs. Les règles qu’il pose doivent être limpides pour écarter tout risque d’arbitraire. Il s’agit là d’un préalable, pour faciliter le travail du juge chargé s’en assurer l’observation. C’est aussi une armure avec laquelle chaque justiciable peut s’envelopper pour se sentir en sécurité. Le législateur doit être en mesure de garantir ces besoins élémentaires propres à fonder l’harmonie dans la société. Ce voyage dans les méandres de l’assimilation du statut personnel mahorais, a été également l’occasion de découvrir le renouveau de cette notion, et sillonner l’horizon qui se présente à elle. A charge maintenant pour le législateur, d’en explorer toutes les potentialités, et lui restituer son véritable sens / The study examined the question of assimilation status Mayotte staff. It allowed especially to elucidate the process of substitution of the Civil Code of rules to local legal institutions initially Islamic and customary gasoline. While significant progress has been made over the past decade. Nevertheless, there are still gray areas that require imminent legislative action so that light be shed.Indeed, the right can not be satisfied uncertainties. For efficiency, it requires the articulation of clear principles. The rules must be clear that it poses to rule out any risk of arbitrariness. This is a prerequisite to facilitate the work of the judge to ensure compliance. It is also an armor with which each individual can wrap himself to feel safe. The legislator must be able to guarantee these basic needs own to found harmony in society. This journey through the maze of assimilation status Mayotte staff, was also an opportunity to discover the revival of this concept, and crisscross the horizon that presents itself. A now supported for the legislature, to explore all potential and restore its true meaning

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Ce mémoire porte sur l’étude des conflits de lois et de juridictions relatifs au contrat d’assurance. Le contrat d’assurance étant un contrat des plus usité, il est intéressant d’étudier, dans un contexte de mondialisation, de globalisation des échanges, de ce qu’il en advient du contrat d’assurance dans le cadre des relations privées à caractère international. En ce sens, seront traitées des règles de conflit de lois et de juridictions relatifs au contrat d’assurance dans le cadre des instruments que sont le Règlement Rome I, le Règlement Bruxelles I Bis et la Convention de Lugano, mais également, dans celui du droit international privé québécois. Ce sera donc une approche de droit comparé qui sera adoptée au travers de cette étude. L’on verra notamment que le contrat d’assurance a donné lieu à divers traitements méthodologiques du point de vue de la résolution des conflits de lois et de juridictions. Il sera donc intéressant de comparer ces approches afin de déterminer celle qui pourrait atteindre au mieux les objectifs spécifiques du contrat d’assurance, à savoir, notamment, celui de protection de la partie faible. / This thesis is concerned with the study of the conflicts of laws and jurisdictions relating to the insurance contract. Since insurance contracts are a type of contract that is commonly used, it is worth understanding, notably in the context of economic globalization, what specifically happens to the contract of insurance within the framework of international private relations. In this sense, the rules of conflict of laws and jurisdictions relating to the insurance contract will be considered with regards to the framework of the Rome I Regulation, the Brussels I Bis Regulation and the Lugano Convention, as well as with respect to the private international law of Quebec. Therefore, a comparative law approach will be adopted through this study. It will be noticed among other things that the insurance contract has given rise to various methodological treatments with regards to the resolution of conflicts of laws and jurisdictions. It will therefore be interesting to compare these approaches in order to determine which approach could best achieve the specific objectives of the insurance contract, in particularly, the protection of the weaker party.

Suite à l’émergence de nouveaux moyens de communication et de transport, la seconde moitié du XXème siècle a connu un développement massif de la société internationale et des règles de droit attenantes. Malgré cet essor, la pensée de Bartin selon laquelle les règles de droit interne se projettent dans l’ordre international, ainsi que la mise en lumière de l’antériorité du droit interne par Batiffol, amènent à croire que le droit international privé n’est que le strict reflet du droit interne. Le droit international privé, bien qu’international par son objet, reste alors traditionnellement attaché au droit national pour y puiser sa source. Les relations juridiques entre personnes privées, comportant ou non un élément d’extranéité, sont ainsi envisagées au travers du prisme du droit interne. L’influence se réalise dès lors naturellement dans le sens du droit privé interne vers le droit international privé. Le but de cette étude est de rechercher et de justifier l’apparition d’un mouvement inverse : existe-il aujourd’hui une influence du droit international privé sur le droit interne français ? Le droit international privé, de par ses méthodes (la qualification, les règles de conflit, les règles matérielles) et son approche particulière des rapports de droit, détachée parfois de certaines considérations nationales, permettrait dorénavant de percevoir certaines faces cachées du droit interne. Si cette intuition venait à être confirmée, le droit international privé, tant conflictuel que matériel, devrait alors être considéré comme un modèle juridique moderne exerçant sa force d’attraction dans le droit interne qui l’avait initialement fait éclore. / Following the emergence of new means of communication and transportation, the second half of the twentieth century witnessed a massive development of the international society with its corresponding legal rules. However, the thought of Bartin that domestic law rules are projected into the international legal order, added to Batiffol opinion that domestic law always takes precedence over international law, lead us to believe that Private International Law is nothing but a strict reflection of domestic law. Although international by its object, Private International Law remains traditionally linked to domestic law where it draws its source. Therefore, whether or not containing a foreign element, legal relations between private persons are always considered through the prism of internal law. In that sense, domestic law does naturally shape International Private Law.The aim of this study is to investigate and justify the reverse movement : is there today an influence of Private International Law toward French law? By its methods (such as qualification, conflict of law rules or substantive rules), Private International Law in a specific approach of legal relationships that is detached from domestic considerations, allows to perceive some hidden aspects of internal law. If this were to be a confirmed intuition, conflicting and substantive Private International Law, should then be considered a new modern legal model, influencing the domestic law in which it originally blossomed.