Title: Descriptive geometry applications in cartography Author: Jana Vlčková Department: Department of Mathematics Education Supervisor: RNDr. Vlasta Moravcová, Ph.D., Department of Mathematics Education Abstract: This thesis is focused on constructions of geographic nets in maps and serves as a base for studies and teaching for teachers and students of secondary schools or universities, which are focused on the cartography field. The thesis contains seven chapters, the first of which describes basic terms used in the thesis. Other chapters deal with the analysis of chosen cartography projections, whereas first three chapters concerns with the projection of the globe into a plane, another two chapters concerns with a cylindrical surface and the last one concerns with a conical surface. Constructive tasks, which serve for practising the subject matter, are enclosed for each chapter. Key words: cartographic projection, azimuthal projection, ortographic projection, gno- monic projection, stereographic projection, cylindrical projection, conical projection 1

This bachelor thesis is written as a Minor Field Studies (MFS) project and funded by SIDA, Sweden’s International Development Cooperation Agency. The project was made in cooperation with Engineers Without Borders Sweden and the local organization Asulma Centre in Nairobi. As a part of their Integrated Solar Research collaboration between the two organizations, the project strives to contribute to the United Nations sustainable development goals. Most households in Kenya rely on wood, charcoal and other sources of fossil fuel to use for cooking food. Unfortunately, these fuels produce smoke that causes great problems for the environment and for human health and can, in the worst cases, be lethal. It is estimated that 23 000 Kenyans die yearly from household air pollution produced from the fossil fueled stoves. Using the sun to cook food is a cheap alternative to conventional methods that are also more sustainable as it does not produce any smoke. The aim of this research was to study, analyze and optimize the model of a solar cooker called a conical cooker. In order to improve a previously developed concept of the conical cooker, this project focuses on what material and manufacturing methods should be used. A functional means tree was used to generate concepts, which were then analyzed using tools such as EduPack and an evaluation matrix based on a developed specification of requirements. After analyzing all the plausible options, it was suggested that the conical body should be made from a 1 mm (gauge 19) stainless steel sheet that has been mechanically polished and then joined together by crimping to shape the cone. The resulting product would cost 1430 KSH to manufacture, which is just below the cost of today’s cooker. It is also produced to withstand corrosion damage as well as maintain a reflective surface in order to work as a sufficient solar cooking method. This would be a cheap alternative that reduces health risks among the citizens of Kenya. However, as a solar cooker, it must be used together with other solutions as the sun is not always available which is why the project is called the Integradet Solar Cooking project. / Denna kandidatuppsats är skriven som ett Minor Field Studies (MFS)-projekt och finansierades av SIDA, Sveriges biståndsmyndighet. Projektet genomfördes i samarbete Ingenjörer Utan Gränser Sverige och den lokala organisationen Asulma Centre i Nairobi. Som en del av ett samarbete mellan de två organisationerna strävar detta projekt efter att bidra till Förenta Nationernas hållbara utvecklingsmål. De flesta hushåll i Kenya förlitar sig på ved, kol och andra fossila bränslekällor för att laga mat. Tyvärr producerar dessa bränslen rök som orsakar stora problem för miljön och människors hälsa och kan i värsta fall vara dödliga. Uppskattningsvis dör 23 000 kenyaner årligen till följd av luftföroreningar i hemmet som produceras av spisar med fossila bränslen. Att använda solen för att laga mat är ett billigt alternativ till konventionella metoder som dessutom är mer hållbart eftersom det inte producerar någon rök. Syftet med denna forskning var att studera, analysera och optimera modellen för en solkokare som kallas en konisk kokare. För att förbättra ett tidigare utvecklat koncept av den koniska kokaren fokuserade detta projekt på vilket material och vilka tillverkningsmetoder som bör användas. Ett funktionsmedelträd användes för att generera koncept som sedan analyserades med hjälp av bland annat EduPack och en utvärderingsmatris som baserats på en framtagen kravspecifikation. Efter att ha analyserat alla möjliga alternativ föreslogs att den koniska kroppen bör tillverkas genom att skära ut önskad form ur en 1 mm rostfri stålplåt (gauge 19). Plåten i rostfritt stål ska sedan mekaniskt poleras och sedan sammanfogas med falsning för att forma konen. Den resulterande produkten skulle kosta 1430 KSH (112 SEK) att tillverka, vilket är strax under priset för dagens kokare. Den är också konstruerad för att motstå korrosionsskador och behålla en reflekterande yta för att fungera som en effektiv solkokningsmetod. Detta skulle vara ett billigt alternativ som minskar hälsoriskerna bland lokalbefolkningen i Kenya. En solkokare måste dock användas tillsammans med andra lösningar eftersom solen inte alltid är tillgänglig varför projektet kallas för det Integrerade solmatlagningsprojektet.

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Konische Mikro- und Nanostrukturen besitzen spezifische magnetische, superhydrophobe und elektrokatalytische Eigenschaften und sind deshalb von hohem Interesse für eine Vielzahl von Anwendungen. Eine einfache und kostengünstige Methode zur Synthese dieser strukturierten Schichten ist die elektrochemische Abscheidung. Neben dem Einsatz von Capping-Reagenzien (engl. Capping agents) könnten Magnetfelder das lokale Konuswachstum auf einer planaren Elektrode unterstützen. In der vorliegenden Dissertation wird die Elektroabscheidung an konisch strukturierten Metallschichten in Magnetfeldern untersucht. Je nach Ausrichtung und Stärke des Magnetfeldes können die Lorentzkraft und die magnetische Gradientenkraft die Strömung des mit Metallionen angereicherten Elektrolyts in Richtung der Konusspitze gezielt antreiben. Folglich erhöht das Magnetfeld die lokale Abscheidungsrate und fördert das Konuswachstum. Für ein grundlegendes Verständnis des Effektes werden systematische numerische und theoretische Untersuchungen für die Elektroabscheidung an mm-großen Konen unterschiedlicher Materialien, Formen und Anordnungen unter verschiedenen elektrochemischen und magnetischen Bedingungen durchgeführt. Ein parallel zur Konusachse ausgerichtetes homogenes externes Magnetfeld erzeugt durch die Magnetisierung der ferromagnetischen Konen eine magnetische Gradientenkraft, die zu einer starken Unterstützung für das Konuswachstum führt. Dabei überwiegt sie oft gegenüber der Lorentzkraft und der Auftriebskraft, die durch Elektrodenreaktionen entsteht. Diese unterstützende Wirkung wird nur geringfügig abgeschwächt, wenn sich benachbarte Konusse einander annähern. Die numerischen Ergebnisse werden durch experimentelle Daten für verschiedene Konfigurationen und Abscheidungsparameter validiert. Um den Effekt der Magnetfelder zur Unterstützung des Wachstums kleinerer konischer Strukturen im Mikro- und Nanometerbereich zu ermitteln, werden die Skalengesetze für die Geschwindigkeiten der magnetisch angetriebenen lokalen Strömungen beim Verkleinern der Konusgröße aus numerischen Simulationen abgeleitet und durch eine analytische Lösung bestätigt. Obwohl die magnetische Gradientenkraft eine günstige Strömung bei ferromagnetischen Konussen erzeugt, limitieren die kleine Größe der Strömungsregion und die nahezu konstant verbleibende Dicke der Konzentrationsgrenzschicht die Unterstützung der Magnetfelder. Diese kann jedoch durch die Anwendung gepulster Ströme sowie moderat auch durch den Einsatz stärkerer Magnetfelder weiter erhöht werden. Weiterhin wird eine einfache Modellierung entwickelt, um den Einfluss von Capping-Reagenzien bei der Abscheidung von Nano-Strukturen numerisch zu simulieren. Experimentelle Resultate der von Partnern in Krakau durchgeführten Elektroabscheidung von nanostrukturierten Ni-Schichten in magnetischen Feldern werden mittels Simulationen sowohl globalen Zellströmung als auch der lokalen Strömung analysiert. Die Betrachtung beider Aspekte liefert eine Interpretation der experimentellen Ergebnisse und ermöglicht ein besseres Verständnis der Wirkung des capping agents. Zum Schluss wird der Einfluss der Wasserstoff-Nebenreaktion einbezogen. Die numerischen Ergebnisse zeigen, dass an der Konusspitze sitzende Wasserstoffblasen das Konuswachstum verringern können. Gleichzeig wird die durch die magnetischen Kräfte getriebene Strömung die Ablösung der Wasserstoffblase geringfügig verzögern. / Micro- and nano-sized conical structures possess specific magnetic, superhydrophobic and electrocatalytic properties and are therefore attractive for numerous applications. Among the various methods of manufacturing such structured layers, electrodeposition appears a simple and inexpensive method. Beside the use of capping agents, the application of magnetic fields could support the local growth of cones on a non-templated planar electrode. This dissertation investigates electrodeposition at conically structured metal layers in external magnetic fields. Depending on the direction and the intensity of the magnetic field, the Lorentz force and the magnetic gradient force can generate electrolyte flow and bring electrolyte enriched with metal ions towards the cone tips. As a result, the local deposition rate is increased and conical growth is promoted. In order to obtain a basic understanding of the magnetic field effects, systematic numerical and theoretical investigations are performed for electrodeposition at mm-sized cones of different materials, shapes and arrangements under different electrochemical and magnetic conditions. If a uniform external magnetic field is oriented parallel to the cone axis, the magnetic gradient force enabled by the magnetization of ferromagnetic cones provides a strong support for conical growth, thereby often dominating over the Lorentz force and the buoyancy force arising from electrode reactions. This supporting effect is only slightly mitigated when neighboring cones are getting closer. The numerical results shown are validated by experimental data for different configurations and deposition parameters. In order to explore the prospects of magnetic fields to enhance the growth of smaller, micro- and nanometer sized conical structures, scaling laws of the local flows driven by the magnetic forces are derived numerically and confirmed analytically for shrinking cone sizes. Although the magnetic gradient force can generate a beneficial flow at ferromagnetic cones, the small flow region and the nearly constant thickness of the concentration boundary layer limit the support of the magnetic field. Enhancements of the structuring effect are observed for pulsed deposition and, despite only moderately, at higher magnetic field intensities. Furthermore, a simplified modeling approach is developed to simulate the growth mechanism of nano-cones with respect to the influence of capping agents. Experimental results of the electrodeposition of Ni cones in magnetic fields obtained by partners in Krakow are analyzed by performing simulations of both the global cell flow and the local flows generated by magnetic fields of different orientations. This two-step approach provides an interpretation of the experimental results, and gives a deeper insight on how the capping agent influences the local growth. Finally, the impact of the hydrogen side reaction on the electrodeposition in magnetic fields is considered. The numerical results indicate that hydrogen bubbles sitting at the cone tips may damp conical growth, while the magnetic-field-driven flow imposes a weak stabilizing force on the bubble.

The objectives of this research work are to investigate, design and implement circularly-polarized antennas to be used for handheld satellite mobile communication and wireless sensor networks. Several antennas such as Quadrifilar Spiral Antennas (QSAs), two arm Square Spiral and stripline or coaxially-fed microstrip patch antennas are developed and tested. These antennas are investigated and discussed to operate at L band (1.61-1.6214GHz) and ISM band (2.4835-2.5GHz) A substantial size reduction was achieved compared to conventional designs by introducing special modifications to the antenna geometries. Most of the antennas are designed to produce circularly-polarized broadside-beam except for wireless sensor network application a circularly-polarized conical-beam is considered. The polarization purity and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of two dual-band antennas for satellite-mobile handsets next to the human head are investigated and discussed, using a hybrid computational method. A small distance between the head and the handset is chosen to highlight the effects of the relatively high-radiated power proposed from this particular antenna. A Genetic Algorithm in cooperation with an electromagnetic simulator has been introduced to provide fast, accurate and reliable solutions for antenna design structures. Circularly-polarized quadrifilar helical antenna handset and two air-dielectric microstrip antennas were studied. The capabilities of GA are shown as an efficient optimisation tool for selecting globally optimal parameters to be used in simulations with an electromagnetic antenna design code, seeking convergence to designated specifications. The results in terms of the antenna size and radiation performance are addressed, and compared to measurements and previously published data.

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<p> Tuned Liquid Dampers (TLDs) are increasingly being used to suppress the dynamic vibration of tall buildings. An equivalent mechanical model is essential for rapid analysis and design of a TLD. The most common TLD tank geometries are circular, annular and rectangular. Rectangular tanks are utilized for 1-D and 2-D TLDs, whereas circular and annular are usually applied to axisymmetric structures. The amount of fluid that participates in the sloshing motion is directly influenced by the tank geometry. Although not commonly used, a TLD having a curved-bottom tank is expected to perform more effectively due to its relatively large value of effective mass. The main objective of this study is to develop mechanical models for seven TLDs with different tank geometries including the curved-bottom case, and to theoretically investigate the performance of rectangular, vertical-cylindrical and horizontal-cylindrical TLDs.</p> <p> Potential flow theory, linear long wave theory, Lagrange's equations and virtual work method are employed to develop the equivalent mechanical model parameters of TLDs with rectangular, vertical-cylindrical, horizontal-cylindrical, hyperboloid, triangular, sloped-bottom, and parabolic tank geometries. A rectangular, vertical-cylindrical and horizontal-cylindrical TLD are selected for further study using a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) model and a two degree of freedom structure-TLD system model applying the derived equivalent mechanical parameters.</p> <p> The dynamic characteristics of the TLDs as a SDOF system are investigated. The mechanical model is verified by comparing calculated values with experimental results for a rectangular TLD. The free surface motion, sloshing force and energy dissipation are found to be dependent upon the excitation amplitude. Analytical results also indicate that the horizontal-cylindrical TLD possesses the greatest normalized sloshing force and energy dissipation among the TLDs considered.</p> <p> The performances of various TLDs installed in a structure are studied in terms of effective damping, efficiency and robustness. Tuning ratio, structural response amplitude, mass ratio and liquid depth are adjusted to investigate their affect on the performance of the studied TLDs. Performance charts are developed and subsequently used to present the results. It is found that small liquid depth ratio and large mass ratio can lead to a robust structure-TLD system with small relative motion ratio between the structure and the vibration absorber. Comparisons of performance between the three TLDs are made and it can be concluded that the horizontal-cylindrical TLD is the most robust and effective device with the smallest relative motion ratio.</p> / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Fast and accurate diagnosis is always in demand by modern medical professionals and in the area of national defense. At present, limitations of testing speed, sample conditions, and levels of precision exist under current technologies, which are usually slow and involve testing the specimen under laboratory conditions. Typically, these methods also involve several biochemical processing steps and subsequent detection of low energy luminescence or electrical changes, all of which reduce the speed of the test as well as limit the precision. In order to solve these problems and improve the sensing performance, this project proposes an innovative CMOS magnetic biological sensor system for rapidly testing the presence of potential pathogens and bioterrorism agents (zoonotic microorganisms) both in specimens and especially in the environment. The sensor uses an electromagnetic detection mechanism to measure changes in the number of microorganisms--tagged by iron nanoparticles--that are placed on the surface of an integrated circuit (IC) chip. Measured magnetic effects are transformed into electronic signals that count the number and type of organisms present. This biosensor introduces a novel design of a conical-shaped inductor, which achieves ultra-accuracy of sensing biological pathogens. The whole system is integrated on a single chip based on the fabrication process of IBM 180 nm (CMOS_IBM_7RF), which makes the sensor small-sized, portable, high speed, and low cost. The results of designing, simulating, and fabricating the sensor are reported in this dissertation. / Ph. D.

No / Solid phase orientation of polymers is one of the most successful routes to enhancement of polymer properties. It unlocks the potential of molecular orientation for the achievement of a range of enhanced physical properties. We provide here an overview of techniques developed in our laboratories for structuring polymers by solid phase orientation processing routes, with a particular focus on die drawing, which have allowed control of significant enhancements of a single property or combinations of properties, including Young's modulus, strength, and density. These have led to notable commercial exploitations, and examples of load bearing low density materials and shape memory materials are discussed.