Objectives: The overall aim was to investigate determinants and consequences of global non-comparative self-ratings of health (SRH). Concerning determinants, the aim was more specifically to investigate the association between age, year of investigation, stress-theory based psychobiological variables, and SRH. Materials and methods: Papers I and IV were based on eight ongoing population-based cohort studies, with sampling performed 1973-2003. The study-population consisted of 11,880 men and women, aged 25-99 years, providing 14,470 observations. Papers II and III were based on a longitudinal study of 212 adult, healthy, women and men. Results: In women, SRH declined linearly with age and year of investigation, after adjustment for influence of covariates, while in men the association was based on a third degree polynomial function. The most important covariates were complaint score, sick-leave or disability pension, and leisure time physical activity. The final model explained 76.2% of the variance in women and 74.5% in men. SRH was directly associated with psychological resources and inversely associated with psychological strain, in healthy, adult, women and men. In men with SRH which decreased to fair or poor, higher levels of prolactin and lower levels of testosterone were observed at follow-up as compared to baseline. There were no associations between endocrine variables and SRH in women. There was a significant inverse association between SRH and mortality, disability pension, and sick-leave during follow-up, in women and men, adjusted for covariates. Associations between SRH and mortality were robust during the follow-up period. Conclusions: Age and year of investigation were associated with SRH, but differently in women and men. Psychological resources and psychological strain were consistently associated with SRH, but there were no robust associations between endocrine measures and SRH. SRH was associated with mortality, disability pension, and sick-leave, during follow-up. The association between SRH and mortality was robust during the follow-up period

No description available.

No description available.

Increased globalisation over the last two decades has led to strong growth of international business activity and FDI. Despite the considerable amount of research that has been undertaken to analyse the determinants and consequences of FDI, Australia represents a country with a substantial share of foreign ownership whose FDI experience has been largely overlooked in terms of a comprehensive economic analysis. Not only has Australia received a large amount of foreign investment so far, it is also competing for more FDI. Invest Australia, Australia’s national inward investment agency, is actively promoting Australia as a location for FDI, claiming that foreign investment has made a major contribution to Australia’s economic growth and living standards of all Australians. Instantly, two key issues arise. Firstly, assuming that FDI has positive effects, what causes the inflow of FDI, i.e. what are the determinants of FDI in Australia? Secondly, given the inflow of FDI, what is its actual effect on the Australian economy, i.e. what are the consequences of FDI in Australia? / In order to analyse those questions, new and previously unused data on FDI inflows in Australia were explored by applying time-series and panel-data analysis. The time period ranges from 1981 to 2002, with differing coverage for the individual samples. A further contribution of the thesis is the search for new FDI data, bringing together and analysing datasets provided by the ABS and other statistical agencies (from the US, the UK, Japan and Germany). A detailed description of Australian FDI data was given to gain a better understanding of the Australian FDI experience and because no such comprehensive summary has been available. / The first part of the analysis focused on the determinants of FDI. Determinants of FDI according to different theoretical models were discussed and tested using five types of datasets: aggregate quarterly data, country-specific annual data, industry-specific annual data, country- and industry-specific data (from the US, the UK, Japan and Germany and US) and US form-specific data. Australian FDI inflows were found to be driven by economic growth and market size, wages and labour supply (though the signs varied across models), trade and openness (though customs duties encouraged Japanese industry-specific FDI), interest rates, exchange rate appreciation, inflation rate (which had a unexpected positive effect) and the investing country’s overall FDI outflows. Corporate tax rates were only significant in the quarterly FDI model, but they had an unpredicted positive sign. Australian FDI was driven by longer term considerations and its determinants could not be fully explained by any single theory, but a variety of theoretical models. Furthermore investment decisions depend on factors such as investment origin, the industry in which the investment takes place and the form of the investment, making aggregation difficult. / The second part of the analysis focused on consequences of FDI. Consequences of FDI according to different theoretical models were discussed and tested using two types of datasets: aggregate quarterly data and industry-specific annual data. FDI inflows had positive effects on economic growth and domestic investment, supporting the Australian government’s view that FDI is a favourable source of capital. However, the claim that FDI is favourable for Australia’s balance of payments position could not be supported by this analysis. FDI led to a reduction in export growth and no direct effect on import growth, though the effect of FDI on GDP growth led to increased import growth. Furthermore, industry-specific FDI in Australia had significant effects on employment growth (negative) and labour productivity growth (positive), while FDI growth had significant effects on real wage growth (negative) and industry concentration (positive). However, effects may differ depending on the FDI form, and Australia should focus more on attracting beneficial FDI (such as export-oriented or import-substituting FDI) rather than FDI in general.

This thesis reviews the housing-related implications of separation and divorce for women. It arges that the housing circumstances must be placed within a broader perspective of the social and economic consequences and ideological environment surrounding divorce. In the same way, operation of the housing system must be placed within a wider context, particularly in relation to the degree of change in its operational environment within the last 20 years. The thesis finds that the circumstances surrounding leaving a marriage are personally traumatic, and lead to a period of economic, housing and personal crisis. Over time, although the tendency is for establishment of re-equlibrium, considerable disadvantages prevail for women. The quickest method of establishing re-equilibrium for women is to repartner.

The exponential growth of the human population has contributed to the overuse and degradation of common pool resources. Using science as a tool for informed policy-making can improve the management of our common pool resources. Understanding the conditions that influence groups of individuals to make ethical self-controlled choices may help solve problems related to the overuse and degradation of common pool resources. Ethical self-control involves the conflict of choice between one that will benefit the individual versus one that will benefit the group. The cumulative effect of many individuals behaving in an ethically self-controlled manner with common resource use may offset some of the harm posed by overuse of common pool resources. Metacontingency arrangements involving ethical self-control may provide some insight as to if and how groups may cooperate to manage a common pool resource. This manuscript proposes an experimental preparation and methodology to evaluate the effects of competing magnitudes of cultural consequences on culturants and their cumulative effect on common pool resources; and provides an analysis and discussion of five trends that might result from such a line of research.

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Att agera visselblåsare innebär att säga ifrån när det etiska klimatet brister på arbetsplatsen. Det har visat sig att det finns ett flertal faktorer som har en inverkan på beslutet att ”blåsa i visslan”. Att vara en visselblåsande sjuksköterska innebär att hen observerar en händelse som kräver ett aktivt val; att rapportera eller att inte rapportera, och oavsett vilket beslut som tas kommer konsekvenser att följa. En litteraturstudie genomfördes med syftet att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av visselblåsning. Resultatet baserades på elva vetenskapliga artiklar. Artiklarnas resultat analyserades och utmynnade i tre kategorier: orsaker till visselblåsning, orsaker att avstå visselblåsning och konsekvenser av visselblåsning. Resultatet påvisar att sjuksköterskor i stor utsträckning har observerat en händelse som på något sätt har äventyrat patientsäkerheten. En orsak till visselblåsning kan vara oro för bristande patientsäkerhet. Ett stressigt arbetsklimat och rädslan för negativa påföljder kan vara orsaker att avstå visselblåsning. Konsekvenser av visselblåsning kan innefatta ångest, livsstilsförändringar och utanförskap på arbetsplatsen. Konklusionen av litteraturstudien är att sjuksköterskor har både positiva och negativa erfarenheter av visselblåsning samt att det finns ett flertal faktorer som påverkar beslutet att visselblåsa eller att avstå visselblåsning. Etiska dilemman förekommer i vården och det är av värde att diskutera detta samt stödja sjuksköterskor i sin profession. Av intresse, bör framtida forskning utforska hur hälso- och sjukvården betraktar visselblåsning, samt även belysa de positiva aspekterna. / To act whistleblower means to speak up when the ethical climate is absent in the workplace. It has been found that there are several factors which have an effect on the decision to ”blow the whistle”. Being a nurse that decides to blow the whistle means that the individual observes an incident that requires an active choice; to report or not to report, and no matter which decision is made, consequences will follow. A literature study was conducted with the aim to highlight nurses experiences of whistleblowing. The result was based on eleven scientific articles. The articles results were analysed and sorted into three categories; reasons for whistleblowing, reasons to abstain whistleblowing and consequences of whistleblowing. The results shows that nurses have observed an event that somehow have compromised patient-safety to a large extent. Reasons for whistleblowing may be concerns for inadequate patient care. A stressful work environment and the fear of adverse consequences could be reasons to abstain whistleblowing. These negative effects can include anxiety, lifestyle changes and alienation in the workplace. The conclusion from this studie shows that nurses have both positive and negative experiences of whistleblowing, and that there are several factors that influence the decision to ”blow the whistle”, or to abstain whistleblowing. Ethical dilemmas occur in health care and it is valuable to discuss this and support nurses in their profession. Of interest, future research should explore how organisations in health care looks upon whistleblowing, and also highlight the positive aspects.

In my disertation I'm going to focus mainly in divorce consequences on children, children's psychological condition and their future lives. Part of this disertation is also literary recherche which is focused on family, divorce and divorce consequences. Theoretical part is also drafter like that. We will also deal with family in historical context because we can find some connections with present in which divorces are becomming more and more common. Besides history we will deal with family functions and arrangings. In divorce part we will focus on different kinds of divorces. Chapter about after divorce child care is also included. The last chapter is focused on directly on consequences of a divorce. We are dealing with kids' psychological condition and life attitude. Practical part is focused on qualitative research done by in-dept interview. Participants were kids attending secondary school and adults whose parents went through divorce when they were attending secondary school and they are looking back to those events.

Through a renewed emphasis on individual entrepreneurial freedoms, neoliberalism promises an economy liberated from government regulation in which restraints on capital accumulation are lifted and the subsequent financial benefits trickle down to all segments of society. However benign this rhetoric sounds, neoliberalization has primarily succeeded in securing wealth for capitalist elites through a collusion of state, corporate, and military players and through the manufacturing of dissent through the rhetoric of freedom. Hong Kong is a unique site in which to study the effects of neoliberalism because of its geopolitical position between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the West. As a British colony, Hong Kong was a site of capital extraction by the British Empire as well as a hub for Chinese capitalists and overseas merchants looking to avoid the turmoil on the Chinese mainland. Now, as China's Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong is more susceptible to China's authoritarian brand of neoliberalism, which instead demands consent through manipulation and coercion. The intensification of neoliberalization in Hong Kong following the 1997 transition to the PRC and the East Asian Financial Crisis that same year has been accompanied by an increased burden placed on the city's most vulnerable individuals. Cinema has responded to this intensification with recognition of and response to local and global economic uncertainty as witnessed in the city itself. This study focuses on film narratives and character action within hyper-capitalist urban space to answer the question of how urban cinema contributes to cultural dialogue on the human cost of neoliberalization. Specific areas of film research central to this study include the relationship between the city and cinema and the cinematic qualities of experiencing modern life, contemporary Hong Kong urban cinema, and questions of transnationalism and identity formation in postcolonial Hong Kong. The methodology is a combination of textual analysis and genre theory. The textual analysis is informed not only by historical and cultural details, but also by firsthand observations of Hong Kong, while genre theory is utilized because the selected films are hybridized texts that borrow from different film genres in addressing the impact of neoliberalization from multiple points of view simultaneously. For the purpose of this study, six films, made between 1998 and 2011, were selected that respond to diverse issues currently affecting Hong Kong and its people in the era of global capitalism. The Longest Summer (1998, dir. Fruit Chan) addresses the devaluation of labor and proletarianization. The Way We Are (2008, dir. Ann Hui) problematizes social polarization and the center/periphery disparity that dehumanizes individuals by defining them solely as surplus labor. Election and Election 2 (2005, 2006, dir. Johnnie To) examine the relationship between the PRC's authoritarian neoliberalism and Hong Kong Triad societies. The two additional films respond to the impact of the 2008 Global Economic Recession on an already volatile Hong Kong economy. Dream Home (2010, dir. Pang Ho-Cheung) reveals the absurdities of Hong Kong's cutthroat housing market through graphic violence and a revenge narrative set immediately prior to the 2008 crisis. Finally, Life Without Principle (2011, dir. Johnnie To) reveals the dangers to ordinary citizens of reckless and unchecked financial speculation as it applies to mortgages, loans, and investments. Neoliberalism is the logic of global capital, so although these films are set in and relate to Hong Kong, they have implications for the implementation of neoliberalism everywhere and are thus valuable as cross-cultural dialogue on human livelihood. Specifically, the films reveal a Hong Kong that is oppressive whether it is present in or absent from the frame. Yet, this oppression does not preclude meaningful human action that counters the dehumanization inherent in neoliberalization with narratives of survival and individual reconciliation with the forces of global capital.