<p>This thesis explores the field of dollarisation as a macroeconomic instrument to increase domestic and foreign investments. The dollarisation is a pressing issue, especially for countries suffering from high inflation rate and decreasing purchasing power of their national currency. The aim of the study is to investigate whether the dollarisation in Ecuador has had any effects on domestic and foreign investment. The frame of references consists of two parts. In the first part, we present a introduction to the dollarisation concept, the origins and the effects of the implementation. The second part concerns domesticand foreign investment. The determinant factors of expected profitability are presented herein which constitutes our main tool for analysis.</p>

Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) are typically assumed to be beneficial to employees and organizations. However, research has recently questioned this assumption. This study seeks to identify when OCBs are related to various strains and are detrimental to the employee or the organization. Specifically, using a stressor-strain model, it is hypothesized that in general, OCBs will be related to work effort; however, when employees feel pressured to perform OCBs, and thereby feel less control, OCBs will be more related to various strains. The hypotheses were partially supported: under all conditions, OCBs were related to effort, but under conditions of feeling forced, OCBs were more related to job dissatisfaction and counterproductive work behaviors. The latter portion was only found when OCBs were rated by a co-worker, suggesting that this effect may only hold for OCBs that are more visible, thus likely to be noticed by a co-worker. This further contributes to the growing literature that finds OCBs may have a dark side.

Gyventojų senėjimas yra laikomas svarbiu žmonijos laimėjimu. Nors, gyventojų senėjimas yra sveikintinas reiškinys, tuo pat metu jis yra ir sudėtingas, sukeliantis įvairių socialinių ir ekonominių pasekmių. Lietuvoje gyventojų amžiaus ilgėjimas fiksuotas kartu su gimstamumo mažėjimu, praeitame dešimtmetyje. Šie pokyčiai lėmė pagyvenusių žmonių dalies didėjimą, t.y. visuomenės demografinį senėjimą. Dėl ko, būtina peržiūrėti ir naujiems poreikiams pritaikyti turimus visuomenės išteklius, pirmiausia – ekonomikos ir socialinio saugumo. Siekiant sureguliuoti socialinę situaciją pasitelkiamas mokslas (atliekami demografiniai tyrimai), rengiamos socialinės ir ekonominės raidos prognozės, gyventojų senėjimo pasekmių įveikimo strategijos ir pan. Pagal Statistikos departamento paskelbtus išankstinius duomenis 2004 m. pradžioje Lietuvoje gyveno 246,9 tūkst. gyventojų mažiau, negu 2001-iųjų pradžioje (2004 m. – 3445,7 tūkst. gyventojų, 2001 m. 3692,6 tūkst.). Mažėjant gyventojų skaičiui (dėl mažo gimstamumo ir migracijos) ir keičiantis gyventojų amžiaus struktūroms iškyla naujų socialinių ir ekonominių problemų. Pirmiausia, didėja ekonomine našta darbingiems gyventojams. Darbe nagrinėjami Lietuvos demografiniai procesai (gimstamumas, vidutinio gyvenimo trukmė, migracija), socialinė statistika (gyventojų surašymo duomenys) ir raida, aptariamas gyventojų senėjimo pobūdis ir tendencijos, senstančių visuomenų problemos, analizuojama gyventojų senėjimo ir socialinių ekonominių procesų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Ageing is considered to be one of the most important achievements of the manhind. Though, it is a very positive phenomenon, it is a very complex phenomenom too.It arises not one economical & social outcome. We marked the increase of the eldery at the same time when we stated the decrese of the newly born in Lithuania in the last decade. The changes determined the growing number of the eldery – it means it marked demographical ageing of the society. For this very reason we have to reconsider and adjust to the new needs our social resources mainly economical & social guarantees. Trying to regulate the social situation scientific research is being applied. ( demographical researh), Special social & economical development forecasts are being made, overcoming negative aspects of ageing, making strategies for thet & so on…According to the advanced data of the Department of the Statistics, there were 249,9 thousand inhabitants less than at the beginning of 2001.All this is because of decresing number of newborns. Due to the decrese of inhabitants and due to the changes in age structures, new social and ecinomical problems arise. The major problem is that the burden sits on employable people. Items being approached are : demographical aspects in LT , social statistics, migration, tendences due to age changes as well as goals and tasks of National Strategy.

World-wide it is estimated that workers suffer 250 million accidents every year, with 330 000 fatalities. In South a c a , the fatality rate is 426 per annum. Sishen mine also experienced safety problems, namely a high injury rate, an average of one fatality per annum, and 85% of injuries being caused by risk behaviour. Furthermore, the safety culture at the mine was moderate. A proper safety management system requires continual attention to three domains, namely the environment (equipment, tools and housekeeping), the person (knowledge, skills, abilities, intelligence and personality), and behaviour. Sishen mine previously concentrated on the domains of environment and person, and virtually ignored safety behaviour. To correct this, Sishen mine adapted a behaviour based safety intervention programme. The aims of this research were to determine drivers that motivate safety and risk behaviour, to identify critical factors for the successful implementation of such a programme, and to determine if the safety culture and performance were affected by the implementation of a behaviour based safety intervention programme. A single-group non-experimental design was used. Questionnaires were used to conduct non-experimental surveys. The questionnaires addressed certain safety culture dimensions. A longitudinal survey was carried out before and after implementation of the behaviour based safety intervention programme. The results showed that the safety culture at the mine improved since implementation of the intervention programme. Management support for safety improved by 6%, peer support for safety by 13%, personal responsibility for safety by 7%, management systems by 6%, and employees actively caring for safety, by 3%. The improvement in safety culture also positively impacted on the injury rate at Sishen mine. Results indicated the following factors as being critical for a successful behaviour based safety implementation (in order of importance): participation, structured implementation, training, readiness for such a programme, communication, observation and feedback, target critical behaviours, flexibility, effective intervention actions, and data management. The study identified issues and challenges which must be dealt with, especially those applicable in developing countries like South Africa, with unique circumstances such as social and political diversity. The conclusion was that safety behaviour is mainly d i e d by activators, and motivated by consequences. The ABC model was identified as an important tool to analyse the drivers for safety behaviour in an effort to develop effective intervention actions. It is recommended that companies shift their focus from traditional safety approaches to the human dimension of safety. Thus, it is recommended that the behaviour based safety model must be applied by companies in order to focus on behaviour. Secondly, it is recommended that factors that are critical for a successful implementation must be identified and ranked in order of importance. The attention which is paid to each critical factor should then be related to its relative importance. It is also recommended that activators and consequences must be regarded as important drivers for safety behaviour when intervention actions are to be developed, and that the ABC technique should be applied in practice to analyse the appropriateness of the intervention actions. By way of conclusion, recommendations for future research are made. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Šiame darbe analizuojamas kaltės formos nustatymas Lietuvos Respublikos teismuose esant panašioms nusikalstamų veikų aplinkybėms, tačiau kilus skirtingiems padariniams bylose žmogaus gyvybei ir sveikatai. Darbe analizuojami kaltės turinio kriterijai, kuriais remiantis yra nustatoma kaltės forma ir rūšis. Taipogi darbe bandoma ištirti kokie turėtų būti universalūs bei objektyvūs kaltės turinio kriterijai, kuriais remiantis būtų galima nešališkai ir objektyviai nustatyti tikslią kaltės formą bylose žmogaus gyvybei ir sveikatai. Galiausiai bandoma išsiaiškinti, ar nusikalstamos veikos padariniai neįtakoja kaltės formos nustatymo. Pirmoje dalyje analizuojami ir nustatomi kaltės turinio kriterijai, kurie lemia kaltės formos nustatymą. Antroje dalyje analizuojama Lietuvos Respublikos teismų praktika siekiant nustatyti kokią reikšmę šie kriterijai turi nustatant kaltės formą bylose žmogaus gyvybei ir sveikatai, taip pat aiškinamasi, ar nusikalstamos veikos padariniai neįtakoja kaltės formos nustatymo. / This work analyzes the determination of culpability of the Republic of Lithuania courts in similar circumstances of the offenses, but in case of different consequences of the offense in cases of human life and health. The work analyzes the criterions of the fault content, which determines fault’s form and type. Also, the work attempts to explore what criterions of the fault content should be universal and objective, which impartially and objectively would allow determining the exact form of fault in human life and health cases. Finally, there is an attempt to find out whether the consequences of the offense do not affect the form of the determination of fault. Culpability in matters of human life and health recently raises a number of debates not only on the academic level, but also in the courts of the Republic of Lithuania, since the determination of culpability is very important in criminal law for the legal process. Incorrect determination of culpability adversely affects not only the fate of the accused, but the whole society, as society is interested that the criminals would be respectively punished and would respect society’s protected values such as human health or life. Thus if the fault is determined incorrectly, then it will not pursue justice. Eventually, legislature formed harsh penalties for the offenses that are committed with intent, as a deliberate offense is always regarded as more dangerous and more serious than negligent homicide. A person who acts... [to full text]

The aim of the study was to gain a deeper understanding of the expectations that assistant nurses in the elderly care have on unit manager's leadership and the consequences if the expectations are not met. To answer the purpose of this paper a qualitative research was conducted with interviews with six assistant nurses in municipal elderly care. To analyze the empirical material communication were used as a theoretical concept. Communication includes codes, signals and messages to be interpreted by the parties in a conversation and they can be both verbal and nonverbal. This means that communication is complicated and can cause confusion if it is interpreted wrong. Both literature and the results of the interviews showed that the director has a lot of expectations on him- or herself. What among other things emerged was that the manager should be involved in employees' work, he should be knowledgeable about the organization and be able to give confidence to the families and this by including external characteristics argued the interviewees. Another important part of the result was that the manager should support staff, providing them with appreciation as this makes them feel good and do more at work. The consequence of the result showed a reduced commitment when expectations are not met. The decreased involvement came partly from the unit manager being in a terminal position, among other things, employees do not bring their ideas to the manager's because he do not introduce them without first asking his director for "permission". The second consequence was crap talk. Crap talk turned out to poison the workplace if among other things, conflicts were not handled or if the employees received too little information. / Syftet med studien var att få en fördjupad förståelse för de förväntningar som undersköterskorna i äldreomsorgen har på enhetschefernas ledarskap samt vilka konsekvenserna blir om förväntningarna inte uppfylls. För att besvara syftet genomfördes en kvalitativ studie. Det empiriska materialet består av intervjuer gjorda med sex undersköterskor inom den kommunala äldreomsorgen. För att analysera det empiriska materialet användes kommunikation som teoretiskt begrepp. Kommunikation innefattar koder, signaler och budskap som ska tolkas av parterna i ett samtal och dessa visar sig både verbalt och ickeverbalt. Detta gör att kommunikation är komplicerat och kan leda till missförstånd om det tolkas fel. Både litteraturen och resultaten från intervjuerna visade att chefen har en hel del förväntningar på sig. Det som bland annat framkom var att chefen ska vara engagerad i medarbetarnas arbete, denne ska vara kunnig om organisationen och kunna inge förtroende både till medarbetarna och till de anhöriga. En annan viktig del i resultatet var att chefen ska stödja personalen, ge dem uppskattning då detta gör att de mår bra och gör mer på arbetet. De konsekvenser som följer om förväntningarna inte uppfylls var ett minskat engagemang. Det minskade engagemanget kom bland annat från att chefen befinner sig i en klämposition som till viss del innebär att medarbetarna inte kommer med sina idéer till chefen då denne inte inför dem utan att först fråga verksamhetschefen om ”lov”. Den andra konsekvensen var skitsnack. Skitsnacket visade sig kunna förpesta en hel arbetsplats om bland annat konflikter inte hanterades eller om medarbetarna fått för lite information.

World-wide it is estimated that workers suffer 250 million accidents every year, with 330 000 fatalities. In South a c a , the fatality rate is 426 per annum. Sishen mine also experienced safety problems, namely a high injury rate, an average of one fatality per annum, and 85% of injuries being caused by risk behaviour. Furthermore, the safety culture at the mine was moderate. A proper safety management system requires continual attention to three domains, namely the environment (equipment, tools and housekeeping), the person (knowledge, skills, abilities, intelligence and personality), and behaviour. Sishen mine previously concentrated on the domains of environment and person, and virtually ignored safety behaviour. To correct this, Sishen mine adapted a behaviour based safety intervention programme. The aims of this research were to determine drivers that motivate safety and risk behaviour, to identify critical factors for the successful implementation of such a programme, and to determine if the safety culture and performance were affected by the implementation of a behaviour based safety intervention programme. A single-group non-experimental design was used. Questionnaires were used to conduct non-experimental surveys. The questionnaires addressed certain safety culture dimensions. A longitudinal survey was carried out before and after implementation of the behaviour based safety intervention programme. The results showed that the safety culture at the mine improved since implementation of the intervention programme. Management support for safety improved by 6%, peer support for safety by 13%, personal responsibility for safety by 7%, management systems by 6%, and employees actively caring for safety, by 3%. The improvement in safety culture also positively impacted on the injury rate at Sishen mine. Results indicated the following factors as being critical for a successful behaviour based safety implementation (in order of importance): participation, structured implementation, training, readiness for such a programme, communication, observation and feedback, target critical behaviours, flexibility, effective intervention actions, and data management. The study identified issues and challenges which must be dealt with, especially those applicable in developing countries like South Africa, with unique circumstances such as social and political diversity. The conclusion was that safety behaviour is mainly d i e d by activators, and motivated by consequences. The ABC model was identified as an important tool to analyse the drivers for safety behaviour in an effort to develop effective intervention actions. It is recommended that companies shift their focus from traditional safety approaches to the human dimension of safety. Thus, it is recommended that the behaviour based safety model must be applied by companies in order to focus on behaviour. Secondly, it is recommended that factors that are critical for a successful implementation must be identified and ranked in order of importance. The attention which is paid to each critical factor should then be related to its relative importance. It is also recommended that activators and consequences must be regarded as important drivers for safety behaviour when intervention actions are to be developed, and that the ABC technique should be applied in practice to analyse the appropriateness of the intervention actions. By way of conclusion, recommendations for future research are made. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Bakgrund: En god munhälsa spelar en viktig roll för de äldres livskvalitet ochvälbefinnande. Munhälsan påverkar hur individen talar och äter, men den är även viktig förindividens självkänsla. Det är därför viktigt att vårdpersonalen i det dagliga arbetetintegrerar munvård i omvårdnadsrutiner för de äldre. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var attbeskriva konsekvenser av en dålig munhälsa hos äldre personer för att öka kunskapen hossjuksköterskor och övrig vårdpersonal. Metod: Studien består av en litteraturöversikt, därnio vetenskapliga artiklar med kvantitativ ansats har analyserats. Resultat: Analysen avartiklarna resulterade i ett övergripande tema och tre kategorier. Det övergripande temat är:Munhälsans påverkan av hälsa. De tre kategorierna är: Risken att drabbas av undernäring,riskerna att drabbas av hjärt- och kärlsjukdom och risken att drabbas av respiratorisksjukdom. Resultatet visar att en dålig munhälsa som leder till parodontit ökar riskerna för attutveckla följdsjukdomar som exempelvis hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar eller lunginflammation.Konklusion: En bättre samt utökad information och utbildning till personal som vårdaräldre är nödvändig, så att kunskapen kring hur en god munvård förbättras. Det krävs ävenmer forskning inom området, då munhälsan är en viktig del av människans välbefinnande. / Background: A good oral health play an important roll in older people´s quality of life andwellbeing. Oral health affects how the individual speaks and eats, it is also important for theindividual´s self-esteem. It is therefore important that the caregivers involve a good oralhealth in nursing practice for elderly. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe theconsequences of a poor oral health in elderly people to increase knowledge among nursesand other health professionals Method: This study was a literature based study, in witchnine quantitative articles was analyzed. Results: The analysis of the articles resulted in across-cutting theme and three categories. The overarching theme is: The risks of poor oralhealth. The three categories are: The risk of malnutrition, the risk of suffering fromcardiovascular disease and the risk of respiratory illness. The results show that poor oralhealth that leads to periodontal disease increases the risks of developing complications suchas cardiovascular disease or pneumonia. Conclusion: An improved and expandedinformation and education to personnel treating the elderly is necessary so that theknowledge about good dental care is improved. It also requires more research in this area,since oral health is an important part of human well-being.

Recent studies document that covenant violations intensify the conflicts of interest between lenders and borrowers, and lead to greater restrictions on borrowing firms’ financing and investment activities (Chava and Roberts, 2008; Roberts and Sufi, 2009b). Motivated by this literature, I investigate whether accounting conservatism, specifically conditional conservatism, mitigates the adverse consequences of debt covenant violations. I argue that conservative reporting can potentially ameliorate the conflicts of interest between lenders and borrowers. Therefore, I predict that accounting conservatism reduces the adverse impact of covenant violations on borrowers’ financing and investing activities and exhibits a positive association with operating and stock market performance after covenant violations. I obtain a sample of 312 violating and 5,327 non-violating firm-quarters observations from U.S. non-financial public firms during the period of 1998 – 2007 to test my hypotheses. Using three measures of conditional conservatism and a composite measure of the three individual measures, I find that the degree of increase in borrowing firms’ conservative reporting between loan initiation and covenant violation is associated with smaller reductions in firms’ financing and investing activities in the post-violation period. Furthermore, my analyses provide some evidence that firms that increase conservative reporting exhibit better stock market performance, implying that conservative reporting is beneficial for shareholders after covenant violations. I find no evidence that increased accounting conservatism affects operating performance after covenant violations. My results continue to hold after controlling for pre-contracting unconditional and conditional conservatism. Overall, my dissertation provides evidence that conservative accounting practices followed by borrowing firms ease the adverse consequences of debt covenant violations. My dissertation contributes to the emerging literature on the effects of accounting quality on re-contracting outcomes after covenant violations.

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。