The Constitution, being the Supreme Law of the Peruvian legal system, irradiates its normative force towards all the legal fields. For its part, Commercial Law is an area based on privatea utonomy; however, in our legal system a zone free of constitutional control does not exist.In this article, the author conducts a remarkable analysis about the constitutionalization of Commercial Law, making reference to the Constitutional Court’s jurisprudence which, applying fundamental principles  and  rights,  has had an effect on the application of the commercial laws in our country. / La Constitución, al ser la Norma Suprema del sistema jurídico peruano, irradia su fuerza normativaa todos los ámbitos del Derecho. Por su parte, elDerecho Mercantil es una rama que se basa en laautonomía privada; sin embargo, en nuestro orde-namiento no existe zona que esté exenta de controlconstitucional.En este artículo, el autor realiza un notable análisis acerca de la constitucionalización del Derecho Mercantil, haciendo un recorrido por la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional que, aplicando principios y derechos fundamentales, ha influido en la aplicación de las normas mercantiles en nuestro país.

This thesis is focused on consumer protection in the European Union with a special emphasis on online shopping. The first section defines the term 'consumer protection', its development, institutional support, instruments and financing. Also, this part describes the digital market of the European Union, hindrances to the growth of online shopping as well as strategies which are created in order to form a digital single market in the European Union. The second section focuses on protection of personal data, alternative dispute resolutions, current legislation regarding consumers rights on internet and new proposals from the European Commission. The new proposals dominate the second part of this thesis and are discussed with an expert. A survey has been conducted to find out more about the Czech experience with problem solving when shopping online. Moreover, this thesis does not leave out court orders from the European Union´s Court of Justice which have led to the uniform application and interpretation of the consumer protection in the European Union.

The thesis analyses legal environment of the financial services market in relation with business practice of retail financial products distribution in Czech republic. It describes current legislation and instruments of regulation of the distributional activities both on national and supra-national (european) level. Furthermore, it introduces the development of regulation in light of identified weaknesses of legislation, leading to specific recommendations and measures ensuring vast consumer protection and fixing the level-playing-field in distribution throughout various sectors of financial markets and their layovers. The conclusions are based on author´s theoretical studies of economic and legal context and private business practice.

The thesis provides an overview of consumer protection in the financial markets in the Czech Republic. The focus is on the legislative system of client protection in commercial banking, which includes consumer credit, protecting consumer deposits and system of payments. Furthermore, this thesis deals with capital markets, focusing on consumer protection resulting from the implementation of MiFID in the legal system of the Czech Republic. The last segment of the financial markets defined in this thesis is the insurance industry. Each area of consumer protection is complemented by illustrations of current cases and includes an evaluation of the effectiveness of certain legal measures and revealing the weaknesses in each segment. Beyond the legislative framework are also described activities in the area of consumer protection by major institutions, in particular the activities of the Ministry of Finance of the Czech Republic, Czech Financial Arbitrator, Deposit Insurance Fund and the Guarantee Fund. To add to the comprehensiveness of the overview of consumer protection in the financial markets, additional protective measures were included (Institute of debt relief, distraint of debtor, protection of personal data of clients of financial institutions).

The topic of this diploma thesis is the Consumer protection in the food supplements area. The work has been devided into three parts. The first part is devoted to the overview about categorization of the products with the impact on health. This part of this work also includes the elementary terms, which are: food, food supplements, medicinal products, cosmetics products and medical devices. The second chapter is devoted to the matter of food supplements as such. The third chapter deals with the terms health and nutrition claims. The last chapter includes the survey between the consumers of the food suplements and also the survey between the pharmacies.

The thesis deals with the issue of excessive debt of households. In the first part the analysis of development of indebtedness of households was made and it was found out, that consumer loans are the most risky. Consumer loans are associated with the highest ratio of defaulting loans and are the leading cause of bankruptcies of individuals in the Czech Republic. The following chapter analyzes institutional environment of credit market and detects current weaknesses. These weaknesses consist in insufficient oversight of nonbank provider of consumer loans, absence of upper limit of annual percentage rate for consumer credit and credit availability to risk groups of households. Another cause of overindebtedness of households is insufficient financial literacy in Czech Republic. The reduced consumption has been identified as the most significant impact of overindebtedness of households. It is caused by transferring funds from households with a higher propensity to consume to households with a lower propensity to consume. Lower household consumption leads also to lower government revenue collected through the value added tax. Another economic impact we can see for example in increasing poverty of households, increasing criminality, higher government spending on health care or potential political radicalization. The thesis results are proposals of legislative measures that would mitigate the economic impact of overindebtedness of households. These measures lie primarily in the regulation of consumer credit market and greater consumer protection. The specific options are an extension of supervision by the Czech National Bank on nonbank providers of consumer loans, determining the upper limit of annual percentage rate, more thorough application of the legal obligation to examine the ability of borrowers to repay loans. Another option is to reduce the limit of 30 % of paid-up commitments in insolvency law.

The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the application of the common law rule prohibiting unilateral price determination in contracts of sale governed by the Consumer Protection Act. The unilateral determination of price has been a controversial issue for an extended period of time. This controversy is traced back to Roman law where different translations and interpretations are given to the texts dealing with the unilateral determination of price in a contract of sale. The majority of the Roman-Dutch writers preferred the view that regarded a contract granting a discretion to one of the parties to determine the price as void. Subsequently, this view was incorporated into South African law. During the 1990s the Supreme Court of Appeal questioned whether the rule should still form part of South African law. An overview of the case law indicates that the courts have been prepared to allow contractual price discretions provided such discretions refer to an objective external standard or reasonableness. There are also indications that the courts would imply that the discretion should be exercised reasonably, except in the case of clearly unfettered discretions. Recently, the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 ("the CPA") has made substantial amendments to the law of sale in respect of contracts governed by the CPA. The dissertation investigates the influence of the CPA on the rule governing unilateral price determinations in such sales. It also investigates the consumer's fundamental rights to disclosure of information and fair, just and reasonable terms and conditions. Legal uncertainties and issues arising from the provisions of the CPA are identified. Finally, a comparative study with English law is undertaken which provides a comparative basis from which possible solutions are extracted and proposals made to address the uncertainties and issues emanating from the CPA. Copyright / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Mercantile Law / unrestricted

This paper emphasizes the role of Andean Tribunal of Justice, however disagrees with criteria used to recognize administrative entities such as «national judge» or «Andean judge». If we apply the Tribunal criteria, several administrators of justice in Intellectual Property will be exempt of collaborating with Andean integration. / El presente documento enfatiza el rol del Tribunal de Justicia de la Comunidad Andina pero discrepa de los criterios establecidos para reconocer a las entidades administrativas como «juez nacional» o «juez andino». Si se sigue el criterio del Tribunal, diversos administradores de justicia en propiedad intelectual se considerarán exonerados de colaborar con la integración andina.

El presente expediente versa en torno a la importancia que tiene la emisión de información oportuna de los ingredientes de aquellos productos que circulan en el mercado local, ya sean productos como galletas, cervezas o gaseosas por citar algunos ejemplos, es importante emitir información que detalle qué contienen estos productos, obligación que le corresponde a las empresas que distribuyen tales insumos, todo ello con la finalidad de informar debidamente a los consumidores respecto a qué producto están consumiendo. Ante tal afirmación, cabe preguntarse si es necesario mencionar de manera genérica estos ingredientes o si es indispensable llegar a la especificidad de estos contenidos. Es así como, se presenta a lo largo del trabajo en cuestión una problemática de este tipo, así, centrándonos ya en su desarrollo se tiene a la Asociación Peruana de Consumidores – ASPEC, la cual denuncia a Embotelladora Rivera S.A. por presuntamente omitir información relevante respecto a las características del producto que la mencionada empresa comercializa, esto es: La Gaseosa Triple Kola, considerando particularmente sus tipos de acidulantes, preservantes y colorantes, teniendo en cuenta respecto a este último, su nivel de Tartrazina. De esta manera, se evocan aspectos legales que refieren a la información, salud y seguridad de los usuarios, desarrollando argumentos que sostienen una eventual infracción a la Ley de Protección al Consumidor, en cuanto a la vulneración del derecho de información de los consumidores, así como de las medidas correctivas que se puedan determinar, teniendo en cuenta la gradualidad de la sanción impuesta eventualmente y el deber de diligencia que pueda llegar a tener el consumidor en el mercado. / Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

Mediante el expediente materia de análisis se darán a conocer los fundamentos de hecho y de derecho de la denuncia iniciada por la Señora Manuela Iliria Fernández Rubio contra Viajes Falabella S.A.C. por presunta vulneración al deber de idoneidad e información establecidos en el artículo 1° literal b); 2° y 18° respectivamente, de la Ley N° 29571 Código de Protección y Defensa del Consumidor, asimismo, se precisarán a detalle los actos procedimentales correspondientes a la vía administrativa en la cual se encuentra inmersa, y se darán a conocer las decisiones tomadas por las autoridades administrativas en primera y segunda instancia, y el sustento de las mismas. Finalmente, se extraerá del presente expediente la materia controvertida, la misma que será analizada a través de la doctrina avocada a la responsabilidad administrativa del proveedor y al deber de información previos y durante la contratación. / The factual and legal grounds of the complaint filed by Mrs. Manuela Iliria Fernández Rubio against Viajes Falabella S.A.C. for alleged violation of the duty of suitability and information established in article 1, literal b); 2 ° and 18 ° respectively, of Law No. 29571 Consumer Protection and Defense Code, likewise, the procedural acts corresponding to the administrative route in which it is immersed will be specified in detail, and the decisions taken will be made known by the administrative authorities in the first and second instance, and their support. Finally, the controversial matter will be extracted from the present file, which will be analyzed through the doctrine devoted to the administrative responsibility of the supplier and the duty of information prior to and during the contracting. / Trabajo de suficiencia profesional