La langue française ne possède que deux genres: le masculin et le féminin. Grammaticalement, le genre masculin l’emporte sur le féminin, par exemple en accordantles adjectifs en genre et en nombre. L’écriture inclusive vise à neutraliser la langue pour la rendre non discriminante envers les femmes mais aussi envers les personnes non binaires. Le langage inclusif suscite des débats importants en France depuis la formation d’une commission de terminologie en 1984, chargée de la féminisation des noms de métiers et de titres. En 2017, le premier manuel scolaire rédigé en écriture inclusive est publié enflammant cette question rendue publique. Par cette étude, nous avons l’intention de comprendre dans quelle mesure le débat dans la presse sur l’écriture inclusive est construit sur les mêmes arguments que ceux développés par les chercheurs dans ce domaine. Dans cette optique, nous avons créé et étudié un corpus basé sur six articles scientifiques traitant de l’écriture inclusive, ainsi qu’un corpus d’étude composé de vingt-et-un articles de presse datant de 2017 à 2022. Nous avons ensuite analysé, catégorisé et comparé les arguments favorables et défavorables concernant l’écriture inclusive développés dans le corpus de presse avec ceux avancés dans les articles scientifiques. Nos données montrent que quasiment les mêmes sujets autour du langage inclusif sont traités par les journalistes de presse et par les chercheurs. Cependant, les angles d’approche diffèrent naturellement : les scientifiques creusent plus en profondeur le sujet afin d’étayer leurs arguments tandis que l’objectif des journalistes reste d’expliquer et de commenter une question d’actualité. Finalement, nous avons pu constater qu’il existe bien une symétrie entre les arguments avancés par les chercheurs et ceux présentés dans les articles de presse même si les perspectives sont relativement éloignées. / The French language has only two genders: the masculine and the feminine. Grammatically  speaking, the masculine gender prevails over the feminine gender, for example in the agreement of adjectives in gender and in number. Inclusive writing aims to neutralize the language as to make it non-discriminating towards women and, to a certain extent, towards non-binary people. The debate over the gender-neutralized language has been going on in France since the establishment of a terminology commission in 1984, in charge of the feminization of job names and titles. In 2017 the first textbook using inclusive writing was published, stirring up a hot public debate. Our intention with this study is to understand to what extent the debate in the press about inclusive writing is based on the same arguments as the ones developed by researchers in this field. To this end, we created and studied a reference-based corpus including six scientific articles dealing with inclusive language as well as a study corpus composed of twenty-one newspaper articles from 2017 to 2022. We then analysed, categorised, and compared the for and against inclusive writing developed in the press corpus with those put forward in the scientific articles. Our data show that practically the same topics around inclusive writing are discussed by press journalists and by researchers. However, the approaches are naturally different as the researchers go deeper into the subjects in order to support their arguments, whereas the purpose of the journalists is to explain and comment on current issues. Finally, we could see that there is a symmetry between the arguments put forward by the researchers and those presented in the newspaper articles even though their perspectives are relatively distant from one another.

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This social history of science policy development emphasizes the impact on the agricultural community of federal policies regarding release of recombinant DNA (rDNA) organisms into the environment. The history also demonstrates that the U.S. Coordinated Framework for Biotechnology Regulation (1986) is based principally in political criteria, not solidly based in science as its proponents claimed. The power struggle among policy negotiators with incompatible belief systems resulted in a political correction of biotechnology. I also demonstrate that episodes in the rDNA controversy occur in repetitive and periodic patterns. During the 1980s, the first rDNA microbial pesticide, Ice-Minus, struggled through a policy gauntlet of federal agency approval processes, a Congressional hearing, and many legal actions before it was finally released into the environment. At the height of the controversy (1984-1986), the Reagan Administration would admit no new laws or regulations to slow the development of technologies or hinder American international competitiveness. At the same time, Jeremy Rifkin, a radical activist representing a green world view, used the controversy to agitate for social and economic reform. Meanwhile, a group of Congressional aides who called themselves the "Cloneheads" used the debate to fight for more public participation in the science policy-making process. Conflicting perspectives regarding biotechnology originated, not in level of understanding of the science involved, but in personal perspectives that were outwardly expressed as political group affiliations. The direction of federal biotechnology policy was influenced most successfully by politically best-positioned individuals (what I call a "hierarchy effect") who based decisions on how biotechnology harmonized with their pre-existing beliefs. The success of their actions also depended on timing. Historical events during the rDNA controversy followed the same periodic pattern--gestation, threshold, crisis/conflict, and quasi-quiescence--through two consecutive eras--the Containment Era (1970s) and the Release Era (1980s). These periods are modeled after Fletcher's stages through which ethical issues evolve (1990). However, an agricultural perspective on the debate reveals that such stages also occur in finer detail on repeating, overlapping, and multi-level scales. Knowledge of this periodicity may be useful in predicting features of future episodes of the rDNA controversy. / Ph. D.

In much of the historiography surrounding print culture and the book trade, the worldliness of print remains a point of common emphasis. Indeed, many influential studies either assume or actively present the history of print as part of a broader ‘secularization thesis’. Recently, however, historians have challenged these narratives, recognizing the central role of religious print as a driver of growth within the book trade and discussion within the nascent ‘public sphere’. Yet the scholarship into ‘religion and the book’ remains fragmentary, focused on individual genres or persons, with no unified monograph or standard reference work yet to emerge. This dissertation addresses some of the barriers to synopsis by investigating the long-term print output of the largest social and professional group engaged in evangelizing Christianity to the public: the clergy of the Church of England. By focusing on the clergy, this dissertation evades the usual narrow focus on genre. In the past, book-historical and bibliographic studies have relied heavily on a priori classification schemes to study the market for print. While sufficient in the context of relatively well-defined genre categories, such as printed sermons, the validity of these classification schemes breaks down at the wider level, for example, under the conceptual burden of defining the highly fluid and wide-ranging category of ‘religious works’. This dissertation begins to remedy such problems by modelling the print output of a large population of authors who had the strongest stake in evangelizing Christianity to the public through print. It utilizes the latest techniques in the field of digital humanities and bibliometrics to create a representative sample of the print output of the Anglican clergy over the ‘long’ eighteenth-century (here 1660-1800). Based on statistical trends, the thesis identifies a crucial period in the history of clerical print culture, the first four decades of the Hanoverian regime. The period is explored in detail through three subsequent case studies. By combining both traditional and digital methods, therefore, the dissertation explores clerical publishing as a phenomenon subject to evolution and change at both the macro and micro level. The first chapter provides an overarching statistical study of clerical publishing between 1660 and 1800. By combining data from two bibliographical datasets, The English Short-Title Catalogue (ESTC), and the prosopographical resource, The Clergy of the Church of England Database (CCED), I extract and analyse a dataset of clerical works consisting of almost 35,000 bibliographic records. The remaining chapters approach the thesis topic through primary research-based case studies using both print and manuscript sources. The case studies were selected from the period identified in the preceding statistical analysis as a crucial transitional moment in the history of clerical publishing culture, c.1714 to 1750. These case studies form chapters 2, 3, and 4, each of which explore a different aspect of a network of authors who worked under the direction of the bishop of London, Edmund Gibson (1723-1748), during the era of Whig hegemony under Sir Robert Walpole. Finally, an appendix outlines the methodology used in chapter 1 to extract the sample of clerical printed works from the ESTC. Overall, the thesis demonstrates the profound influence of the clergy on the development of English print in the hand-press period. It thus forms both a historiographic intervention against the secularization thesis still implicit in discussions of print culture and the book trade, as well as providing a cautionary critique of the revisionism which has shaped recent investigations into the Church of England.

The aim of this thesis is to compare the concept of sin in the theologies of Ellen G. White and Leonardo Boff. Chapter 1 examines Ellen G. White's concept of sin. White's historical and theological backgrounds coupled with her use of the "great controversy" motif provide a better grasp of her understanding of sin. White defines sin as the transgression of God's Law. She views sin to comprise at least two dimensions, namely, the individual and the social. White regards these two aspects of sin to have equal significance. White's detailed treatment of the sanctuary teaching also highlights the two dimensions of sin. In Chapter 2 Boff' s idea of sin is investigated. Boff' s historical background, which exposed him to the poor, influenced his perception of sin. Boff's theological background together with his familiarity with Karl Marx's social analysis prompted Boff to define sin as the negation of God's love in a human history bedevilled by class conflict. Boff views sin to have the individual and social dimensions. Yet, in terms of importance, Boff believes that the social dimension of sin is more consequential than the individual one. In Chapter 3 White's and Boff s views on sin are compared. From this comparison it is evident that both White and Boff recognize the bipolarity of sin. Both seem to agree that christians should take an active role in correcting social evils because love for God is manifested by how we relate to our neighbor. Boff devotes less space to the individual aspect of sin than White. Chapter 4 shows that White's theological tradition has a lot to learn from Boff and his tradition and also vice versa. An awareness of the current priestly ministry of Christ evident in White's theology could help Boff to bring some balance to his stance on the social and the individual dimension of sin. Boff' s use of Marx's social analysis should also help Seventh-day Adventists, the inheritors of White's theology, not to interpret White's theology of sin only along individualistic lines while overlooking its social dimension. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / D.Th. (Systematic Theology)

Depuis les années 1980-1990, au moment où on assiste, dans le monde de l’art contemporain globalisé, à une prolifération des biennales internationales d’art contemporain, le climat de compétition s’intensifie et l’univers des biennales se phénoménalise et s’homogénéise. Ce mémoire a pour but d’historiciser et de définir les biennales sous leur nature phénoménale afin d’identifier, parmi leur hétérogénéité, un dénominateur commun sous lequel il est possible de comparer ces institutions artistiques en toute légitimité. Le projet étudie ce point de comparaison défini selon les trois critères d’autoévaluation des biennales identifiés dans cette recherche : la globalisation, l’industrie culturelle et touristique, ainsi que l’événementiel et le spectaculaire. Ce mémoire présente comme étude de cas la Biennale de Montréal et son récent renouvèlement. Il fait le point sur la controverse y étant reliée à travers une analyse comparée de la nouvelle Biennale de Montréal et les grandes biennales internationales. / Since the 1980s and 1990s, back when Contemporary Art Biennials were quickly spreading in the Global Artworld, the climate of competition has been intensifying. The world of biennials is becoming more homogenous and more of a phenomenon each year. The current study’s purpose is to historicize and define the biennials according to their phenomenal nature in order to go beyond their heterogeneity and find a common denominator which would allow the comparison of such artistic institutions in a legitimate way. The project will study this point of comparison according to three areas of self-assessment identified for this purpose: globalization, the cultural and touristic industries as well as the entertainment industry. The case study for this research is Montreal’s biennial and its recent renewal. It will explore the controversy related to the subject by analysing and comparing the new Montreal Biennial to the great international biennials.

Despite the characteristic cross-disciplinarity of animal studies, interactions between literary and scientific researchers have been negligible. In response, this project develops a framework of practical zoocriticism, an interdisciplinary lens which synthesizes methodologies from science, animal advocacy, and literature. A primary focus of this model is the complex relationship between literary representations of animals, scientific studies of animal cognition, and practical and theoretical work advocating animal protection. This thesis proposes that the Canadian wild animal stories of Ernest Thompson Seton and Charles G.D. Roberts operate at an intersection of these three factors. Their potential for facilitating reciprocal communication has not been recognized, however, due to their damaged representation within Canadian literature as a consequence of the Nature Fakers controversy. By re-contextualizing and re-evaluating these texts this project illuminates the unique contributions made by these authors. It also offers new evidence of the intersecting discourses and ideologies that stimulated the controversy. Re-defining the genre has enabled this project to uncover a selection of twentieth-century Canadian texts that perpetuate its core aims and characteristics. This project suggests that after the Nature Fakers controversy, the wild animal story diverged into two new forms: ‘realistic’ and ‘speculative.’ By placing the wild animal story in relation to a broader canon of Canadian literature, this thesis identifies three distinct modes of animal representation. These methods of relating to literary animals in the Canadian context are the fantasy of knowing the animal, the failure of knowing the animal, and the acceptance of not-knowing the animal. This novel characterization of Canadian literature is a product of the diverse, interdisciplinary approaches offered by the practical zoocriticism framework.

[pt] Este trabalho procura resgatar a importante contribuição de Filipe Melanchthon para o movimento reformatório europeu do século XVI, trazendo uma biografia de sua vida e carreira, abordando aspectos centrais de sua teologia e a como eles também ajudaram a moldar o discurso reformatório a partir de Wittenberg para toda a Europa. De maneira especial, enfatiza-se a historiografia de Melanchthon desde a época da Reforma, procurando desfazer-se rótulos e juízos de valor infundados sobre a sua pessoa, especialmente no que se refere a ser considerado um auxiliar sem grandes contribuições originais ou, pior ainda, um traidor da causa luterana. Busca-se, ainda, apontar para os novos rumos atuais da pesquisa teológica sobre a sua pessoa na Europa e nos Estados Unidos, com o intuito de estimular a pesquisa sobre este assunto também no Brasil. Ao final, verifica-se que a Melanchthon foi destinada uma posição obscura na pesquisa histórica do movimento reformatório europeu, o que não condiz com a grandeza e a importância de suas contribuições para aquela época e também daquilo que pode servir de estímulo ao refletir teológico atual. / [en] This work’s purpose is to highlight the great contributions to the Reformatorial Movement in Europe during the XVI Century by Philip Melanchthon. So, it brings a biography of his life, as well as it underlines some of the basic aspects of his theology and how they helped to shape the message of the Reformation from Wittenberg to all Europe. Mostly, it focuses on the historiography of Melanchthon from Reformation’s time on, in order to clear up misunderstandings and biased labels that were imposed on him, above all that he gave no original contribution and – even worst – that he was a traitor inside the Lutheran ranks. It also tries to point out the new directions that Melanchthon Research is taking in Europe and in the United States, in order to foster the research on this topic also in Brazil. In the end, it becomes clear that a rather obscure place was assigned to Melanchthon in the historical research of the Reformation, what is not appropriate considering the extent of his contribution then and how much it can foster theological thinking today.

Ce travail de recherche s’appuie sur un corpus de cinq ouvrages de médecine, publiés entre 1532 et 1558. Ces ouvrages sont porteurs d’une dimension polémique en opposant deux corporations médicales : les médecins et les apothicaires. En 1532, un célèbre médecin lyonnais, Symphorien Champier, fustige les erreurs des apothicaires sur les simples médecines dans son Myrouel des appothicaires. En 1553, un médecin poitevin, Sébastien Colin, dénonce à son tour, dans sa Declaration des abuz et tromperies que font les Apothicaires, le manque de connaissances des apothicaires et s’indigne de leur peu de moralité. Face à l’animosité de cette deuxième attaque, l’apothicaire Pierre Braillier s’attèle à défendre l’honneur de ses pairs. Il publie en 1557 sa Declaration des abus et ignorances des Medecins, […] Pour responce contre Lisset Benancio dans laquelle il reprend point par point les accusations de Colin pour les retourner contre les médecins. En 1558, le médecin Jean Surrelh cherche alors à redorer l’image écornée de sa corporation dans son Apologie des medecins contre les calomnies, & grand Abus de certains Apothicaires. Pierre Braillier lui répond quelques mois plus tard dans ses Articulations […] sur l’apologie de Jean Surrelh. En parallèle du projet d’édition des cinq textes du corpus qui constituent le second volume de cette thèse, le premier volume propose une analyse de cette polémique médicale. Nous avons voulu observer comment le discours de chacun de ces quatre auteurs est influencé par son appartenance à la corporation des médecins ou bien à celle des apothicaires. Pour ce faire, nous avons privilégié trois angles d’analyse : un premier sur l’ancrage du discours des auteurs dans le contexte scientifique et idéologique de la Renaissance, un deuxième axé sur les divergences des pratiques entre ces deux corporations concurrentes et un dernier davantage orienté sur l’intérêt lexical et linguistique de cette polémique corporatiste. La contextualisation a ainsi permis d’observer comment chaque auteur se positionne en tant que professionnel par rapport aux principes fondateurs de l’art de médecine. Chacun revendique la vertu et la grandeur de sa corporation en s’appuyant sur la référence des auctoritates ou sur la Bible, ou bien au contraire en dénigrant les sources citées comme autorité par l’adversaire. Par la même occasion, chaque participant à cette polémique cherche à se construire un ethos positif tant comme professionnel que comme auteur, tout en discréditant les membres de la corporation adverse. Si l’apothicairerie est distincte de la médecine à la Renaissance – tant au niveau des pratiques, que du domaine d’intervention et du cadre légal d’exercice des professionnels – les pratiques concurrentielles entre médecins et apothicaires perdurent à la Renaissance et entachent les relations de ces collègues. Dans le corpus d’étude, l’intérêt du patient devient un objet secondaire du discours puisqu’il s’agit pour chaque auteur de blâmer la corporation adverse afin de défendre la légitimité de la sienne. Le lecteur se voit par la même occasion attribuer une place de choix puisqu’il est présenté comme juge de cette querelle, dans un double intérêt. En plus de revendiquer à la face du monde la reconnaissance sociale méritée, chaque auteur se justifie des traitements reçus, enjoignant de facto de potentiels patients à préférer sa corporation. L’appartenance corporatiste marque également le lexique scientifique et technique. Nous avons aussi interrogé le rapport de chaque auteur à la langue latine, tenue encore comme langue européenne du savoir à la Renaissance, et au français, langue dominante du corpus. Si les médecins utilisent encore un lexique scientifique en latin, l’apothicaire Pierre Braillier revendique l’usage exclusif du français, circonscrivant par la même occasion le latin à un usage parodique. / This research is built on a corpus of five medicals books, published between 1532 and 1558. The corpus takes a polemical dimension by opposing two medicals guilds: the doctors and the apothecaries. In 1532, a famous doctor from Lyons, Symphorien Champier, criticizes the apothecaries’ errors concerning the simples in his book, Myrouel des appothicaires. In 1553, a Poitevin doctor, Sébastien Colin, in his Declaration des abuz et trumperies que font les Apothicaires, also denounces the apothecaries’ absence of knowledge and deplores their lack of ethics. Facing the hostility with this second offensive, the apothecary Pierre Braillier wants to defend the honour of his peers. In 1557, he publishes his Declaration des abus et ignorances des Medecins, […] Pour responce contre Lisset Benancio. In his book, he takes the same criticisms as Colin has, but in order to charge the doctors. In 1558, doctor Jean Surrelh wants to restore the doctors’ reputation in his book, Apologie des medecins contre les calomnies, & grand Abus de certains Apothicaires. Pierre Braillier responds to him a few months later in his Articulation […] sur l’apologie de Jean Surrelh. In parallel with the edition of the five texts which constitute the second volume of this research, the first volume is a global study of this medical polemic. We have wanted to examine how the discourse of each of these authors is impacted by his corporate belonging. To that end, we have chosen three focuses: the first is about the anchoring of the authors’ discourse in the scientific and ideological environment, the second is focused in the divergent practices between the two guilds, and the third is about the lexical and linguistic interest of this corporate polemic. The contextualisation reveals how every author positions himself as a professional against the founding principles of the art of medicine. Building on the auctoritates or Bible references or denigrating the sources referred to by the opponent, everyone claims the morality and the greatness of his corporation. At the same time, each author wants to build a positive image of his corporation, discrediting the members of the opposing corporation. During the Renaissance, the apothecary is distinct from the medicine, concerning the activities as well as the legal framework of the exercising of the professionals. Indeed, the competitive practice between doctors and apothecaries continues and tarnishes the relations between these colleagues. In the corpus, the interest of the patient becomes a secondary object of the discourse, because every author wants to blame the opposing guild, in order to defend the legitimacy of her own. The reader is then assigned an important place because he’s presented as a judge in this polemic with a double interest. In addition to relying on the well-deserved social acknowledgement, every author wants to justify his treatments and enjoins the future patients to turn over his corporation. The corporatist affiliation also haunts the scientific and technic lexicon. We have also examined the relationship of every author with the Latin, still considered as the European language of knowledge in the 16th century, and the French, prevailing language in the texts’ corpus. The doctors use a scientific lexicon in Latin, but the apothecary, Pierre Braillier, claims the exclusive use of the French and he confines the Latin to a parodic use.

Les invasions biologiques font partie des changements globaux qui contribuent à la perte de biodiversité. Les plantes invasives peuvent aussi provoquer des pertes économiques, notamment d'importants coûts pour leur contrôle. Dans l'archipel des Mascareignes plusieurs programmes de gestion ont été mis en place pour contrôler les espèces invasives. La perception du public sur les espèces invasives varie fortement entre les parties prenantes. En raison d'opinions divergentes sur la gestion des invasions, les travaux de recherche et de mise en œuvre de programme de lutte ont récemment généré des conflits d'usage. Ce travail de thèse a permis de conduire une étude pluridisciplinaire sur les dimensions socio-écologiques et économiques de la gestion de Rubus alceifolius, objet d'un programme de contrôle biologique à l'île de La Réunion. Nous avons mené une analyse économique des différentes options de gestion de R. alceifolius et des coûts futurs de son invasion. Nous avons évalué l'impact de la lutte biologique sur le rétablissement des espèces indigènes dans une aire protégée. Le succès économique et écologique du programme de contrôle biologique de R. alceifolius a été démontré dans les habitats d'altitude < 800 m. Afin de comprendre la raison des conflits entre les parties prenantes nous avons parallèlement développé un travail de recherche socio-anthropologique. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence des faiblesses dans le processus de prise de décision et de mise en œuvre collective de ce programme de lutte. Ces travaux de thèse mettent en exergue le besoin crucial d'identifier et d'impliquer les parties prenantes à toutes les étapes du programme de contrôle biologique. / Biological invasions contribute to the degradation of biodiversity globally. Invasive alien plants have impacted on natural resources management and have generated substantial costs of control and economic loss. Various management options have been put in place to control the level of invasions of targeted species. The public’s perception of invasive species varies among stakeholders. Controversies and conflicts emerged as a consequence of diverging opinions on the management of invasions. We conducted an inter-disciplinary study on the socio-ecological and economic dimensions related to the management of the invasive Rubus alceifolius, following a biological control programme in Réunion Island (France). Firstly, we carried out an economic analysis of the management options for R. alceifolius with future scenario on the cost of invasion. Secondly we assessed the impact of the recovery of native species post biological control. Thirdly a socio-anthropological investigation to understand the rationale behind controversies amongst stakeholders, was investigated. Lastly, a gap-analysis of the policy framework corresponding to a biological control programme was conducted. We found that the biological control programme of R. alceifolius was successful within the elevation limit of 800 m, from both an economic and ecological perspective. Given the shortfall in the decision-making process and implementation, this study demonstrated the crucial need to identify and involve stakeholders in all stages of a biological control programme. We concluded with key recommendations for successful biological programmes.