O presunto cozido é um dos embutidos cárneos mais consumidos no Brasil, sendo também um dos mais sensíveis à deterioração por bactérias ácido láticas (BAL) e a contaminação por Listeria monocytogenes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana da nisina (Nisaplin®) aplicada em presunto cozido, a fim de controlar L. monocytogenes e BAL. Para tanto, presuntos cozidos foram preparados e fatiados individualmente pelas empresas DuPont e Marsul. No ensaio 1, o presunto foi injetado com salmoura contendo 12,5 mg de nisina por kg (dosagem aprovada no Brasil para queijos fundidos). O potencial bioconservante da nisina foi avaliado contaminando artificialmente as fatias do presunto com um pool composto por 5 cepas de L. monocytogenes. Os resultados do ensaio 1 demonstraram que o tratamento com nisina não teve efeito significativo sobre a população de L. monocytogenes. Já as BAL foram inibidas por 2 dias. No ensaio 2, a adição da nisina na mesma dosagem foi feita no tambleamento, inibindo a população de L. monocytogenes por 6 dias e BAL por 10 dias Em vista dos resultados obtidos nos 2 primeiros ensaios foi determinada a concentração mínima bactericida (CMB) do pool e dos isolados de L. monocytogenes, a fim de verificar a sensibilidade das cepas individualmente e em conjunto e o efeito da nisina sem a matriz cárnea. Além disso, também foi avaliado o efeito sinérgico ou antagônico da salmoura sobre a ação bactericida da nisina. Pôde-se constatar que as diferentes cepas de L. monocytogenes demonstraram perfis de sensibilidade diferentes e que o pool de cepas foi menos sensível ao efeito da nisina. Os resultados obtidos conduziram a avaliação de dosagem maior de nisina no presunto cozido. No ensaio 3, 32 mg/kg de nisina foram adicionadas a salmoura do presunto cozido e testados contra o pool de L. monocytogenes e a cepa ATCC 7644, separadamente. Os resultados demonstraram que a nova dosagem de nisina inibiu significativamente a multiplicação do pool de L. monocytogenes e da cepa ATCC 7644, durante 10 dias, sugerindo ser uma barreira efetiva no controle de L. monocytogenes em presunto cozido. / Precooked ham is one of the most consumed meats in Brazil. It is also one of the most sensitive to spoilage by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and contamination by Listeria monocytogenes. The objective of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Nisin (Nisaplin®) when applied to precooked ham, in order to control the growth of L. monocytogenes and LAB. For the purposes of this study, the precooked ham prepared and sliced individually by the DuPont and Marsul company was used. For trial 1, brine containing 12.5 mg of nisin was injected per kg of ham (dosage approved in Brazil for processed cheese). The biopreservative potential of nisin was evaluated by artificially contaminating slices of control and test ham with a pool of 5 different strains of L. monocytogenes. The results of this first trial showed that treatment with this amount of nisin had no significant effect on the growth of the L. monocytogenes population. However, the LAB population was indeed inhibited by 2 days. In trial number 2, the addition of nisin to the same amount of precooked ham by tumbling inhibited the growth of the L. monocytogenes population by 6 days and of the LAB population by 10 days. In light of the results obtained in these first 2 trials, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) pool and L. monocytogenes isolates were determined in order to verify the sensitivity of the strains individually and together as well as the effects of nisin without the meat matrix Additionally, the synergistic or antagonistic effects of brine on the antimicrobial properties of nisin were also evaluated. Results suggest that different strains of L. monocytogenes have different sensitivity profiles and that the pool of strains was less sensitive to the effects of the nisin. These results prompted an increase in the dosage of nisin added to the precooked ham in trial number 3. In this trial, 32mg/kg of nisin was added to the brine of the precooked ham and tested against the L. monocytogenes pool and ATCC 7644 strain, separately. Results demonstrated that this increase in amount of nisin significantly reduced the growth of the L. monocytogenes pool and of the ATCC strain for 10 days. This suggests that nisin can be an effective barrier against the growth of L. monocytogenes in precooked ham.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 brunatti_acs_dr_bot.pdf: 1455755 bytes, checksum: 62efb22e89f7208acd5109209091ba34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-17 / Diante do crescente mercado para produtos sem glúten e de rápido preparo, da possibilidade de valorização da fécula de mandioca e farinha de arroz como ingredientes para estes produtos, e da importância da tecnologia de extrusão para o desenvolvimento destes; este trabalho objetivou desenvolver produtos extrusados sem glúten de arroz e mandioca através de processamento por extrusão. A fécula, a farinha de arroz e as misturas destas foram analisadas quanto à composição centesimal, cor, índices de solubilidade e absorção deáguae propriedades de pasta. Após estas análises realizou-se o processamento por extrusão em extrusor mono rosca seguindo delineamento central composto rotacional para quatro fatores: porcentagem de fécula de mandioca em mistura com a farinha de arroz, umidade das misturas, temperatura na 3ª zona do canhão de extrusão e rotação da rosca. Os produtos expandidos extrusados obtidos foram analisados para índice de expansão, volume específico e dureza. Realizou-se a moagem dos produtos expandidos para a obtenção das farinhas pré-cozidas e estas foram analisadas para cor, índices de solubilidade e absorção de água. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados estatísticamente e evidenciaram elevado teor de amido na fécula de mandioca (81,79 %) e proteína (7,32 %) na farinha de arroz. A fécula de mandioca mostrou maior índice de absorção de água em relação á farinha de arroz, e propriedades de pasta com baixa viscosidade a frio, elevado pico, baixa resistência ao calor e agitação e elevada tendência a 2 retrogradação ao contrário da farinha de arroz. Sendo assim, a mistura das duas farinhas nas diferentes porcentagens levou a alterações nas características físicas das misturas. Dentre os parâmetros variáveis de extrusão a porcentagem de fécula de mandioca na mistura foi o de maior efeito, seguida pela umidade. Em produtos expandidos são desejáveis elevados índices de expansão e volume específico e maior crocância, características obtidas nas condições de baixa porcentagem de fécula de mandioca na mistura, baixa umidade e menor rotação da rosca, com temperatura intermediária. Já para a produção de farinhas pré-cozidas são desejados: cor clara, elevado índice de absorção de água e baixa solubilidade, o que foi observado nas condições de baixa porcentagem de fécula de mandioca e umidade, com temperatura e rotação intermediárias. / Faced with the growing market for gluten-free products, the possibility of enhancement of cassava starch and rice flour asan ingredient for these products, and the importance of extrusion technology for the development of these; this study aimed to develop gluten-free products of rice and cassava through processing by extrusion. The cassava starch, rice flour and mixtures of these were analyzed for chemical composition, color, water solubility index, water absorption and pasting properties. After this analysis processing was performed by extrusion in single screw extruder. The extrusion process followed the central rotational design for four factors: percentage of cassava starch mixed with rice flour, moisture of mixtures, temperature in 3rd zone of the extrusion barrel and screw speed. The extruded expanded products obtained were analyzed for the expansion index, specific volume and hardness. It was performed grinding of the expanded product to obtain the pre-cooked flour and these were analyzed for color, water solubility index and water absorption index. The results were statistically analyzed and showed high starch content in cassava starch (81.79%) and protein (7.32%) in rice flour. The cassava starch showed higher water absorption index that rice flour, paste properties with low cold viscosity, high peak, high breakdown and high retrogradation tendency. The rice flour showed higher water solubility index and pasting properties with values below those observed for cassava starch. Thus, the mixture of two flours in different percentages led to changes in the physical characteristics of the mixtures. About the effects of extruding variable parameters on the physical properties of the extruded products it was observed that the percentage of cassava starch in the mixture had the greatest effect, followed by moisture. In expanded products are desirable high rates of expansion and specific volume and greater crispness, characteristics obtained under the conditions of low percentage of cassava starch in the mix, low moisture and lower screw speed, with intermediate extrusion temperature. However, for the production of pre-cooked flour are desired: clear color, high water absorption index and low water solubility index, which was observed under conditions of low percentage of cassava starch and moisture, with temperature and screw speed intermediates.

O presunto cozido é um dos embutidos cárneos mais consumidos no Brasil, sendo também um dos mais sensíveis à deterioração por bactérias ácido láticas (BAL) e a contaminação por Listeria monocytogenes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana da nisina (Nisaplin®) aplicada em presunto cozido, a fim de controlar L. monocytogenes e BAL. Para tanto, presuntos cozidos foram preparados e fatiados individualmente pelas empresas DuPont e Marsul. No ensaio 1, o presunto foi injetado com salmoura contendo 12,5 mg de nisina por kg (dosagem aprovada no Brasil para queijos fundidos). O potencial bioconservante da nisina foi avaliado contaminando artificialmente as fatias do presunto com um pool composto por 5 cepas de L. monocytogenes. Os resultados do ensaio 1 demonstraram que o tratamento com nisina não teve efeito significativo sobre a população de L. monocytogenes. Já as BAL foram inibidas por 2 dias. No ensaio 2, a adição da nisina na mesma dosagem foi feita no tambleamento, inibindo a população de L. monocytogenes por 6 dias e BAL por 10 dias Em vista dos resultados obtidos nos 2 primeiros ensaios foi determinada a concentração mínima bactericida (CMB) do pool e dos isolados de L. monocytogenes, a fim de verificar a sensibilidade das cepas individualmente e em conjunto e o efeito da nisina sem a matriz cárnea. Além disso, também foi avaliado o efeito sinérgico ou antagônico da salmoura sobre a ação bactericida da nisina. Pôde-se constatar que as diferentes cepas de L. monocytogenes demonstraram perfis de sensibilidade diferentes e que o pool de cepas foi menos sensível ao efeito da nisina. Os resultados obtidos conduziram a avaliação de dosagem maior de nisina no presunto cozido. No ensaio 3, 32 mg/kg de nisina foram adicionadas a salmoura do presunto cozido e testados contra o pool de L. monocytogenes e a cepa ATCC 7644, separadamente. Os resultados demonstraram que a nova dosagem de nisina inibiu significativamente a multiplicação do pool de L. monocytogenes e da cepa ATCC 7644, durante 10 dias, sugerindo ser uma barreira efetiva no controle de L. monocytogenes em presunto cozido. / Precooked ham is one of the most consumed meats in Brazil. It is also one of the most sensitive to spoilage by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and contamination by Listeria monocytogenes. The objective of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Nisin (Nisaplin®) when applied to precooked ham, in order to control the growth of L. monocytogenes and LAB. For the purposes of this study, the precooked ham prepared and sliced individually by the DuPont and Marsul company was used. For trial 1, brine containing 12.5 mg of nisin was injected per kg of ham (dosage approved in Brazil for processed cheese). The biopreservative potential of nisin was evaluated by artificially contaminating slices of control and test ham with a pool of 5 different strains of L. monocytogenes. The results of this first trial showed that treatment with this amount of nisin had no significant effect on the growth of the L. monocytogenes population. However, the LAB population was indeed inhibited by 2 days. In trial number 2, the addition of nisin to the same amount of precooked ham by tumbling inhibited the growth of the L. monocytogenes population by 6 days and of the LAB population by 10 days. In light of the results obtained in these first 2 trials, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) pool and L. monocytogenes isolates were determined in order to verify the sensitivity of the strains individually and together as well as the effects of nisin without the meat matrix Additionally, the synergistic or antagonistic effects of brine on the antimicrobial properties of nisin were also evaluated. Results suggest that different strains of L. monocytogenes have different sensitivity profiles and that the pool of strains was less sensitive to the effects of the nisin. These results prompted an increase in the dosage of nisin added to the precooked ham in trial number 3. In this trial, 32mg/kg of nisin was added to the brine of the precooked ham and tested against the L. monocytogenes pool and ATCC 7644 strain, separately. Results demonstrated that this increase in amount of nisin significantly reduced the growth of the L. monocytogenes pool and of the ATCC strain for 10 days. This suggests that nisin can be an effective barrier against the growth of L. monocytogenes in precooked ham.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study evaluated the utilization of pulp obtained from filleting wastes and soybean fiber in the formulation of mixed red meat/fish sausages and was aimed at increasing the nutritional value of cooked sausages and making good use of agroindustrial byproducts. First we evaluated the effect of replacing red meat with silver catfish pulp obtained from filleting wastes (PFW 0, 25, 37 and 50% of total batter) on the nutritional, technological and sensory properties, as well as on the shelf life of sausages under refrigeration. The replacement yielded sensory acceptable cooked sausages both in a full-fat formulation (PFW-25%) and in a low-fat formulation (PFW- 37%). These formulations, especially the low-fat one had improved nutritional value (higher EPA+DHA content and lower n-6/n-3 ratio) and better technological characteristics than the full-fat red meat control sausage. The lipid oxidation during refrigerated storage was not accelerated by fish pulp. Although fish pulp did not increase total plate counts, some caution must be taken with the microbiological stability, since fish-containing sausages had slightly higher psychrotrophic counts during refrigerated storage. Secondly, aiming at enlarging the range of applications of agroindustrial by-products, we investigated the effect of soybean fiber (0, 1.6, 2.4, 3.8 and 4.5%) on the physiochemical, technological and sensory properties of low-fat meat/fish cooked sausages made with a pulp from silver catfish filleting wastes. Soybean fiber decreased the moisture and increased ash and protein content, with no changes in water activity or pH of sausages. All fiber-containing sausages had greater tendency to yellowness (higher b* value) and increased hardness, gumminess and chewiness, while the other changes in color (chroma and hue angle) and texture parameters (springiness and cohesiveness) were observed only in the formulations containing intermediate and higher soybean fiber levels. Soybean fiber reduced cooking loss and improved emulsion stability. Sensory evaluation revealed that up to 2.4% soybean dietary fiber (5.4% soybean fiber powder) can be added to low-fat meat/fish sausage formulations without changes in the overall acceptability. These results indicate that the pulp from silver catfish filleting wastes and soybean fiber can be used to develop novel healthier fish/meat sausages enriched in n-3 fatty acids and dietary fiber, with better technological properties, while keeping sensory characteristics similar to the conventional products. / Este trabalho avaliou o uso da polpa de resíduos da filetagem e da fibra de soja na elaboração de salsichas mistas de carne vermelha e pescado, com o objetivo de aumentar o valor nutricional de salsichas e viabilizar o aproveitamento de subprodutos agroindustriais. Primeiro avaliamos o efeito da substituição da carne vermelha com polpa obtida a partir de resíduos da filetagem de jundiá (PRF 0, 25, 37 e 50% da massa total) nas propriedades nutricionais, tecnológicas e sensoriais, assim como na vida útil salsichas armazenadas sob refrigeração. A substituição resultou em salsichas sensorialmente aceitáveis tanto em uma formulação com o teor convencional de gordura (PRF-25%) quanto em uma formulação com gordura reduzida (PRF-37%). Essas formulações, especialmente aquela com gordura reduzida, apresentaram um melhor valor nutritivo (maior conteúdo de EPA+DHA e menor razão n-6/n-3) e melhores características tecnológicas do que o controle com carne vermelha e teor convencional de gordura. A adição de polpa de pescado não acelerou a oxidação lipídica durante o armazenamento refrigerado. Embora a polpa de peixe não tenha aumentado a contagem de mesófilos, deve-se tomar cuidado com a estabilidade microbiológica, já que as formulações contendo a polpa de pescado apresentaram uma contagem de microorganismos psicrotróficos ligeiramente maior durante o armazenamento refrigerado. Secundariamente, visando ampliar o conjunto de aplicações dos subprodutos agroindustriais, nós investigamos o efeito da fibra de soja (0; 1,6; 2,4; 3,8 e 4,5%) nas propriedades físico-químicas, tecnológicas e sensoriais de salsichas de carne e polpa de resíduos da filetagem de jundiá formuladas com gordura reduzida. A fibra de soja diminuiu a umidade e aumentou o teor de cinzas e proteínas, sem alterar a atividade de água ou pH das salsichas. Todas as formulações contendo fibra apresentaram maior tendência ao amarelo (elevado valor de b*) e aumento da dureza, gomabilidade e mastigabilidade, enquanto que as outras alterações na cor (saturação e ângulo de cor) e textura (parâmetros de elasticidade e coesividade) foram observados somente nas formulações contendo níveis médios e superiores de fibra de soja. A fibra de soja reduziu a perda no cozimento e melhorou a estabilidade da emulsão. A avaliação sensorial revelou que até 2,4% de fibra alimentar (5,4% de pó de fibra de soja) pode ser adicionado às salsichas de carne/pescado com gordura reduzida, sem mudanças na sua aceitação global. Estes resultados indicam que a polpa de resíduos da filetagem do jundiá e a fibra de soja podem ser utilizadas no desenvolvimento de salsichas novas e mais saudáveis, à base de carne e pescado, enriquecidas em ácidos graxos n-3 e fibra alimentar, as quais apresentam com melhores propriedades tecnológicas, mas mantém características sensoriais similares aos produtos convencionais.

O ovo tem sido estudado por sua riqueza nutricional, por apresentar interesse industrial, como matéria-prima, e pelo seu elevado conteúdo de colesterol. Ao mesmo tempo, por sua susceptibilidade à contaminação por salmonela, principalmente, é proposta a irradiação ionizante como medida sanitária. O colesterol está sujeito à oxidação, facilitada por vários fatores, entre os quais a radiação ionizante. Os óxidos de colesterol formados, por sua vez, apresentam propriedades biológicas prejudiciais à saúde, relacionadas com a aterogenicidade, citotoxicidade, carcinogenicidade e mutagenicidade, além de outras manifestações. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o efeito da radiação ionizante sobre o pH, viscosidade e cor, além da estabilidade oxidativa do colesterol, em ovos crus armazenados e processados. Com o aumento nas doses utilizadas (1, 2 e 3 kGy) houve redução na viscosidade da clara e na cor da gema, além do aumento da oxidação lipídica, medida através das substâncias que reagem ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS). Parâmetros como umidade, lípides totais e colesterol das gemas não foram influenciados. No caso da umidade e do colesterol, houve alteração significativa pelo armazenamento (30 dias, a 4ºC). O somatório dos óxidos analisados não variou com a irradiação, só individualmente, contudo variaram com o armazenamento. O processamento térmico provocou um aumento significativo das TBARS, mas apesar disso, o somatório dos óxidos não diferiu entre os tratamentos. / The egg have being studied due its nutritional wealth, for show industrial interest as a raw material, e due its higher cholesterol content. At the same time, due its susceptibility to contamination mainly with salmonella, it is being proposed the ionizating radiation as a hygienic measure. Cholesterol is subject to oxidation, that it is facilitated by several factors, among them ionizating radiation. Formed cholesterol oxides, by its turn, show harmful biological properties to human health, as atherogenicity, cytotoxicity, carcinogenicity and mutagenicity, among others. The objectives of this work were evaluate the effect of ionizating radiation over pH, viscosity and color, besides the oxidative stability of cholesterol, in storaged and processed crude eggs. With the increasement of used doses (1, 2 and 3 KGy), there was an reduction in the viscosity of the egg white and in the color yolk egg, besides the increase in lipidic oxidation, measured through tiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). Specifications as humidity, total lipids and egg yolk cholesterol were not influenced. In the subject of humidity and of cholesterol, there was an meaningful alteration due storage (30 days in 4ºC). The sum of the analyzed oxides didn\'t variate with the irradiation, only individually, although it did vary with storage. The themical processing caused an meaningful increase of TBARS, but despite this, the oxides sum didn\'t differed between treatments.

A carne de frango apresenta vários problemas no processamento e conservação, sendo a oxidação lipídica um dos principais fatores limitantes da qualidade e aceitabilidade comercial deste produto. A indústria de alimentos busca desenvolver novas formulações que visem melhorar a qualidade e, principalmente, a segurança dos produtos alimentícios. Neste sentido, o uso de antioxidantes de fontes naturais, como os extratos de semente e casca de uva, mostra-se como uma alternativa segura e saudável para o processamento de carne de frango. O objetivo desse estudo foi caracterizar quimicamente extratos de semente e casca de uva das variedades Isabel e Niágara (Vitis labrusca) e determinar a atividade antioxidante e o efeito destes extratos sobre a estabilidade oxidativa e a qualidade da carne de frango processada e armazenada sob refrigeração (4±1ºC), em dois tipos de embalagem (aeróbica e a vácuo). Os compostos fenólicos dos extratos foram quantificados e a identificação feita pelo método da cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). A atividade antioxidante foi determinada pelo método do seqüestro do radical DPPH e pelo método da inibição da peroxidação lipídica. Primeiramente, carnes de frango processadas, contendo diferentes concentrações dos extratos (10, 20, 40 e 60 mg compostos fenólicos totais (CFT)) foram avaliadas em relação à estabilidade oxidativa. Posteriormente, as concentrações 40 e 60 mg CFT foram testadas, em embalagem aeróbica e a vácuo, sob refrigeração, por um período de 14 dias, sendo avaliadas a estabilidade oxidativa e a qualidade da carne. Os extratos de semente e casa de uva da variedade Niágara apresentaram os maiores teores de compostos fenólicos em relação os da variedade Isabel, sendo que pela técnica de CLAE foi possível identificar e quantificar os flavonóides catequina e epicatequina. Esses extratos apresentaram alta atividade antioxidante in vitro, sendo esta atividade atribuída à presença de compostos fenólicos. Os extratos de semente e casca de uva das variedades Isabel e Niágara (Vitis labrusca) demonstraram resultados satisfatórios quanto à estabilidade oxidativa, e quando aplicados nas concentrações de 40 a 60 mg CFT apresentaram resultados semelhantes ao antioxidante sintético BHT. A eficiência dos extratos de semente e casca de uva foi altamente dependente da concentração utilizada. A adição dos extratos de uva combinado com a embalagem a vácuo demonstrou ser uma boa técnica para aumentar a estabilidade lipídica na carne de frango cozida sob refrigeração, a 4±1ºC, num prazo de armazenamento de 14 dias. / Poultry meat has serious problems regarding processing and conservation. The lipid oxidation is one of the main factors limiting the quality and commercial acceptance of meat. The food industry has been trying to develop new formulations in order to improve the quality, and mainly, the safety of food products. Therefore, the use of natural antioxidants, such as grape seed and peel extracts, can be a safe and healthy alternative to poultry meat processing. The aim of this study was to chemically characterize grape seed and peel extracts from Isabel and Niagara varieties (Vitis labrusca) and to assess antioxidant activity and effect of these extracts on the quality and oxidative stability of processed and cold stored (4±1ºC) poultry meat, into two package types (aerobic and vacuum packaging). After quantified, the phenolic compounds found in the extracts were identified by the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The antioxidant activity was determined by the free radical scavenging activity on the DPPH method and by the linoleic acid peroxidation method. In a first essay, processed poultry meat, treated with different extracts concentrations (10, 20, 40 and 60 mg of total phenolic compounds (CFT)) were evaluated in relation to the oxidative stability. In sequence, the 40 and 60 mg CFT concentration extracts were tested over processed and cold stored poultry meat, packaged under aerobic and vacuum conditions, during 14 days; the poultry meat was then evaluated with regard to quality and oxidative stability. Due to the presence of catechins and epicatechin flavonoids, extracts from both grape varieties exhibited high in vitro activity. However, Niagara variety extract showed higher values of CFT when compared to Isabel variety. When applied to poultry meat, the grape seed and peel extracts from both varieties exhibited satisfactory results in relation to oxidative stability. Moreover, when applied with concentrations of 40 and 60 mg CFT, these extracts showed results similar to the ones found with BHT synthetic antioxidant. The grape extract efficiency showed high dependence of extract concentration. The addition of grape extracts combined with a vacuum package can be considered a good technique to raise lipid stability in cooked and cold stored (4±1ºC) poultry meat, until 14 days of storage.

Pour répondre à un enjeu de santé publique, les entreprises de charcuterie ont fortement réduit la teneur en sel dans leurs produits cuits. Cette thèse avait pour objectif d’apporter des éléments scientifiques qui permettent de répondre à la question suivante : jusqu’où est-il possible de diminuer la teneur en sel sans affecter la qualité du jambon cuit supérieur fabriqué sans polyphosphate ? Le travail s’est intéressé au traitement thermique et à deux phénomènes clés pour la qualité du jambon cuit : l’adhésion entre les muscles, qui permet d’assurer ensuite la tenue de tranche, et le transfert de masse qui définit le rendement à la cuisson de l’opération. L’adhésion de deux pièces de viande est liée à la formation d’un limon qui gélifie lors du traitement thermique. Notre étude confirme que la présence d’une faible teneur en sel améliore significativement l’adhésion. Par contre, dès que la concentration en sel dans la viande dépasse 0,8%, l’adhésion ne varie plus dans les conditions de malaxage imposées. Les résultats ont été interprétés par le fait que l’augmentation de la teneur en sel n’était pas suffisante pour modifier l’état de liaison entre le gel et la surface de la viande, là où se situerait la rupture. L’étude sur les transferts de masse confirme que la présence de sel entraîne une diminution des pertes de poids à la cuisson. Mais, dès que du sel est ajouté, l’effet de sa concentration sur la perte de poids est négligeable. Ainsi, dans nos conditions expérimentales, il serait possible de réduire la teneur en sel dans le jambon cuit jusqu’à 0,8% sans affecter le rendement de l’opération et l’adhésion. Un modèle a été développé afin de prédire, d’une part, les pertes de poids à la cuisson de produits faiblement salés et, d’autre part, leur sécurité microbiologique à l’issue du traitement thermique. Le modèle a permis de prédire l’effet des différents scenarii de fabrication sur le rendement et la valeur pasteurisatrice. Il pourra être utilisé pour optimiser la fabrication de produits de charcuterie cuite à faible teneur en sel. / Faced to public health issues, the charcuterie industries have begun to decrease salt content of the cooked products. This phD-work aimed at bringing scientific responses to know how far the salt content can be reduced in the cooked ham made without polyphosphate. The work was focused on the thermal treatment and on two key phenomena for the cooked ham quality: adhesion between muscles, which ensures ham sliceability and mass transfer, which determines the cooking yield. Adhesion between meat pieces is related to the tumbling exudate, which forms gel during the thermal treatment. Our study confirms that a low added salt content significantly increases adhesion, comparing to no added salt. However, as soon as the salt concentration in meat is greater than 0.8%, no impact on adhesion is observed under our tumbling conditions. The results have been interpreted by the fact that the increase of salt content is not sufficient to reinforce the bindings between the gel and the meat surface, where the rupture certainly takes place. The study of mass transfer confirms that adding salt leads to a decrease in the cooking loss. But, as soon as salt is added, the effect of its concentration is negligible. Under our experimental conditions, it would thus be possible to reduce the salt content in cooked ham to 0.8% without affecting cooking yield and adhesion. A model was built to predict the cooking loss in low salted pork meat and microbial safety after the thermal treatment. This model was used to predict the cooking yield and the pasteurizing value during different scenarios issued from the industries. Model can be used to optimize the industrial production of cooked ham which has been slightly salted.

Richmond Ltd. has recently undergone a change in strategy, away from the traditional commodity based meat industry, towards the modern food business. To do this, opportunities to add value to their current product range must be identified. This involves the conversion of traditionally low value commodity based products into products that demand a premium. An example of this is converting muscles that are currently used for grinding meat into a further processed convenience food (i.e. ready meals). Another method is to add further value to premium products by making them more appealing to consumers (i.e. nutritional information on labels). This work details investigations into the functional properties of selected beef forequarter muscles (low value commodity products) and the nutritional properties of selected export lamb products (premium products). The functional properties of a number of beef forequarter muscles were measured to identify which had the best potential for further processing applications with respect to ready meals. The functional properties of tenderness, cook loss and shrinkage were measured for the Latissimus Dorsi, Pectorialis Profundus (Point End Brisket), Infraspinatus (Cross Cut Blade), Triceps Brachi Longhead (Main muscle in Bolar Shoulder Clod), Supraspinatus (Chuck Tender), Serratus Ventralis and Triceps Brachi Medialhead (Muscle in Bolar Shoulder Clod. From the tests conducted the Infraspinatus and the Triceps Brachi Longhead have been identified as having the best functional properties with respect to further processing for ready meal applications. As well as conducting tests to identify the forequarter muscles with the best potential for further processing applications, investigations were carried out to identify cooking regimes that would optimise the functional properties. This work confirmed that there are three major chemical reactions, which determine the resultant functional properties of cooked meat. They are the denaturation and aggregation of the myofibrillar proteins and the denaturation and solubilisation of connective tissue (collagen). At around 50°C myosin (45% to 50% of the myofibrillar proteins) denatures, which results in a substantial increase in cook loss and reduction in water holding capacity. At around 60°C collagen (main connective tissue protein) denatures, which results in a substantial increase in tenderness and increase in cook loss. This is because as the collagen denatures it loses it mechanical strength (increase in tenderness) and can no longer support its own structure, and causes it to contract. This contraction causes fluid within the meat and cook loss caused by the denaturation of myosin to be expelled from the meat by compressive forces (squeezed out). At around 70°C actomyosin (22% of the myofibrillar proteins) denatures. This results in a substantial increase in the cook loss and firming of the meat. The increase in cook loss or decrease in water holding capacity that occurs with myofibrillar protein denaturation is due to the fact that when these proteins denature and aggregate their ability to bind water is greatly reduced. From the results of the cooking regime trials it is recommended that for functional property considerations that during the cooking of further processed meat products (i.e. ready meal applications) a meat temperature of 62°C should be aimed for, for the slowest heating region during cooking (usually the centre). This is because it has been identified that a cooking temperature of 65°C should not be exceeded otherwise detrimental effects can occur to the functional properties of the cooked meat. For health concerns a 7D bacterial death reduction has to be achieved. This means that for a cooking temperature of 62°C the meat has to be held at this temperature for at least 5 minutes. Therefore the total cooking time would be the time needed to heat all the meat to 62°C plus 5 minutes to ensure a safe product. The heating or cooking system employed should also ensure that a minimal amount of the meat is heated above 65°C. This can be easily achieved by minimising the external cooking temperature, but long cooking times will result. An industrial cooking process will be a compromise between the cost associated with longer residence time and product functionality. As mentioned earlier another way to add value is to supply nutritional information for selected cuts. Consequentially one of the objectives of this project was to provide some nutritional information for selected meat cuts. Though the primary objective of this part of the project was to develop a method for producing the needed information, so that Richmond N.Z. Ltd. can develop further information on an as needs basis. The nutritional characteristics of a number of export lamb cuts from the saddle region has also been investigated and a method devised to allow further characterisation of other cuts. The method involves breaking down a standard cut into its constituent components (e.g. Frenched rack consists of loin eye, fat cap, intercostals and fatty tissue). The constituent components are tested for their nutritional properties. The frenched rack nutritional properties are calculated from the nutritional properties of the constituents components and the yield data (percentage of each constituent component within a frenched rack) for frenched racks. This method allowed the identification of the main sources of variation for nutritional characteristics. These differences were found to be caused by the lean to fat ratio, not nutritional differences in lean tissue from the same region of lamb (i.e. loin eye and tenderloin very similar nutritionally). The difference in lean to fat ration also accounts for the variation between grades (i.e. PX grade lamb cuts have a higher fat content than YX grade lamb cuts due to PX grade cuts having a higher percentage fat tissue in their cuts). The cuts characterised were the shortloin section (whole section or chop), rack section (whole section or chop), 75mm racks frenched 25mm, boneless loin and tenderloin for both PX and YX grade lamb. The method will be applicable to other regions of lamb (i.e. hindquarter and forequarter) for which nutritional information already exists, but for which yielding data will have to be collected. The method would also be applicable to other species such as beef and venison, but both nutritional data for constituent components and yielding data would have to be collected.

Richmond Ltd. has recently undergone a change in strategy, away from the traditional commodity based meat industry, towards the modern food business. To do this, opportunities to add value to their current product range must be identified. This involves the conversion of traditionally low value commodity based products into products that demand a premium. An example of this is converting muscles that are currently used for grinding meat into a further processed convenience food (i.e. ready meals). Another method is to add further value to premium products by making them more appealing to consumers (i.e. nutritional information on labels). This work details investigations into the functional properties of selected beef forequarter muscles (low value commodity products) and the nutritional properties of selected export lamb products (premium products). The functional properties of a number of beef forequarter muscles were measured to identify which had the best potential for further processing applications with respect to ready meals. The functional properties of tenderness, cook loss and shrinkage were measured for the Latissimus Dorsi, Pectorialis Profundus (Point End Brisket), Infraspinatus (Cross Cut Blade), Triceps Brachi Longhead (Main muscle in Bolar Shoulder Clod), Supraspinatus (Chuck Tender), Serratus Ventralis and Triceps Brachi Medialhead (Muscle in Bolar Shoulder Clod. From the tests conducted the Infraspinatus and the Triceps Brachi Longhead have been identified as having the best functional properties with respect to further processing for ready meal applications. As well as conducting tests to identify the forequarter muscles with the best potential for further processing applications, investigations were carried out to identify cooking regimes that would optimise the functional properties. This work confirmed that there are three major chemical reactions, which determine the resultant functional properties of cooked meat. They are the denaturation and aggregation of the myofibrillar proteins and the denaturation and solubilisation of connective tissue (collagen). At around 50°C myosin (45% to 50% of the myofibrillar proteins) denatures, which results in a substantial increase in cook loss and reduction in water holding capacity. At around 60°C collagen (main connective tissue protein) denatures, which results in a substantial increase in tenderness and increase in cook loss. This is because as the collagen denatures it loses it mechanical strength (increase in tenderness) and can no longer support its own structure, and causes it to contract. This contraction causes fluid within the meat and cook loss caused by the denaturation of myosin to be expelled from the meat by compressive forces (squeezed out). At around 70°C actomyosin (22% of the myofibrillar proteins) denatures. This results in a substantial increase in the cook loss and firming of the meat. The increase in cook loss or decrease in water holding capacity that occurs with myofibrillar protein denaturation is due to the fact that when these proteins denature and aggregate their ability to bind water is greatly reduced. From the results of the cooking regime trials it is recommended that for functional property considerations that during the cooking of further processed meat products (i.e. ready meal applications) a meat temperature of 62°C should be aimed for, for the slowest heating region during cooking (usually the centre). This is because it has been identified that a cooking temperature of 65°C should not be exceeded otherwise detrimental effects can occur to the functional properties of the cooked meat. For health concerns a 7D bacterial death reduction has to be achieved. This means that for a cooking temperature of 62°C the meat has to be held at this temperature for at least 5 minutes. Therefore the total cooking time would be the time needed to heat all the meat to 62°C plus 5 minutes to ensure a safe product. The heating or cooking system employed should also ensure that a minimal amount of the meat is heated above 65°C. This can be easily achieved by minimising the external cooking temperature, but long cooking times will result. An industrial cooking process will be a compromise between the cost associated with longer residence time and product functionality. As mentioned earlier another way to add value is to supply nutritional information for selected cuts. Consequentially one of the objectives of this project was to provide some nutritional information for selected meat cuts. Though the primary objective of this part of the project was to develop a method for producing the needed information, so that Richmond N.Z. Ltd. can develop further information on an as needs basis. The nutritional characteristics of a number of export lamb cuts from the saddle region has also been investigated and a method devised to allow further characterisation of other cuts. The method involves breaking down a standard cut into its constituent components (e.g. Frenched rack consists of loin eye, fat cap, intercostals and fatty tissue). The constituent components are tested for their nutritional properties. The frenched rack nutritional properties are calculated from the nutritional properties of the constituents components and the yield data (percentage of each constituent component within a frenched rack) for frenched racks. This method allowed the identification of the main sources of variation for nutritional characteristics. These differences were found to be caused by the lean to fat ratio, not nutritional differences in lean tissue from the same region of lamb (i.e. loin eye and tenderloin very similar nutritionally). The difference in lean to fat ration also accounts for the variation between grades (i.e. PX grade lamb cuts have a higher fat content than YX grade lamb cuts due to PX grade cuts having a higher percentage fat tissue in their cuts). The cuts characterised were the shortloin section (whole section or chop), rack section (whole section or chop), 75mm racks frenched 25mm, boneless loin and tenderloin for both PX and YX grade lamb. The method will be applicable to other regions of lamb (i.e. hindquarter and forequarter) for which nutritional information already exists, but for which yielding data will have to be collected. The method would also be applicable to other species such as beef and venison, but both nutritional data for constituent components and yielding data would have to be collected.

Richmond Ltd. has recently undergone a change in strategy, away from the traditional commodity based meat industry, towards the modern food business. To do this, opportunities to add value to their current product range must be identified. This involves the conversion of traditionally low value commodity based products into products that demand a premium. An example of this is converting muscles that are currently used for grinding meat into a further processed convenience food (i.e. ready meals). Another method is to add further value to premium products by making them more appealing to consumers (i.e. nutritional information on labels). This work details investigations into the functional properties of selected beef forequarter muscles (low value commodity products) and the nutritional properties of selected export lamb products (premium products). The functional properties of a number of beef forequarter muscles were measured to identify which had the best potential for further processing applications with respect to ready meals. The functional properties of tenderness, cook loss and shrinkage were measured for the Latissimus Dorsi, Pectorialis Profundus (Point End Brisket), Infraspinatus (Cross Cut Blade), Triceps Brachi Longhead (Main muscle in Bolar Shoulder Clod), Supraspinatus (Chuck Tender), Serratus Ventralis and Triceps Brachi Medialhead (Muscle in Bolar Shoulder Clod. From the tests conducted the Infraspinatus and the Triceps Brachi Longhead have been identified as having the best functional properties with respect to further processing for ready meal applications. As well as conducting tests to identify the forequarter muscles with the best potential for further processing applications, investigations were carried out to identify cooking regimes that would optimise the functional properties. This work confirmed that there are three major chemical reactions, which determine the resultant functional properties of cooked meat. They are the denaturation and aggregation of the myofibrillar proteins and the denaturation and solubilisation of connective tissue (collagen). At around 50°C myosin (45% to 50% of the myofibrillar proteins) denatures, which results in a substantial increase in cook loss and reduction in water holding capacity. At around 60°C collagen (main connective tissue protein) denatures, which results in a substantial increase in tenderness and increase in cook loss. This is because as the collagen denatures it loses it mechanical strength (increase in tenderness) and can no longer support its own structure, and causes it to contract. This contraction causes fluid within the meat and cook loss caused by the denaturation of myosin to be expelled from the meat by compressive forces (squeezed out). At around 70°C actomyosin (22% of the myofibrillar proteins) denatures. This results in a substantial increase in the cook loss and firming of the meat. The increase in cook loss or decrease in water holding capacity that occurs with myofibrillar protein denaturation is due to the fact that when these proteins denature and aggregate their ability to bind water is greatly reduced. From the results of the cooking regime trials it is recommended that for functional property considerations that during the cooking of further processed meat products (i.e. ready meal applications) a meat temperature of 62°C should be aimed for, for the slowest heating region during cooking (usually the centre). This is because it has been identified that a cooking temperature of 65°C should not be exceeded otherwise detrimental effects can occur to the functional properties of the cooked meat. For health concerns a 7D bacterial death reduction has to be achieved. This means that for a cooking temperature of 62°C the meat has to be held at this temperature for at least 5 minutes. Therefore the total cooking time would be the time needed to heat all the meat to 62°C plus 5 minutes to ensure a safe product. The heating or cooking system employed should also ensure that a minimal amount of the meat is heated above 65°C. This can be easily achieved by minimising the external cooking temperature, but long cooking times will result. An industrial cooking process will be a compromise between the cost associated with longer residence time and product functionality. As mentioned earlier another way to add value is to supply nutritional information for selected cuts. Consequentially one of the objectives of this project was to provide some nutritional information for selected meat cuts. Though the primary objective of this part of the project was to develop a method for producing the needed information, so that Richmond N.Z. Ltd. can develop further information on an as needs basis. The nutritional characteristics of a number of export lamb cuts from the saddle region has also been investigated and a method devised to allow further characterisation of other cuts. The method involves breaking down a standard cut into its constituent components (e.g. Frenched rack consists of loin eye, fat cap, intercostals and fatty tissue). The constituent components are tested for their nutritional properties. The frenched rack nutritional properties are calculated from the nutritional properties of the constituents components and the yield data (percentage of each constituent component within a frenched rack) for frenched racks. This method allowed the identification of the main sources of variation for nutritional characteristics. These differences were found to be caused by the lean to fat ratio, not nutritional differences in lean tissue from the same region of lamb (i.e. loin eye and tenderloin very similar nutritionally). The difference in lean to fat ration also accounts for the variation between grades (i.e. PX grade lamb cuts have a higher fat content than YX grade lamb cuts due to PX grade cuts having a higher percentage fat tissue in their cuts). The cuts characterised were the shortloin section (whole section or chop), rack section (whole section or chop), 75mm racks frenched 25mm, boneless loin and tenderloin for both PX and YX grade lamb. The method will be applicable to other regions of lamb (i.e. hindquarter and forequarter) for which nutritional information already exists, but for which yielding data will have to be collected. The method would also be applicable to other species such as beef and venison, but both nutritional data for constituent components and yielding data would have to be collected.