Introdução: Segmentos coronários com doença aterosclerótica manifesta podem coexistir no mesmo paciente com artérias normais à angiografia. Porém as características desses vasos angiograficamente normais permanecem pouco estudadas. O presente estudo visa a descrição in vivo, através do ultrassom intravascular com histologia virtual, da presença, grau de acometimento e composição da doença coronária aterosclerótica em artérias normais ou quase normais (irregularidades parietais) do ponto de vista angiográfico, em pacientes com doença coronária obstrutiva em outros territórios. Métodos: Pacientes com doença coronária obstrutiva foram selecionados de forma prospectiva e foram submetidos a estudo ultrassonográfico com histologia virtual de múltiplos vasos. Artérias epicárdicas principais foram classificadas em quatro grupos baseado na sua aparência angiográfica: 1) vasos completamente normais, 2) vasos com irregularidades parietais, 3) vasos com pelo menos uma estenose discreta, 4) vasos com pelo menos uma estenose moderada ou importante. Para os vasos com estenoses luminais (grupos 3 e 4 acima), apenas segmentos que não possuíam lesão maior ou igual a 30% (não obstrutivos) foram incluídos na análise. Resultados: Um total de 60 pacientes (154 vasos) foram incluídos no estudo. Vasos angiograficamente normais apresentaram menor carga de placa, menos componente necrótico, menor densidade de lesões e quase nenhuma placa com características de alto risco. Entretanto, em vasos com irregularidades parietais encontramos uma maior carga de placa com elevada densidade de lesões pelo ultrassom intravascular similar a segmentos \"não obstrutivos\" de vasos com estenoses luminais evidentes pela angiografia em outro ponto. Conclusão: Artérias coronárias completamente normais pela angiografia parecem apresentar pouca doença aterosclerótica. Entretanto, vasos com irregularidades parietais estão associados com um maior acometimento aterosclerótico e elevada densidade placas de alto risco, achado este que não pode ser rapidamente obtido com o uso apenas da angiografia coronária / Background: Extensively diseased arteries may co-exist, in the same patient, with coronary vessels with a normal appearance by angiography. Thus far, however, the characteristics of the latter remain poorly described. The present study aims to evaluate in vivo, using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) with radiofrequency backscatter analysis (RF), the presence, degree, and composition of atherosclerosis in arteries with angiographically normal or near-normal appearance, in patients with diagnosed coronary disease in other territories. Methods: Patients with diagnosed obstructive coronary disease were prospectively selected and underwent protocol-mandated multi-vessel IVUS-RF. Major epicardial branches were classified into four groups based on their angiographic appearance: 1) completely normal-looking; 2) near-normal; 3) at least one mild stenosis; 4) at least one severe or moderate stenosis. For vessels with lumen stenosis (groups 3 and 4 above), only \"non-stenotic\" portions were included in the IVUS analysis. Results: A total of 60 patients (154 vessels) comprised the study population. Completely normal-looking vessels had lower plaque burden, lower necrotic component, lower density of lesions, and almost null high-risk plaques. Conversely, a nearnormal aspect, with only subtle lumen irregularities by angiography, was associated with increased disease burden, with an elevated density of plaques with high-risk features, similar to \"non-stenotic\" portions of vessels with obvious atherosclerosis elsewhere. Conclusions: Coronary vessels with a completely normal-looking appearance by angiography appear to have little atherosclerosis. Conversely, yet mild luminal irregularities by angiography are associated with increased disease burden and elevated density of high-risk plaques by IVUS, which cannot be readily assessable by angiography alone. Descriptors: angiography; atherosclerosis; coronary artery disease; plaque, atherosclerotic; ultrasonography, interventional; coronary vessels.Background: Extensively diseased arteries may co-exist, in the same patient, with coronary vessels with a normal appearance by angiography. Thus far, however, the characteristics of the latter remain poorly described. The present study aims to evaluate in vivo, using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) with radiofrequency backscatter analysis (RF), the presence, degree, and composition of atherosclerosis in arteries with angiographically normal or near-normal appearance, in patients with diagnosed coronary disease in other territories. Methods: Patients with diagnosed obstructive coronary disease were prospectively selected and underwent protocol-mandated multi-vessel IVUS-RF. Major epicardial branches were classified into four groups based on their angiographic appearance: 1) completely normal-looking; 2) near-normal; 3) at least one mild stenosis; 4) at least one severe or moderate stenosis. For vessels with lumen stenosis (groups 3 and 4 above), only \"non-stenotic\" portions were included in the IVUS analysis. Results: A total of 60 patients (154 vessels) comprised the study population. Completely normal-looking vessels had lower plaque burden, lower necrotic component, lower density of lesions, and almost null high-risk plaques. Conversely, a nearnormal aspect, with only subtle lumen irregularities by angiography, was associated with increased disease burden, with an elevated density of plaques with high-risk features, similar to \"non-stenotic\" portions of vessels with obvious atherosclerosis elsewhere. Conclusions: Coronary vessels with a completely normal-looking appearance by angiography appear to have little atherosclerosis. Conversely, yet mild luminal irregularities by angiography are associated with increased disease burden and elevated density of high-risk plaques by IVUS, which cannot be readily assessable by angiography alone

INTRODUÇÃO: O SYNTAX escore avalia a complexidade da doença arterial coronária (DAC). As diretrizes de revascularização miocárdica recomendam a sua utilização para auxiliar na escolha da melhor estratégia de tratamento (cirurgia ou angioplastia) nos pacientes com DAC estável. O diabetes está associado a DAC de maior complexidade. Poucos estudos avaliaram a aplicação do SYNTAX escore em pacientes diabéticos com DAC multiarterial. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o SYNTAX escore como preditor de eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (ECAM) nos grupos angioplastia coronária (ATC) e cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (RM) em pacientes diabéticos com DAC multiarterial. Comparar a RM e ATC em relação aos ECAM nas categorias do SYNTAX escore baixo, intermediário e alto. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo, centro único, com pacientes diabéticos com DAC multiarterial randomizados para ATC ou RM. O SYNTAX escore foi calculado post hoc por avaliador independente. Pacientes foram categorizados de acordo com o SYNTAX escore: baixo ( <= 22), intermediário ( > 22 e < 33) e alto ( >= 33). Foi avaliada prospectivamente a incidência de ECAM compostos por infarto agudo do miocárdio, acidente vascular cerebral, necessidade de nova revascularização e mortalidade. RESULTADOS: Pacientes diabéticos (n=191) com DAC multiarterial, foram randomizados para realização de RM (n=95) ou ATC com stent farmacológico (n=96). Foram excluídos da população 3 pacientes: um caso devido a desistência da RM após randomização e dois casos com coronariografias sem condições técnicas de cálculo do SYNTAX escore. Total de 188 pacientes, 96 no grupo ATC e 92 no grupo RM, foram acompanhados por tempo mediano de 6,5 anos (variando de 0,1 a 8,6 anos). Foi observada maior incidência de ECAM nos pacientes com SYNTAX escore intermediário no grupo ATC (17,6% baixo, 52,5% intermediário e 40,9% alto, p=0.02). Não foi observada diferença de ECAM entre as diferentes categorias de SYNTAX escore no grupo RM (13.5% baixo, 15.6% intermediário e 34.8% alto, p=0.10). O SYNTAX escore não foi fator de risco independente para ECAM no grupo ATC (HR=1,02; IC de 95% de 0,99 a 1,06, p=0,115). O SYNTAX escore apresentou calibração inadequada (?mid=23,25) e baixa capacidade discriminatória (área abaixo da curva ROC = 0.63) para ECAM no grupo ATC. No grupo RM o SYNTAX escore não foi preditor independente de ECAM (HR=1,03; IC de 95% de 0,99 a 1,07, p=0,14). Quando comparados os grupos ATC e RM de acordo com a categoria de SYNTAX escore foi observada maior incidência de ECAM no grupo angioplastia com SYNTAX escore intermediário (52,5% no grupo ATC vs 15,6% no grupo RM, p=0.002). Não foi observada diferença de ECAM nos pacientes com SYNTAX escore baixo (17,6% no grupo ATC vs 13,5% no grupo RM, p=0,59) e alto (40,9% no grupo ATC vs 34,8% no grupo RM, p=0.68) entre a ATC e RM. CONCLUSÕES: O SYNTAX escore não foi preditor independente de ECAM nos grupos angioplastia e cirurgia. Quando comparados os grupos ATC e RM foi observada maior incidência de ECAM no grupo ATC com SYNTAX escore intermediário / AIMS: Evaluate the SYNTAX score (SS) in predicting major adverse cardiovascular events (MACCE) in coronary angioplasty (PCI) and surgery (CABG) groups in diabetic patients with symptomatic multivessel Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Comparing CABG and PCI according SS category. METHODS AND RESULTS: Single center study including 188 patients randomized to PCI (n=96) or CABG (n=92), followed for a median of 6.5 (0.1 to 8.6) years. There were no differences in MACCE in the CABG group regardless of the SS categories (13.5% low, 15.6% intermediate, 34.8% higher, p=0.10), while in the PCI group significant differences in MACCE were detected (17.6% low, 52.5% intermediate and 40.9% higher, p=0.02). In the PCI and CABG groups SS did not predict MACCE in the Cox regression analysis (p > 0,05). Comparing PCI and CABG according SS category there was a higher incidence of MACCE in patients with intermediate SS in the PCI group (52.5% in PCI group vs 15.6% in CABG group, p=0.002) and no difference were observed in patients with low (17.6% in PCI vs 13.5% in CABG, p=0.59) and high SS ( 40.9% in PCI vs 34.8% in CABG, p=0.68). CONCLUSIONS: In diabetic patients with multivessel CAD the SS was not an independent risk factor for MACCE in the PCI and CABG groups. Diabetic patients with intermediate SS showed higher MACCE in the PCI group versus CABG

A intervenção percutânea com implante de stents constitui-se na principal forma de revascularização miocárdica empregada, e associa-se à redução de sintomas, à melhoria na qualidade de vida e ao aumento da sobrevida em pacientes acometidos por síndrome coronária aguda. Entretanto, o implante de stents pode acompanhar-se de exagerada hiperplasia intimal, principal determinante da reestenose destes dispositivos. Diversos fatores clínicos, anatômicos e técnicos associam-se a maiores taxas de reestenose, porém a hipótese de que o tipo ou a composição da lesão aterosclerótica tratada possa correlacionar-se com o fenômeno ainda não foi esclarecida. Determinar a relação entre a composição da placa aterosclerótica tratada conforme análise pela Histologia Virtual® - e a magnitude da hiperplasia intimal após o implante de stents farmacológicos e não-farmacológicos. No período de setembro de 2008 a novembro de 2009, selecionamos 52 pacientes prospectivos com o diagnóstico de síndrome coronária aguda com ou sem supra ST, submetidos à cinecoronariografia e candidatos à intervenção percutânea. Estes foram randomizados para o tratamento com stents farmacológicos com sirolimus (Cypher® Cordis, Johnson & Johnson) ou com stents não-farmacológicos (Driver®,Medtronic Inc.). O ultra-som com Histologia Virtual® foi realizado antes do tratamento das lesões culpadas, e correlacionou-se o porcentual dos componentes fibrótico, fibrolipídico, núcleo necrótico e cálcio com o grau de hiperplasia intimal, em reestudo ultrasonográfico realizado aos 9 meses. A média de idades foi de 55,3 anos (DP 4,9 anos), sendo 77% homens. Não foram verificadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos no que se refere às variáveis clínicas e angiográficas. A maioria dos pacientes apresentava obstrução coronária uniarterial, e o vaso mais freqüentemente tratado foi a descendente anterior. À Histologia Virtual®, não foram detectadas diferenças em relação ao tipo de placa tratada, sendo predominantes as lesões do tipo fibroateroma e fibroateroma calcificado. O tecido fibrótico foi o componente preponderante [59,6% (DP 15,8%) do volume total das placas analisadas], e cerca de 20% do volume das lesões era composto por núcleo necrótico. Após 9 meses, o reestudo ultrasonográfico foi realizado em 49 (94%) dos pacientes. Tanto o volume como o porcentual de hiperplasia intimal foram significativamente maiores no grupo tratado com stents não-farmacológicos [60,8 mm3 [DP 32 mm3] versus 14 mm3 (DP 9,2 mm3), p<0,0001 e [31,9% (DP 12,9%) versus 8,2% (DP 7,6%) , p<0,0001, respectivamente]. Contudo, não foi observada associação entre os porcentuais dos componentes fibrótico (corr. 0,038, p=0,81), fibrolipídico (corr. 0,109, p=0,49), cálcio (corr. -0,073, p=0,64) e núcleo necrótico (corr. -0,062, p=0,69) das lesões tratadas com o tecido neointimal intra-stent. Os resultados desta investigação prospectiva e randomizada indicam que as informações providas pela Histologia Virtual® na caracterização das placas ateroscleróticas não auxiliam na identificação de lesões mais propensas à reestenose, após o implante de stents farmacológicos e não-farmacológicos. / To the present, little is known about the correlation between modifications in plaque composition at stent edges and the changes in vessel geometry. This study sought to evaluate, by serial grey-scale intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and Virtual Histology(TM), the modifications in plaque composition at the edges of drug-eluting and bare-metal stents and the correlation of these findings with changes in the measuremntes of vessel, lumen and plaque area at those segments. Single-center, prospective and randomized (1:1) evaluation of 40 patients with acute coronary syndrome treated with bare-metal (Driver(TM), n=20 patients) or drug-eluting stents (Cypher(TM), n=20 patients). Following stent deployment, all individuals underwent gray scale IVUS and Virtual Histology(TM) evaluation, which were repeated at nine months. Primary endpoint included the modification in vessel, lumen and plaque area and in the composition of the plaque in the mean time between the baseline and follow-up procedure. Additionally, we tried to determine a correlation between plaque composition variation and changes in vessel geometry. At the proximal edge of both drug-eluting and bare-metal stents there was a trend to positive vessel remodeling which compensated the modest increase in plaque area. At the distal edge, patients treated with drug-eluting stents had less plaque growth resulting in a larger lumen area at follow-up. By Virtual Histology, there was a marked reduction in the % of fibrotic tissue and necrotic core in both edges of the two stents and a positive, strong correlation was seen between increase in % of fibrofatty component and augmentation in plaque area(r=0.78, p=0.01). The use of drug-eluting stents was not associated with \"edge effect\". On the contrary, patients treated with these devices experienced less plaque growth, especially at the distal edge of the stents. Modifications in plaque composition, with increase in fibrofatty content, might partially explain these findings.

Introdução: A tomografia das artérias coronárias (ANGIO-TC) tem o potencial de medir as dimensões dos vasos e pode ser opção, aos métodos invasivos, para análises quantitativas em intervenções coronárias com suportes vasculares bioabsorvíveis (SVB) poliméricos radiolucentes. Objetivos: Medidas quantitativas pela ANGIO-TC do lúmen de segmentos coronários de pacientes submetidos a implante de um SVB com eluição de novolimus (DESolve®) foram comparadas às do ultrassom intracoronário (USIC). Os objetivos primários foram a comparação da área mínima e do volume do lúmen do SVB. Outros objetivos incluíram medidas nas margens do dispositivo, de referências do vaso e dos percentuais de estenose do SVB. A precisão de identificação do local de menor dimensão foi estimada pela distância entre este e a borda proximal do SVB. Método: Vinte e um pacientes submetidos a implante de um SVB DESolve e que foram reestudados após 6 meses com cinecoronariografia e USIC realizaram, também, ANGIO-TC. Sem conhecimento dos valores um do outro, um operador, em cada método, efetuou as medidas de volume, área e diâmetro mínimos do lúmen do SVB, de áreas e diâmetros mínimos do lúmen nas margens proximal e distal do SVB, de diâmetros e áreas de referência luminais e dos percentuais de estenose de diâmetros e áreas do SVB. Diferenças entre as médias foram significativas quando testes resultaram o valor de p< 0,05. Coeficientes de correlação foram calculados e a concordância foi analisada pelo método de Bland-Altman. Resultados: Os métodos não se mostraram correlacionados ao medirem área mínima do lúmen do SVB e a ANGIO-TC subestimou significativamente os valores em relação ao USIC (diferença de médias= -1,27 mm2; p= 0,004). As medidas do volume do lúmen do SVB mostraram correlação (r= 0,58; p= 0,006) e foram equivalentes (diferença de mediana= 5,4 mm3; p= 0,14). Em ambas, houve ampla variabilidade entre as medidas (variação percentual do erro de 128% para a área e de 119% para o volume). Os métodos mostraram correlações significativas para todas as demais variáveis. As médias das medidas de diâmetros, pela ANGIO-TC, não mostraram diferenças significativas em relação ao USIC. A ANGIO-TC subestimou significativamente as medidas da área mínima do lúmen no segmento distal ao SVB (diferença= -1,09 mm2; p = 0,017) e da área de referência dos vasos (diferença = -1,34 mm2; p = 0,008). Apesar do viés mínimo, os métodos mostraram ampla variação ao identificar o ponto de menor dimensão do SVB (erro percentual = 186%). A ANGIO-TC, assim como o USIC, não identificou casos de reestenose. Os métodos mostraram melhor nível de concordância ao medirem diâmetros e maiores discrepâncias ao estimarem percentuais de estenose. Conclusões: Em segmentos coronários com SVB polimérico, a ANGIOTC não obteve correlação e subestimou a área mínima do lúmen em relação ao USIC. Quantificações do volume do lúmen foram equivalentes e correlacionadas. Independentemente do nível de correlação, o padrão de concordância das medidas evidenciou um nível de acurácia insatisfatório para a ANGIO-TC substituir o USIC para quantificações de lumens em estudos com SVB radiolucentes, embora permaneça útil para análises visuais na prática clínica. / Computed tomography coronary angiography (CTA) is able to quantify vessel dimensions and might potentially be an alternative to substitute invasive methods for quantitative analysis in percutaneous coronary interventions with bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BVS). This study compared quantitative measurements derived from CTA images to intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) in coronary segments implanted with radiolucent DESolve(TM) novolimuseluting BVS. Primary objectives were comparisons of BVS minimal luminal area and luminal volume in BVS. Secondary objectives included comparisons of minimal luminal areas and diameters in proximal and distal segments to the BVS, luminal vessel reference areas and diameters and BVS percent area and diameter stenosis. Precision of identifying BVS luminal minimal area were assessed by measuring distance from this point to proximal BVS border. Twenty-one patients underwent both CTA and IVUS, six months after BVS deployment. Each method was performed by an experienced operator, blinded to other\'s quantifications. Correlation coefficients were calculated and mean differences with 95% limits of agreement were assessed by Bland-Altman analysis. A p-value less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. CTA did not show correlation to IVUS and significantly underestimated minimal luminal area in BVS (mean differences = -1.27 mm2; p = 0.004). Quantitative measurements of luminal volume in BVS were equivalent (median difference = 5.4 mm3; p = 0.14) and showed modest correlation (r= 0.58; p= 0.006). Both variables showed wide limits of agreement (percent error = 128% in minimal luminal area and 119% in luminal volume). Correlations were significant in all other variables. Both methods did not show significant differences quantifying all-segment diameters, and percent area and diameter stenosis. CTA significantly underestimated measurements of minimal luminal area in distal segment after BVS (mean difference = -1,09 mm2; p = 0,017) and luminal reference area (mean difference = -1,34 mm2; p = 0,008). CTA and IVUS showed nonsignificant bias to identify BVS luminal minimal area, but very wide limits of agreement (percent error= 186%). Both methods agreed in showing no cases of binary restenosis. Regardless of correlations or mean differences, all measures showed high variability, caracterized by wide limits of agreement. The least variations resulted from diameter quantifications, whereas estimated percent stenosis presented more disparities. These discrepancies between both methods showed that CTA analysis is still not fully developed to replace IVUS in the assessment of quantitative measurements in vessels treated with BVS. It remains, however, clinically useful for visual qualitative analysis.

Introdução: Os stents farmacológicos (SF) de primeira geração surgiram com o intuito de reduzir as taxas de reestenose intra-stent e de revascularização da lesão-alvo, sendo mais eficazes quando comparados aos stents não-farmacológicos (SNF), porém com aumento de risco de trombose do stent (TS) muito tardia. A cobertura tecidual incompleta e a má aposição tardia das hastes dos stents podem estar vinculadas à TS. O SF de segunda geração BioMatrix®, que utiliza um polímero bioabsorvível, surgiu na expectativa de redução da TS. Devido à alta acurácia e reprodutibilidade e à análise precisa da cobertura tecidual e da aposição das hastes dos stents, a tomografia de coerência óptica (TCO) vem se tornando um método útil na análise desses aspectos. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a cobertura tecidual e a aposição das hastes do SF BioMatrix® após longo período do implante. Métodos: Vinte pacientes submetidos ao implante do SF BioMatrix® (n = 15) ou do SNF S-Stent® (n = 5) foram acompanhados por um período mínimo de cinco anos e avaliados por meio da angiografia coronária quantitativa (ACQ), da ultrassonografia intracoronária (USIC) e da TCO. Para a análise estatística, foram utilizados os programas SPSS® versão 16.0 e SAS versão 9.2. O valor de p < 0,05 era considerado estatisticamente significante. As variáveis categóricas foram expressas em números absolutos e porcentuais e comparadas pelo teste exato de Fisher. As variáveis contínuas foram expressas em média e desvio padrão e/ou mediana e intervalo interquartílico e foram comparadas pelo teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: A ACQ demonstrou diferença, porém não significativa na perda tardia da luz entre o SF BioMatrix® e o S-Stent® [0,40 (0,21; 0,77) mm vs 0,68 (0,66; 0,82) mm, p = 0,205]. Os pacientes tratados com o SF BioMatrix® apresentaram porcentual de obstrução do stent significativamente menor quando comparados àqueles que receberam o S-Stent® [5,6 (4,4; 9,7)% vs 28,6 (24,7; 29,0)%, p =0,001]. A análise da TCO demonstrou 126 (8,7%) hastes não cobertas nos stents BioMatrix® e 23 (4,0%) nos S-Stents® (p = 0,297), estando a maioria delas bem apostas (117/126 e 21/23, respectivamente, p = 0,292). Apenas nove (0,6%) hastes nos SF e duas (0,4%) hastes nos SNF estavam simultaneamente sem cobertura tecidual e mal apostas (p = 0,924). No grupo BioMatrix®, apenas 1 (11,1%) paciente teve todas as hastes cobertas. Já no grupo S-Stent, 66,7% dos pacientes (2/3) apresentaram cobertura completa das hastes (p = 0,127). Conclusões: A avaliação tardia do SF BioMatrix® pela TCO mostrou cobertura tecidual e aposição em quase a totalidade de suas hastes, de maneira similar àquela encontrada nos SNF S-Stents®. / Introduction: First generation drug-eluting stents (DES) have emerged as a strategy to prevent in-stent restenosis and the need of target-vessel revascularization when compared to bare metal stents (BMS); but at the expense of a higher risk of very late stent thrombosis (ST). Uncovered and malapposed struts may be associated with both late and very late ST. It has been postulated that the second generation DES, the biolimus-eluting stent BioMatrixTM with biodegradable polymer, may reduce the incidence of ST. Given its high accuracy and reproducibility with precise analysis of the complete strut apposition and strut coverage, the optic coherence tomography (OCT) has been extensively used for stent analysis. The aim of this study was to assess the struts coverage and apposition of DES BioMatrixTM in a long-term follow up. Methods: Twenty patients undergoing a BioMatrixTM (n = 15) or BMS S-StentTM (n = 5) implantation were followed up for a period of at least five years and evaluated by means of OCT, quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). All statistical analyses were performed using SPSSTM (v.16.0) and SAS (v.9.2) software. Statistical significance was considered at p values < 0.05. Categorical variables were expressed as counts and percentages, and continuous variables as mean SD and/or median and interquartile range. For per-patient level comparison, the difference between two stent types was evaluated by nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test while categorical variables were evaluated by the Fisher exact test. Results: QCA analysis showed no differences in the occurrence of intrastent late loss between the groups [0.40 (0.21; 0.77) mm vs 0.68 (0.66; 0.82) mm, p = 0.205 for BioMatrixTM and S-StentsTM, respectively]. The vessel, stent and lumen volumes assessed by IVUS after the procedure and 5 years later were similar between the two groups. Patients treated with BioMatrixTM had significantly less stent obstruction percentage when compared to those treated with S-StentTM [5.6 (4.4; 9.7)% vs 28.6 (24.7; 29.0)%, p = 0.001]. OCT analysis demonstrated 126 (8.7%) uncovered struts in the BioMatrixTM group compared to 23 (4.0%) in the S-StentsTM group (p = 0.297), being the majority of them well apposed (117/126 and 21/23, respectively, p = 0.292). Only 9 (0.6%) struts in the DES and 2 (0.4%) struts in the BMS groups were imultaneously uncovered and malapposed (p = 0.924). Among the BioMatrixTM patients, 55.6% (5/9) had more than 95% of covered struts and in only 1 (11.1%) patient all struts were covered. On the other hand, among the S-StentTM patients, 66.7% (2/3) had complete covered struts (p = 0.127). Conclusion: Long term assessment of DES BioMatrixTM by OCT showed tissue coverage and apposition in almost all struts, similary to those found in the BMS S-StentsTM.

Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Studien führen zu einer Erweiterung der Indikationen der kardiovaskulären Magnetresonanztomographie bei der Diagnostik der koronaren Herzerkrankung. Die Methoden zur schnellen Erfassung der Myokardbewegung bis hin zu Echtzeittechniken, zur Bestimmung der Myokardperfusion, zur Quantifizierung von hibernating Myokard und zur Unterdrückung von Atemartefakten bei der Koronararteriendarstellung oder Koronarflussmessung wurden optimiert und in klinischen Studien evaluiert. Die Magnetresonanztomographie ist der Echokardiographie bei Dobutamin-Stress-Untersuchungen zur Erkennung einer koronaren Herzerkrankung signifikant überlegen, was sich insbesondere durch die bessere Bildqualität erklärt. Dabei kann zur Überwachung der Patienten während der Stressuntersuchung auf Echtzeitverfahren zurückgegriffen werden, die sowohl für eine quantitative Analyse der linksventrikulären Funktion, als auch für die Erkennung von stressinduzierten Wandbewegungsstörungen geeignet ist. Für die Beurteilung der Myokardperfusion ist die Magnetresonanztomographie mit herkömmlichen Techniken wie SPECT oder PET vergleichbar. Dabei ist insbesondere die Analyse der Einwaschgeschwindigkeit eines Kontrastmittelbolus in Ruhe und unter Vasodilatation geeignet, ischämische und normal perfundierte Myokardabschnitten zu differenzieren. Für die Abbildung der Koronararterien haben sich insbesondere Navigatortechniken als sinnvoll erwiesen. Dabei kann die Anwendung optimierter Korrekturverfahren der Zwerchfellposition zu einer Verringerung von ateminduzierten Bewegungsartefakten führen. Mit Hilfe diese Navigatortechnik können auch Koronarflussmessungen optimiert und ihre Genauigkeit im Vergleich zur intravaskulären Doppler-Sonographie durch Verbesserung der räumlichen und zeitlichen Auflösung gesteigert werden. Damit steht die kardiovaskuläre Magnetresonanztomographie an der Schwelle zum breiten Einsatz in der klinischen Routine. Das derzeitige Indikationsspektrum ist für eine integrative und genaue Untersuchung geeignet und kann in den nächsten Jahren durch weitere Aspekte (z.B. Darstellung von Gefäßplaques, Anwendung spezifischer Kontrastmittel) noch erweitert werden. / The studies compiled in the following manuscript lead to a broadening of indications for cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease Methods for rapid assessment of myocardial motion including real-time techniques, for the determination of myocardial perfusion, for the quantification of hibernating myocardium, and for the reduction of artefacts from breathing motion for the visualization of the coronary arteries and coronary flow measurements were optimised and evaluated in clinical studies. Dobutamin stress magnetic resonance imaging is superior to dobutamine stress echocardiography for the detection of coronary artery disease, which is mainly due to the superior image quality. For patient monitoring real-time techniques can be used which allow quantitative assessment of left ventricular function and detection of stressinduced wall motion abnormalities. The accuracy of perfusion measurements with magnetic resonance imaging is comparable to conventional techniques such as SPECT of PET. Especially the analysis of the wash-in of a contrast agent bolus at rest and during vasodilation allows a differentiation of ischemic and normal myocardium. For coronary artery imaging especially navigator techniques have been shown to be useful. The application of optimised correction techniques for the position of the diaphragm can lead to a reduction of breathing induced artefacts. Thus, cardiovascular magnetic resonance is on its way towards broad clinical application. The current spectrum of indications allows an integrative and accurate examination and can be expanded with additional aspects (e.g. plaque imaging, use of specific contrast agents) in the next years

Die nicht-invasive bildgebende Diagnostik hat bei koronarer Herzkrankheit einen wichtigen Stellenwert für die Diagnosestellung und Therapieplanung. In diesem Zusammenhang liefern nuklearmedizinische Verfahren wichtige Daten zur Gewebsperfusion und erlauben die bildliche Darstellung und Quantifizierung relevanter Details des kardiomyozytären Stoffwechsels. Die quantitativ bedeutendste Methode der nuklearmedizinischen Herzdiagnostik ist die Perfusionsszintigraphie mit Tl-201 oder einem der Tc-99m-markierten Tracer (Sestamibi, Tetrofosmin). Die Perfusionsszintigraphie gibt eine Darstellung der Perfusionsverhältnisse auf zellulärem Niveau während Belastung und Ruhe und erlaubt zusätzlich die Einschätzung der myokardialen Vitalität. Neben der Darstellung der Myokard-Perfusion ist die Untersuchung des myokardialen Energiestoffwechsels von besonderem Interesse, da jegliche Kontraktion auf der Bereitstellung einer ausreichenden Menge energiereicher Phosphate beruht und Störungen des Energiestoffwechsels zu unmittelbaren Konsequenzen für die Kontraktion führen. In der klinischen Diagnostik hat sich die Darstellung des myokardialen Glukosestoffwechsels mit F-18-Fluorodesoxyglukose (FDG) durchsetzen können und gilt als Goldstandard für den Vitalitätsnachweis. Jede Perfusionsstörung wirkt sich unmittelbar auf den myokardialen Energiehaushalt aus. Als Indikator für die Störung des Energiehaushalts kann die veränderte Nutzung unterschiedlicher energieliefernder Substrate dienen. Die Folgen von Koronarstenosen für den kardiomyozytären Energiehaushalt lassen sich demnach durch die veränderte Nutzung radioaktiv markierter Substrate erfassen und bildlich mittels nuklearmedizinischer Methoden darstellen. Während die Darstellung des myokardialen Glukosestoffwechsels bereits Eingang in die klinische Diagnostik gefunden hat, ist die Analyse des kardialen Lipidmetabolismus aufgrund der Komplexität der möglichen Stoffwechselwege schwieriger und bislang ohne klinische Bedeutung. Lipide sind aber - zumindest theoretisch - von besonderem Interesse, da ihre Oxidation einerseits für den Hauptteil der ATP-Produktion verantwortlich ist und andererseits Abbauprodukte aus dem Lipidstoffwechsel zu einer Schädigung des Herzens beitragen können. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war dementsprechend die Bestimmung der Extraktion langkettiger Fettsäuren in (chronisch) ischämischem (hibernierendem) und in reperfundiertem ("stunned myocardium") Myokard. Als Fettsäure wurde I-123-Iodophenyl-Pentadekansäure verwendet, die vergleichbar mit Palmitinsäure in die Zellen aufgenommen und dann entweder der beta-Oxidation zugeführt oder in intrazelluläre Lipidpools integriert wird. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit erfolgten Experimente mit isolierten Rattenherzen, die flußkonstant nach Langendorff perfundiert wurden. Der Fettsäuremetabolismus wurde mittels Indikator-Verdünnungsmethode untersucht, wobei Tc-99m-Albumin als intravaskulärer Referenztracer diente. Es erfolgten Experimente zur Charakterisierung der Fettsäure-Extraktion während unterschiedlicher Flußraten und während 90minütiger Reperfusion nach 20minütiger Ischämie (Flußreduktion auf 25% des Kontrollwertes). Als Perfusat diente eine modifizierte Krebs-Henseleit-Lösung, der entweder 10 mmol/l Glukose oder 10 mmol/l Glukose + 5 I.E./l Alt-Insulin zugesetzt wurden. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen am isolierten Rattenherz zeigen, daß die Extraktion von Fettsäuren auch in (akut) minderperfundiertem Myokard erhalten ist. Die I-123-IPPA-Extraktion stieg bei Reduktion des Blutflusses zunächst exponentiell und bei Reduktion unter 25% des Kontrollflusses mehr als exponentiell an. Bei Zusatz von Insulin zum Perfusat war die Beziehung zwischen Fluß und Fettsäure-Extraktion qualitativ nicht verändert. Quantitativ ergaben sich Differenzen, die insbesondere das Ausmaß der Nettoextraktion bei hohen Flußraten betrafen (höher bei Zusatz von Insulin). Während Reperfusion hing die Fettsäureextraktion von der Zusammensetzung des Perfusats ab. Bei Insulinzusatz (gute intrazelluläre Glukoseverfügbarkeit) war die Fettsäureextraktion reduziert, ohne Insulinzusatz diskret gesteigert. Die Erholung der Wandbewegung ging der Normalisierung der Fettsäureextraktion zeitlich voraus. Das kapilläre Permeabilitäts-Oberflächen-Produkt (PS-Produkt) für I-123-IPPA war in beiden Perfusatgruppen während Reperfusion deutlich auf 20-30% des Kontrollwerts vermindert. Der Abfall des PS-Produkts ist primär Ausdruck einer Ischämie- (oder Reperfusions-) assoziierten Endothelschädigung mit verminderter Permeabilität für I-123-IPPA. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurden Patienten mit koronarer Herzkrankheit untersucht. Dabei handelte es sich einerseits um Patienten nach akutem Myokardinfarkt mit effektiver Reperfusion ("stunning") und andererseits um Patienten mit chronischer KHK und eingeschränkter linksventrikulärer Funktion ("hibernation"). Die Ergebnisse der Patientenuntersuchungen zeigen (ähnlich wie die Daten der Experimente am isolierten Herzen), daß sich myokardiales stunning und hibernation durch unterschiedliche Muster der Fettsäureverwertung unterscheiden. Chronisch minderperfundiertes Myokard zeigte eine erhaltene Fettsäureextraktion, während die Fettsäureaufnahme in reperfundiertem Myokard vermindert war. In reperfundiertem Myokard überdauerte die Reduktion der Fettsäureextraktion die Störung der regionalen Wandbewegung. Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse der Experimente am isolierten Herzen wie auch der Patientenstudien, daß durch Szintigraphie mit radioaktiv markierten Fettsäuren unterschiedliche ischämische Syndrome (stunning, hibernation) differenziert werden können. Allerdings ist die Störung der Fettsäureextraktion unspezifisches Zeichen einer Myokardschädigung und auch nach Beseitigung des schädigenden Einflußes noch über einen relativ langen Zeitraum nachweisbar. Der potentielle klinische Nutzen der Fettsäureszintigraphie wird erheblich davon abhängen, inwieweit es gelingt, unterschiedliche Fettsäure-Verwertungsmuster mit der individuellen Prognose eines Patienten zu korrelieren. / The most important single procedure in nuclear cardiology is myocardial perfusion imaging with Tl-201 or one of the Tc-99m labeled tracers (sestamibi, tetrofosmin). Perfusion scintigraphy allows the assessment of perfusion on a cellular level during stress and at rest, and of myocardial viability. Besides the assessment of myocardial perfusion, the examination of myocardial energy metabolism is of special interest, because every contraction relies on a sufficient amount of high-energy phosphates and every disturbance of energy metabolism is directly followed by a disturbance of myocardial contraction. In clinical cardiology, imaging of myocardial glucose metabolism with F-18 fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) is the accepted gold standard for myocardial viability. Every disturbance of perfusion exerts direct influence on energy metabolism. The altered use of the different energy-yielding substrates can be regarded as an indicator of the degree of metabolic disturbance. Therefore, the consequences of coronary stenoses on energy metabolism can be assessed with radioactive substrates and imaged with nuclear medicine methods. Whereas imaging of glucose metabolism is part of today's clinical cardiology, the analysis of lipid metabolism is - due to the complexity of possible metabolic pathways - more difficult and so far without clinical relevance. However, lipids are of special importance, because (1) their oxidation is responsible for the major part of ATP production and (2) degradation products from the lipid metabolism contribute to cardiac damage. The aims of these studies were to examine the extraction of long-chain fatty acids in chronically ischemic ("hibernating") and in reperfused ("stunned") myocardium. In the experiments, I-123 iodophenylpentadecanoic acid (IPPA) served as labeled long-chain fatty acid. Cellular uptake of IPPA is comparable to palmitic acid and - after uptake - IPPA undergoes either beta-oxidation or is integrated into intracellular lipid pools. The first part of these studies deals with experiments in isolated rat hearts which were subjected to retrograde perfusion according to Langendorff. Fatty acid metabolism was analyzed in these hearts using the indicator-dilution technique with Tc-99m albumin as intravascular reference. Fatty acid extraction was assessed at different flow rates and during reperfusion after flow reduction to 25% of control for 20 min. All hearts were perfused with a modified Krebs-Henseleit solution with the addition of either 10 mmol/l glucose or 10 mmol/l glucose + 5 IU insulin. The results of the isolated rat heart experiments show that the extraction of long-chain fatty acids is preserved in myocardium subjected to (acute) low flow ischemia. IPPA extraction increased exponentially with reduction of blood flow and even showed a more than exponential increase at flow rates below 25% of control. After adding insulin to the perfusate the relation between flow and fatty acid extraction was not altered qualitatively. Quantitatively, differences were detected which primarily refer to a higher net extraction at high flow rates. Fatty acid extraction during reperfusion depended on the composition of the perfusate. After addition of insulin (high intracellular glucose availability) fatty acid extraction was reduced, whereas it was increased without insulin. Recovery of wall motion preceded the normalization of fatty acid extraction. The capillary permeability-surface product (PS product) for IPPA was reduced in both perfusate groups to 20-30% of control. The decrease of the PS product can be primarily attributed to ischemia- and/or reperfusion-associated endothelial damage. The second part of these studies deals with the examination of (1) patients after acute myocardial infarction with effective reperfusion (clinical model of "stunning") and (2) patients with chronic coronary artery disease and reduced left ventricular function ("hibernation"). The results in these patient groups show (comparable to the data of the isolated heart experiments) that myocardial stunning and hibernation can be distinguished by different patterns of fatty acid utilization. Fatty acid extraction was preserved in chronically hypoperfused myocardium, whereas it was reduced in reperfused segments. In reperfused myocardium, the reduction of fatty acid extraction outlasted the wall motion abnormality. In conclusion, the results show that scintigraphy with radio-labeled long chain fatty acids can distinguish between different ischemic syndromes (stunning, hibernation). However, the alteration of fatty acid extraction is an unspecific sign of cardiac damage which persists after removal of the harmful stimulus. The potential clinical benefit of fatty acid scintigraphy will largely depend on the definition of different fatty acid utilization patterns and the correlation of these utilization patterns with the prognosis of individual patients.

Mikroprozessorgesteuerte Implantate haben sich in zahlreichen Bereichen der Medizin etabliert. Physiologische, korpereigene Parameter werden erfasst, abgespeichert und konnen durch Telemetriesysteme weitergeleitet werden. Zusatzlich stehen Therapieoptionen zur Verfugung. Dazu zahlen Neurostimulatoren, welche im Bereich der Schmerztherapie und des fortgeschrittenen Morbus Parkinson erfolgreich angewendet werden ebenso wie Systeme zur Medikamentenapplikation. Beispielhaft hat sich die Entwicklung aktiver Implantate jedoch im Bereich der Herzschrittmacher- und Defibrillatortherapie vollzogen. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschaftigt sich mit der Erforschung physiologischer kardialer Parameter und ihrer Erfassung mit Hilfe von implantierbaren Sensoren. Dabei werden grundlegende technische Aspekte, die spezielle Sensorik zur Erfassung verschiedener Parameter und die Signalverarbeitung dargestellt. Es werden die bereits heute vielfaltigen Moglichkeiten implantierbarer kardialer Monitoringsysteme diskutiert. Neue Moglichkeiten wie das Monitoring ischamischer Ereignisse werden eroffnet. / Mikroprocessor controlled implantable systems are standard in many medical specialities. Physiological parameters can be recorded, stored and transfered via telemetry systems. In addition different therapeutic options are available: neurostimulation to treat patients with refractory pain and morbus parkinson, drug pumps for infusion of insulin etc.. Cardiac pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators were the driving force in the development of implantable sensors. We investigated different physiological cardiac parameters via implantable sensors. In this paper we discuss basic technical aspects, sensors, signal conditioning and signal analysis. The spectrum of available implantable sensors is shown. New options like the monitoring of transient myocardial ischemia are presented.

Es wurde die Bedeutung der intravaskulären Ultraschalluntersuchung (IVUS) bei Diagnostik (1) und interventioneller Therapie (2) der koronaren Herzerkrankung am Beispiel der Transplantatvaskulopathie (TVP) untersucht. 1. Bei 321 Patienten post-HTx-Patienten ohne relevante Stenosen im Koronarangiogramm wurde eine dreidimensionale Rekonstruktion des Ramus interventricularis anterior (LAD) und des linkskoronaren Hauptstammes aus den mittles manueller Katheterrückzugstechnik aquirierten IVUS-Bildern durchgeführt und die intrakoronare Plaqueverteilung und die mittlere Plaquelast der einzelnen Koronarsegmente analysiert. Bei 296 Patienten (92%) fanden angiographisch nicht sichtbare frühe Plaquebildung. 48% dieser Patienten zeigten ein fokal,polyfokale, 52% ein diffuses Plaqueverteilungsmuster. Unabhängige Prädiktoren für das Auftreten einer diffusen TVP waren männliches Geschlecht des Empfängers, das Zeitintervall zwischen HTx und IVUS-Untersuchung (Transplantationszeit) und das Spenderalter. In beiden morphologischen Untergruppen war ein häufigere und stärkere Plaquebildung in den proximalen Koronarsegmenten nachweisbar. Ein distaler Gefäßbefall war bei diffuser Plaquebildung signifikant häufiger und zeigte eine steigende Inzidenz mit zunehmender Transplantationszeit. Somit stellt das longitudinale Plaqueverteilungsmuster und der distale Gefäßbefall einen zusätzlichen morphologischen Marker für den Schweregrad einer beginnenden Transplantatvaskulopathie dar. 2. Bei 36 post-HTx Patienten wurden 62 Stenosen prospektiv mit einer IVUS-gesteuerten, gefäßgrößen-adaptierten Stentimplantation erfolgreich versorgt. Die Stentgröße wurde dem Mittelwert aus Lumen- und Gefäßdurchmessers im proximalen Referenzsegment angepaßt. Nach Vordilatation fand sich ein Lumengewinn von 1.26± 0.16 auf 1.95 ± 0.27mm, nach abschließender Stentimplantation auf 2.94 ± 0.37mm. Nach 6 Monaten betrug die binäre In-Stent-Restenosierungsrate 21.8%, eine Re-PTCA wurde bei 10.9 % durchgeführt. / The role of intravascular ultrasound imaging in diagnosis of coronary disease (1) and guiding percutaneous coronary intervention (2) was evaluated in patients with transplant vasculopathy. 1. In 321 post-HTx-patients without angiographic evidence of coronary disease, three-dimensional intravascular ultrasound imaging of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and the left main coronary artery was performed. Intracoronary plaque distribution and plaque burden was evaluated for each coronary segment. In 296 patients (92%) angiographically silent plaque was detected by IVUS. 48% of these patients showed a focal,polyfocal and 52% a diffuse plaque distribution pattern. Independent predictors of diffuse plaque formation were male gender of the recipient, transplantation time and donor age. In both morphological subgroups of plaque distribution the incidence and magnitude of plaque formation was highest in the proximal LAD segment. Plaque formation in the distal LAD was more frequent in diffuse plaque formation and increased significantly with time after transplantation. Therefore longitudinal plaque distribution pattern and distal vessel involvment are useful additional morphological markers for staging of beginning transplant vasculopathy. 2. In 36 post-HTx-patients 62 coronary stenosis were successfully treated by vessel-size adapted stenting by use of intravascular ultrasound guidance. The stent size was adapted to the proximal reference segment´s mean of lumen/vessel diameter. After pre-dilatataion the minimal lumen diameter increased from 1.26± 0.16 to 1.95 ± 0.27mm and to 2.94 ± 0.37mm after final stent implantation. After 6 months, binary in-stent-restenosis rate was 21.8% and target vessel revascularization rate 10.9%, respectively.

Die transmyokardiale Laserrevaskularisation ist ein chirurgisches Therapieverfahren, das als ultma ratio bei Patienten mit schwerster diffuser koronarer Herzerkrankung eingesetzt wird. Es führt bei der Mehrzahl der operierten Patienten zu einem signifikanten Rückgang des Angina-pectoris-Syndroms und einer deutliche Steigerung der physischen Leistungsfähigkeit. Dieser Effekt hält offensichtlich mehrere Jahre an. Nach unseren Erfahrungen ist eine transmyokardiale Laserrevaskularisation dann relativ gefahrlos wiederholbar. Eine Zunahme der Myokardperfusion oder der myokardialen Kontraktilität in den laserbehandelten Arealen konnte bislang nicht sicher nachgewiesen werden. Ebenso wurde bislang nicht belegt, daß die myokardiale Kontraktilität in den TMLR-Gebieten postoperativ ansteigt. Eine präoperativ bestehende Diabetes mellitus ist möglicherweise ein Risikofaktor für eine erhöhte Sterblichkeit im ersten Jahr nach TMLR und eine geringere Wahrscheinlichkeit, von der Operation hinsichtlich des Angina-pectoris-Syndroms zu profitieren. Im Einklang mit zahlreichen anderen Arbeitsgruppen gehen wir nach histologischer Analyse der Herzen verstorbener TMLR-Patienten davon aus, daß sich transmyokardiale Laserkanäle im frühen postoperativen Verlauf wieder verschließen. In der Umgebung der Laserkanäle setzt in der Folgezeit eine ausgeprägte Angioneogenese ein, die möglicherweise durch den spezifischen Effekt der Laserstrahlung mitunter ein erhebliches Ausmaß erlangen kann. Diese Angioneogenese könnte durchaus den Hauptwirkmechanismus der TMLR darstellen. Durch eine TMLR mit dem CO2-Laser kommt es nicht zu einer nennenswerten Zerstörung von kontraktilem Myokard. / Transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMR) has been increasingly used during the past years in patients suffering from severe diffuse coronary artery disease. The therapy is based upon the creation of transmyocardial channels in the free wall of the left ventricle by means of a laser. Several prospective, controlled, randomized studies were able to show that after TMR 70% of the patients operated on experienced a marked decline in angina symptoms and an increase in physical endurance and quality of life. These effects seem o last for years, and a TMR procedure can then be repeated. Whereas the regional and global myocardial function seems not to be influenced by transmyocardial laser revascularization, the question of an improvement in myocardial perfusion is still unanswered. Diabetic patients seem to be less likely to respond to the laser treatment and to carry a significant higher risk for death during the first postoperative year. Like several other study groups we found the TMR channels created by a CO2 laser closed by fibrin clots, erythrocytes and macrophages in the first postoperative days. There were no connections obvious between the channels and the ventricular cavity. Within the surrounding of the channels, however, we observed a marked neoangiogenesis. Induction of angioneogenesis seems to by the underlying principle of TMR. CO2 laser TMR does not result in significant injury to the myocardium.