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Projetos de construção são caracterizados pela escala, complexidade e seus riscos. Não é incomum encontrar planejamento e definição de escopo incompletos o que leva a aumento de custos e prazos. O objetivo desse trabalho é descrever um método de avaliação de riscos de forma a aumentar a previsibilidade da estimativa de custos do empreendimento. Para isso foram utilizados conceitos de gerenciamento de projetos, de simulação e de analise de riscos descritos na literatura para a constituição de um método de análise de riscos em estimativa de custos. A aplicação do método proposto em comparação com o método tradicional traz vantagens no que diz respeito à abrangência da análise. Enquanto pelo método tradicional a análise do empreendimento se faz por meio de suas tarefas, o método proposto analisa de forma distinta o planejamento do empreendimento nas suas três dimensões fundamentais: escopo, prazo e custo. / Construction projects are characterized by their scale, complexity, and their common risks. Its not uncommon to find incomplete project planning and scope definition which often leads to cost and schedule overruns. The objective of this work is to describe a method of risk assessment in order to increase the accuracy of the project cost estimate. To meet this objective, its been utilized project management, simulation and risk analysis concepts to build a cost estimate risk analysis method. The method proposed in this work has advantages in terms of the analysis broadness in comparison with the traditional method. By using the traditional method, the project analysis is oriented by work on the other hand by using the proposed method, the project is analyzed distinctively in its three fundamental dimensions: scope, cost and schedule.

Projetos de construção são caracterizados pela escala, complexidade e seus riscos. Não é incomum encontrar planejamento e definição de escopo incompletos o que leva a aumento de custos e prazos. O objetivo desse trabalho é descrever um método de avaliação de riscos de forma a aumentar a previsibilidade da estimativa de custos do empreendimento. Para isso foram utilizados conceitos de gerenciamento de projetos, de simulação e de analise de riscos descritos na literatura para a constituição de um método de análise de riscos em estimativa de custos. A aplicação do método proposto em comparação com o método tradicional traz vantagens no que diz respeito à abrangência da análise. Enquanto pelo método tradicional a análise do empreendimento se faz por meio de suas tarefas, o método proposto analisa de forma distinta o planejamento do empreendimento nas suas três dimensões fundamentais: escopo, prazo e custo. / Construction projects are characterized by their scale, complexity, and their common risks. Its not uncommon to find incomplete project planning and scope definition which often leads to cost and schedule overruns. The objective of this work is to describe a method of risk assessment in order to increase the accuracy of the project cost estimate. To meet this objective, its been utilized project management, simulation and risk analysis concepts to build a cost estimate risk analysis method. The method proposed in this work has advantages in terms of the analysis broadness in comparison with the traditional method. By using the traditional method, the project analysis is oriented by work on the other hand by using the proposed method, the project is analyzed distinctively in its three fundamental dimensions: scope, cost and schedule.

Att utföra kostnadskalkyler och mängdavtagningar utifrån objektbaserade 3D-modeller har visat sig vara problematiskt då modellerna inte uppfyller de förväntade kraven på informationsnivå. De bristande modellerna leder till en större osäkerhet då kalkylatorn skall upprätta kostnadskalkyler, vilket utgör bakgrunden till de frågeställningar som rapporten utgörs av. Projektet Biomedicum, som skall bli det toppmoderna laboratoriet åt Karolinska Institutet bedrivs som ett fullskaligt BIM-projekt, där de objektbaserade 3D-modellerna utgör underlaget för bland annat kostnadskalkyler i systemhandlingsskedet. Kalkylatorn i projektet, har uttryckt ett missnöje gällande kvaliteten i modellerna, och menar på att det finns stora brister som leder till att risken för att osäkra kalkyler upprättas ökar. Denna rapport kommer således att se över hur det är möjligt att kvalitetssäkra en objektbaserad 3D-modell i IFC-format i programvaran Solibri Model Checker, utifrån de projektspecifika kraven som råder i projektet. Rapporten utgörs av en fallstudie och en litteraturstudie, och till viss del även av intervjuer. I fallstudien undersöks det om Solibri Model Checker är kapabel till att kontrollera modellerna utifrån de projektspecifika krav som råder i projektet, samt att analysera resultatet av kontrollerna som har utförts. Intervjuerna i sin tur har legat till grund för ett antal problem som har ansetts vara relevanta för rapporten. Problem som kan härledas till juridiska svårigheter, avsaknad av en gemensam branschstandard, meningsskiljaktigheter kring innehållet i en objektbaserad 3D-modell etc.  I fallstudien har det visat sig att 3D-modellerna är bristande ur kalkylsynpunkt. Detta leder till svårigheter och osäkerheter då Skanska upprättar kalkylerna. Anledningarna till detta är flera. Det handlar bland annat om att konstruktören använder sig av en modelleringsteknik som inte är anpassad för kalkylering, men även att det inte finns tydliga riktlinjer om vilken information som bör finnas i objekten i systemhandlingsskedet, vilket har framgått under intervjuerna. Det har även framgått under intervjuerna, att ett avgörande problem som kan anknytas till att modellerna är av bristande kvalitet ur kalkylsynpunkt, är på grund av att det inte har ställts krav tillräckligt tidigt i processen. Vad som är viktigt för att få en fungerande process där de objektbaserade 3D-modellerna skall användas för mängdavtagningar och kostnadskalkyler, är att i ett tidigt skede fastslå vilken information som behövs i objekten för att trovärdiga kalkyler skall vara möjliga att upprätta. Vikten av att det finns en tydlig IT-handledning är även stor, då det är handledningen som ligger till underlag om vilken information som skall finnas med i modellerna. / To perform quantity takeoffs and cost estimates based on 3D models is problematic, if the models do not meet the expected demands of information. The weaknesses of the models leads to uncertainty when the calculator will establish cost estimates, which forms the background to the issues that the thesis constitutes. The project Biomedicum is conducted as a full-fledged BIM project, where the object based 3D models are the basis for cost estimates in the system phase. The calculator in the project has expressed dissatisfaction regarding the quality of the models, and believes that there are major flaws that lead to the risk of uncertain calculations increasing. Of this reason, this thesis will analyze the possibilities about ensuring the quality of an object based 3D model in IFC format, by using the software Solibri Model Checker. This thesis consists of a literature review, interviews and a case study. The case study examines whether Solibri Model Checker is capable of checking the models based on the project specific requirements, and to analyze the results of the checks that have carried out in the case study. The interviews have been the basis for the number of problems that have been considered relevant for the thesis. Problems that can be traced to legal difficulties, lack of a common set requirements, disagreements about the content of an object based 3D model etc. The case study has shown that the 3D models are inadequate to perform cost estimates, which leads to difficulties and uncertainties in the calculation process. There are several reasons for this. The designers of the project have used wrong modeling technique for quantity takeoff and cost estimating. But also that there are no clear guidelines as to what information should be included in the items in the document stage system, which has emerged during the interviews. It has also emerged during the interviews that crucial problems that may be linked to the models are of poor quality, because it has not been required early enough in the process. What is important to get a working process in which the object-based 3D models to be used for quantity takeoffs and cost estimates, is that in the early stages determine what information is needed in the objects to credible estimates will be possible to establish. The importance of a clear IT manual is also great, as it is the manual who serves as the basis of the information to be included in the models.

The Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) manages and maintains a complex state-wide network of highways. Recent incidents such as the collapse of the I-35W bridge in Min- neapolis, Minnesota, and the I-85/Piedmont Road fire and subsequent bridge collapse in Atlanta, Georgia, have brought identification of transportation network vulnerabilities to the forefront of UDOT’s planning efforts. Traditional estimates of transportation network impacts have focused on increases to user travel time or the volume of affected traffic, but studies of these disasters have revealed that when facing a degraded transportation network, people adjust their trip making in terms of destination, mode, and route choice. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the relative systemic criticality of highway links on Utah’s highway network using a logit-based model sensitive to changes in destination choice, mode choice, and route path. The current Utah Statewide Travel Model (USTM) does not incorporate user mode or destination choice, making it unsuitable for this task in its present condition. Consequently, this thesis develops a logit-based model structure that evaluates the cost of impaired destination choices and mode choices for home-based and non-home-based personal trips resulting from a damaged highway network. The choice model logsums capture the total value of user choices and can be readily converted to monetary values, making them ideal for this purpose. The logit-based model is then applied to 40 highway links located at strategic locations on Utah’s network. When compared with a more traditional travel time increase estimation, the logsum and travel time models provide categorically different cost estimates, where the logsum results are typically lower than travel time estimates, with implications for policy making and UDOT’s planning strategy. The results further suggest that freight trips are likely more important considerations than passenger trips, and should be considered in future research.

In the first part of this thesis, the assembly of particular types of building work price documentation is solved, depending on the state of the in-process project documentation. Consequently, the utilization of the documentation in particular administration types is presented, and possibilities of the building work funding are adduced. Specific types of the building work price documentations are configured for the public buildings, housing projects, transportation and water-management buildings. The last part of this thesis is devoted to the overview of particular price and project documentation types that should be elaborated in different phases of building work life cycle.

The main topic of the thesis is the analysis of the possibilities of linking building and economic software and software for technical drawing, in which BIM models are created, in order to achieve automatization of BIM model budgeting. The introductory, theoretical part defines the area of solved problematics in a broader background and the context of the problem. The overarching theme is BIM. Therefore, the basics and principles of this method, its fundamental aspects and current implementation within the Czech Republic are solved. The following chapters deal with standard budgeting procedures in the Czech construction market. The specifics of classical methods and their shortcomings in the context of contemporary construction are described. In the following part of the thesis the BIM budgeting concept, its vision and related aspects are discussed in more detail. The actual draft of the solution of interconnection of price systems and software, in which the BIM model is created, with orientation on valuation automation, is presented in the final, practical part of this thesis. Requirements for solution are defined and the procedure of its creation is described. Finally, the solution is tested and evaluated.

The main goal of this thesis is to present price regulations and show theire utilization in construction practise. Thesis is focusing on methods which are used in the property valuation in accordance with price legislation and other budgeting methods also with description of different types of building work price documentation according to project documentation phase. These findings are demonstrated on a practical example.

För att uppnå målen med Agenda 2030 behöver fler satsningar göras på innovation och digitala lösningar, såväl inom den offentliga sektorn som inom industrisektorn. Beträffande den ekonomiska hållbarheten har den svenska byggindustrin i dagsläget möjlighet till sparande av mångmiljardbelopp årligen och digitalisering spelar en nyckelroll i att lyckas uppnå det. Det är viktigt med samverkan och en snabb byggprocess, varför digitala verktyg som förbättrar och kan påskynda den är av intresse för hela branschen, i synnerhet sådana som kan användas under projekteringsfasen. Denna studie avser därför att undersöka hur processen av beräkning av byggnadsverks kostnadskalkyler kan automatiseras, genom användning av den data som finns i den digitala byggmodellen. Därför programmeras en applikation som kopplar samman modelldata och kostnadsdata, med hjälp av Byggnadsinformationsmodellering (BIM), programmering och tvåväga informationsflöden. Studien illustrerar genom exemplifiering processen av programmering och undersöker hur digitalisering – i såväl teori som praktik – kan användas och tillämpas på byggindustrin. Applikationen är en produkt som utvecklas och metodkapitlet initieras därför av en designprocess; specificering av krav, funktioner som uppfyller kraven, attribut som motsvarar dessa funktioner och till sist hur de sammanfogas för att tillsammans skapa produkten. Detta följs av en litteraturstudie som utfördes dels för att samla fakta om programmering och digitala möjligheter inom byggbranschen, dels för att undersöka liknande studier som gjorts tidigare. Slutligen insamlades kostnader till beräkning av schablonvärden för olika typobjekt som sedan kan användas i tandem med modellen för att skapa kostnadskalkylen. Inledningsvis beskriver resultatet ingående en förenklad variant av applikationen, i syfte att närmare illustrera programmeringsprocessen. Därpå följer beskrivningen av programmeringen av applikationen som programmerats för denna studie. Det slutgiltiga resultatet blev en applikation som automatiserar beräkning av en kostnadskalkyl och en studie som beskriver applikationens sammanhang samt metodiken av att programmera den. / In order to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) defined for Agenda 2030, more investments are needed in innovation and digitalized solutions, as much so in the public sector as in the industry sector. When it comes to the economical sustainability, the Swedish construction industry has possibilities of saving multi-billion sums yearly, and digitalization is playing a key part in making that possible. Both cooperation and an efficient construction process are of importance, why digital tools that can improve and speed up this process are of interest, especially ones that can be used during the design phase. The purpose of this study is to examine how the process of calculating a cost estimate for a civil construction can be automated, using the data in its digital model. An application is therefore programmed, combining model data and cost data, through Building Information Modelling (BIM), programming and two-way data exchange. The study illustrates the process of programming and examines how digitalization can be applied to the constructional industry, both in theory and practice. The application development process is part of the study, why the method chapter is initiated by its design process; specifying customer needs, functions that fulfil the needs, attributes that match these functions and lastly how they come together to make the product. This is then followed by the literature overview, which was done partly to gather information about programming and digital possibilities within the construction industry, and partly for relating this study to similar ones done before. Lastly costs have been collected for calculating template values for different modelling objects, which then can be used together with the model to produce the cost estimate. Initially the result explains a simplified version of the application in-depth, for the purpose of illustrating the programming process thoroughly. That is then followed by the programming of the actual application. The final result was an application that automizes calculation of a cost estimate, and a study that describes its context and the methodology of programming it.

The diploma work has been dealing with the building and technological design of a production hall in Holešov. The work includes the general and specification report, the study of main technological phases, the site plan, the technological specification solving the transportation relations and coordination of oversize transportation, time and financial schedule of the construction, material supply plan including staff review, the time schedule for pre-cast frame assembly, machinery plan including the time employment, the site plan including the drawings, technological specification of pre-cast frame assembly and of steel-fibre-reinforced floor, inspection and test plan of pre-cast concrete frame assembly, assessment of lifting mechanism, the procedure scheme of pre-cast concrete frame assembly and the cost estimate of pre-cast concrete frame.