Resumo: A ractopamina é um agonista β-adrenérgico que vem sendo utilizado como repartidor de energia em dietas de suínos na fase de terminação. Neste contexto, objetivou-se avaliar a influência de três níveis de inclusão deste aditivo (0, 5 e 10 ppm) na dieta de suínos (machos castrados e fêmeas, n=340) durante 28 dias pré abate, sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça e parâmetros econômicos. Não houve interação entre níveis de ractopamina e condição sexual para as variáveis avaliadas. Constatou-se que suínos que receberam ractopamina obtiveram ganho de peso diário superior e melhora na conversão alimentar. Com a inclusão de 10 ppm, foi verificada uma melhora na profundidade de músculo, redução na espessura de toucinho, aumento da porcentagem de carne magra e do rendimento de carcaça. A análise econômica aponta para aumento no valor da receita total e líquida com a venda dos suínos. A suplementação de ractopamina na dieta (5 e 10 ppm) promove melhorias no desempenho e nas características de carcaça de suínos em condições de produção comercial, e seu uso é economicamente viável na suinocultura / Abstract: The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of three levels of inclusion of ractopamine (0, 5 and 10 ppm) in diet of finishing pigs (barrows and gilts, n=340) on performance, carcass traits and economical parameters. After 28 days on the feeding trial, pigs were slaughtered and the growth, carcass traits and economical analysis were measured. There was no interaction on levels of ractopamine and sexual condicion for variables evaluated. Ractopamine feeding increased (P<0.05) average daily gain and efficiency. Moreover, with inclusion of 10 ppm, there was an improvement in depth of muscle, reduced fat tissue, increased lean percentage and carcass yield. Economical analysis showed increase in total revenue value and net produce from swines. These results suggest that ractopamine will improve performance and carcass traits of finishing pigs breeding under commercial conditions supplemented with 5 and 10 ppm and it is economically viable / Orientador: Roberto de Oliveira Roça / Coorientador: Osmar Antonio Dalla Costa / Banca: Dirlei Antonio Berto / Banca: Jacinta Diva Ferrugem Gomes / Mestre

Submitted by MATHEUS UZELOTTO LOPES (matheusuzelotto@gmail.com) on 2018-08-08T20:37:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MATHEUS UZELOTTO LOPES _MPAGRO_CORREÇÃO DEFESA-v2.1.pdf: 1666951 bytes, checksum: d30302f2bb24709ac1dd6a2f910d0bcf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Mayara Costa de Sousa (mayara.sousa@fgv.br) on 2018-08-08T21:21:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MATHEUS UZELOTTO LOPES _MPAGRO_CORREÇÃO DEFESA-v2.1.pdf: 1666951 bytes, checksum: d30302f2bb24709ac1dd6a2f910d0bcf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-08-09T12:55:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MATHEUS UZELOTTO LOPES _MPAGRO_CORREÇÃO DEFESA-v2.1.pdf: 1666951 bytes, checksum: d30302f2bb24709ac1dd6a2f910d0bcf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T12:55:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MATHEUS UZELOTTO LOPES _MPAGRO_CORREÇÃO DEFESA-v2.1.pdf: 1666951 bytes, checksum: d30302f2bb24709ac1dd6a2f910d0bcf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-30 / O arrendamento de terras para o cultivo de cana-de-açúcar possui maior rentabilidade do que a produção para o fornecimento às usinas, do ponto de vista do proprietário das terras, conforme dados do ano de 2013. A rentabilidade média, considerando o arrendamento, ficou em 7,62% no ano de 2017, frente a 1,27% para a produção e fornecimento. A cana-de-açúcar é considerada a cultura de maior relevância para a produção de biocombustível em regiões tropicais e subtropicais e tal fator acontece devido à elevada eficiência de conversão de energia solar em biomassa. Atualmente, é também a principal fonte (80%) de açúcar nacional, sendo ainda utilizada em setores de alimentação animal. O presente trabalho possui como objetivo estabelecer uma relação de análise de viabilidade entre a produção de cana-de-açúcar em terras de arrendatários e a compra de cana-de-açúcar de fornecedores. Para tanto, o presente trabalho adotou como método uma pesquisa quantitativa, por meio de um estudo de caso, no qual foram apresentadas as condições economicamente adequadas para uma usina de cana-de-açúcar situada no Triângulo Mineiro. A partir de análises bibliográficas sobre o assunto e levando em consideração os fatores de custo de produção, colheita, transporte e capacidade produtiva de diferentes tipos de solo foi elaborado um modelo no qual gerou-se cenários dentro do custo de condição da lavoura, para a verificação da viabilidade de arrendamento de terras para usinas sucroenergéticas. Considera-se que são muitas as variáveis que impactam diretamente nos resultados operacionais, e a partir dos modelos executados na presente pesquisa, conclui-se que a usina deve focar maiores valores de arrendamentos para ambientes de produção que tem resultados de TCH e ATR maiores. / Leasing crop land for sugarcane production is more profitable than the production for the supply to the mills, from the landlord side, according to 2013 data. The average yield, considering the lease, was 7.62% in 2017, compared to 1.27% for production and supply. Sugarcane is considered to be the most important crop for biofuel production in tropical and subtropical regions, and this is due to the high conversion efficiency of solar energy into biomass. Currently, it is also the main source (80%) of national sugar, besides to be an important for animal feed. The present work aims to establish a feasibility analysis relationship to compare the production of sugarcane in tenant lands and the purchase of sugarcane from suppliers. For this, the present study adopted as a method a quantitative research, through a case study, where by means of variables was presented the economically adequate conditions for a sugarcane mill located in the Minas Gerais triangle. Based on bibliographic analyzes on the subject and taking into account the production costs, harvest, transport and productive capacity of different types of soil, a model was elaborated in which scenarios were generated within the cost of the condition of the crop, for the verification of the feasibility of renting land for sugar-energy plants. It is considered that many variables have a direct impact on the operational results, and from the models executed in the present research, it is concluded that the plant should focus higher lease values for production environments that have higher TCH (t of cane per hectare) and ATR (Total Recoverable Sugar) results.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:56:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fabio Echer.pdf: 259570 bytes, checksum: 1d7672a3038be57952859a8855197453 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-28 / An experiment was carried out on a commercial cotton crop, in Sapezal MT, in farm year 2007/2008, with the objective of evaluating the effect of different sources of potassium in cover fertilization, on biometric attributes, production components, quality of fibers, economic viability and the nutritional status of cotton plants. The outline used was complete blocks at random, with five repetitions, whose treatments were comprised of cover application of 100 kg ha-1 of K2O from sources KCl, K2SO4, KNO3 and K2SO4.2MgSO4. The nutrient content found in the cotton leaves at blooming was evaluated, being interpreted by the critical level method and by the DRIS method. Both critical level method and DRIS were efficient in detecting differences in leaf nutrient contents and, the content of S in cotton leaves was highest for applications of fertilizer with K2SO4.2MgSO4. IBN was coherent between its values and the productivity of the treatments, with the highest productivities being obtained with the lowest IBN in potassium cover fertilization with the source K2SO4.2MgSO4. Potassium based fertilization of the cover with source K2SO4.2MgSO4 afforded highest plant height and higher agricultural productivity, however, these results were not confirmed by increased fiber quality and economic profitability of the cotton crop. Given its lower cost, KCl is the most economically viable source of fertilizer K for cover of cotton crops. / Conduziu-se um experimento em lavoura comercial de algodão, em Sapezal MT, no ano agrícola 2007/2008, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes fontes de potássio na adubação de cobertura, sobre atributos biométricos, componentes de produção, qualidade de fibras, viabilidade econômica e sobre o estado nutricional do algodoeiro. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos completos ao acaso, com cinco repetições, cujos tratamentos constaram da aplicação em cobertura de 100 kg ha-1 de K2O nas fontes KCl, K2SO4, KNO3 e K2SO4.2MgSO4. Avaliaram-se os teores de nutrientes nas folhas de algodão no florescimento, sendo interpretados pelo método do nível crítico e pelo DRIS. Tanto o método do nível crítico quanto o DRIS foram eficientes na detecção de diferenças nos teores foliares de nutrientes e, o teor de S nas folhas de algodão foi maior com a utilização do adubo K2SO4.2MgSO4. O IBN apresentou coerência entre os seus valores e as produtividades dos tratamentos, sendo as maiores produtividades obtidas com o menor IBN na adubação potássica de cobertura na fonte K2SO4.2MgSO4. A adubação potássica de cobertura com a fonte K2SO4.2MgSO4 proporcionou a maior altura de plantas e a produtividade agrícola mais elevada, porém, estes resultados não se confirmaram em aumentos de qualidade de fibra e rentabilidade econômica do algodão. Em razão do menor custo, o fertilizante KCl é a fonte de K mais viável economicamente para a cobertura na lavoura de algodão.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:51:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fabio Echer.pdf: 259570 bytes, checksum: 1d7672a3038be57952859a8855197453 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-28 / An experiment was carried out on a commercial cotton crop, in Sapezal MT, in farm year 2007/2008, with the objective of evaluating the effect of different sources of potassium in cover fertilization, on biometric attributes, production components, quality of fibers, economic viability and the nutritional status of cotton plants. The outline used was complete blocks at random, with five repetitions, whose treatments were comprised of cover application of 100 kg ha-1 of K2O from sources KCl, K2SO4, KNO3 and K2SO4.2MgSO4. The nutrient content found in the cotton leaves at blooming was evaluated, being interpreted by the critical level method and by the DRIS method. Both critical level method and DRIS were efficient in detecting differences in leaf nutrient contents and, the content of S in cotton leaves was highest for applications of fertilizer with K2SO4.2MgSO4. IBN was coherent between its values and the productivity of the treatments, with the highest productivities being obtained with the lowest IBN in potassium cover fertilization with the source K2SO4.2MgSO4. Potassium based fertilization of the cover with source K2SO4.2MgSO4 afforded highest plant height and higher agricultural productivity, however, these results were not confirmed by increased fiber quality and economic profitability of the cotton crop. Given its lower cost, KCl is the most economically viable source of fertilizer K for cover of cotton crops. / Conduziu-se um experimento em lavoura comercial de algodão, em Sapezal MT, no ano agrícola 2007/2008, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes fontes de potássio na adubação de cobertura, sobre atributos biométricos, componentes de produção, qualidade de fibras, viabilidade econômica e sobre o estado nutricional do algodoeiro. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos completos ao acaso, com cinco repetições, cujos tratamentos constaram da aplicação em cobertura de 100 kg ha-1 de K2O nas fontes KCl, K2SO4, KNO3 e K2SO4.2MgSO4. Avaliaram-se os teores de nutrientes nas folhas de algodão no florescimento, sendo interpretados pelo método do nível crítico e pelo DRIS. Tanto o método do nível crítico quanto o DRIS foram eficientes na detecção de diferenças nos teores foliares de nutrientes e, o teor de S nas folhas de algodão foi maior com a utilização do adubo K2SO4.2MgSO4. O IBN apresentou coerência entre os seus valores e as produtividades dos tratamentos, sendo as maiores produtividades obtidas com o menor IBN na adubação potássica de cobertura na fonte K2SO4.2MgSO4. A adubação potássica de cobertura com a fonte K2SO4.2MgSO4 proporcionou a maior altura de plantas e a produtividade agrícola mais elevada, porém, estes resultados não se confirmaram em aumentos de qualidade de fibra e rentabilidade econômica do algodão. Em razão do menor custo, o fertilizante KCl é a fonte de K mais viável economicamente para a cobertura na lavoura de algodão.

Orientador: Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol / Banca: Heitor Cantarella / Banca: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes / Resumo: No sistema plantio direto praticamente não há revolvimento do solo e o conseqüente acúmulo de resíduos vegetais e fertilizantes na superfície aceleram o processo de acidificação, contínuo e acentuado que ocorre naturalmente em solo de regiões úmidas, onde, geralmente, é observada baixa disponibilidade de nutrientes e elevados teores de H + Al. Assim, da mesma forma que no sistema de cultivo convencional, no sistema plantio direto também existe a necessidade de aplicação de insumos, especialmente, materiais corretivos de acidez. Dentro deste enfoque, o trabalho desenvolvido na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - UNESP, localizada no município de Botucatu (SP), com o objetivo de avaliar a influência de diferentes sistemas de produção em plantio direto e da aplicação superficial de corretivos nas características físicas, na movimentação de bases, na correção da acidez do solo, bem como na nutrição e produtividade das culturas produtoras de grãos em região de inverno seco. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas, com 8 repetições. As parcelas serão constituídas por quatro sistemas de produção (I. Sistema "Safra consorciada com Forrageira"- soja + Braquiária / milho + Braquiária; II. Sistema "Safra - safrinha" - soja / aveia-branca / milho / feijão da Seca; III. Sistema "Safra - Pousio" - soja / Pousio / milho / Pousio; IV. Sistema "Safra - Adubo Verde/Planta de Cobertura" - soja / milheto / milho / Guandú) e as subparcelas foram constituídas por duas fontes de corretivos e uma testemunha (I - Correção com calcário dolomítico; II - Correção com silicato de cálcio e magnésio - Agrosilício®; III - Sem correção). Foram realizadas as seguintes avaliações: produção de massa de matéria seca e teores de macronutrientes... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In no tillage system the absence of soil mobilization consequently decreases plant residues accumulation and places fertilizers on surface, affecting the acidification process. Like in conventional system, in no tillage it is also necessary input application, especially materials for acidity correction. The experiment was carried out in an experimental area, in the city of Botucatu (SP, Brazil). The objective was to evaluate the influence of no-till crop systems and superficial application of products for acidity correction on soil physical properties, base movement, acidity correction, nutrition and yield of grain crops in a dry winter region. The experimental design was the completely randomized block with subdivided plots and eight replications. The main plots consisted of: "Season - Forage"- Soybean + Brachiaria / Maize + Brachiaria; "Season - Off season": Soybean / White oat / Maize / Field-grown bean; "Season - Fallow": Soybean / Fallow / Maize / Fallow; "Season - Green manure": Soybean / Millet / Maize / Pigeon pea. Subplots consisted of two correction sources (dolomitic limestone, calcium and magnesium silicate) and a control (no correction). The following evaluations were carried out: dry matter production and macronutrient level, silicon content and water-soluble cations; yield components and final yield for grain crops; routine soil testing for silicon (6, 12 and 18 months after acidity correction) and soil residual lime (18 months after acidity correction); and soil physical characteristics. Production costs were also calculated. Superficial application of products for acidity correction increased plant nutrition and yield. Among the systems, the "Season-Fallow" showed lower maize yield. Silicate application was more effective in correcting soil profile than liming. The "Season-Off season" system showed better economic response. / Mestre

Detta examensarbete undersöker tidsåtgången av två skilda planprocesser. Det ena projektet beläget i Sverige och det andra i Tyskland. Anledningen till att jämförelsen gjordes med Tyskland är på grund av deras paragraf 34. Paragrafen innebär att nybyggnation kan ske utanför ett detaljplanerat område inom tätort och har på senare tid varit omtalad i svensk media. Byggbolagen i Sverige anser idag att det är en omständlig process från projektidé till byggstart och begär en förändring i planprocessen för att kunna påskynda byggandet. Befolkningen växer i framför allt storstäderna och det byggs för få bostäder för att kunna tillgodose efterfrågan. En av de bidragande orsakerna till att det byggs för lite är en allt för långt utdragen planprocess. Undersökningen av planprocessen för de två projekt i denna rapport har utförts genom analys av deras respektive detaljplaner. Dessutom genomfördes intervjuer med Sveriges Byggindustrier(BI), Sveriges kommuner och landsting(SKL) och NCC för att erhålla deras bild av den svenska planprocessen. Resultatet visade att planprocessen var 1,9 år längre i Sverige och att det skiljde sig mellan de två projektens planförfaranden. Programskedet tog längst tid i Sverige och i Tyskland tog programskedet och samrådet lika lång tid. Undersökningen visade också att slutpriset för två likartade husprojekt i respektive land skiljde sig med cirka 51 % billigare pris för det tyska projektet. Till detta kan det påpekas att byggprisindex är lägre i Tyskland och de har en effektivare produktutveckling, som är ett led i en snabbare planprocess. Vid en kortare planprocess kan kapitalkostnaden minskas och ur kundens perspektiv innebär det att slutpriset kan sänkas. Det finns flera orsaker till varför bostadsbyggandet inte flyter på trots den rådande bostadsbristen. Ett är att det tar för lång tid i hanteringen kring dokumentation av handlingar i de olika skedena i planprocessen. Därutöver tar överklagandeprocessen en lång tid och ett förslag är att färre instanser skulle påskynda processen. Vidare rekommenderas tydligare riktlinjer i PBL, slopande av kommunala särkrav och att inte detaljplanera mer än nödvändigt. Det behövs en förändring av den svenska planprocessen för att påskynda bostadsbyggandet. Färre instanser under överklagandeprocessen, bättre riktlinjer i PBL och tydligare hantering i kommuner, införande av en mer enhetlig regeluppsättning över hela Sverige och att inte detaljplanera om det inte är nödvändigt. Dessa rekommendationer skulle förbättra den svenska planprocessen. / This thesis examines time and cost consumption under two different planning processes. One project located in Sweden and the other in Germany. The main reason why the comparison was done in relation to Germany is because of an article on paragraph 34.This paragraph has recently been in Swedish media and construction companies in Sweden are requesting a change in the planning process to make it easier and faster to build houses. The population is growing, especially in the larger cities and the buildings fail to meet the demands required by the city. The main reason being that they build far too few homes because of an inefficient planning process. The planning process for these two projects has been carried out through analysis of their planning documents. In addition, interviews were conducted with the Swedish Construction Organization, Sweden's municipalities and NCC to obtain their view on how the Swedish planning process works. The results showed that the planning process was 1.9 years longer in Sweden. The program period took the longest time in Sweden and in Germany the program period and the consultation period took equal time. The investigation revealed that the final price to the customer is about 51% less in Germany. Furthermore, the construction price index is lower in Germany and they have a more efficient product development. With a shorter planning process the cost of capital can be reduced and from the customer's perspective, this means that the final price can be lowered. There are many reasons as to why the buildings aren't meeting the demands despite the housing shortage. One of them is that it takes too long in the handling of documentations in the different stages of the planning process. In addition, the process of appeal takes a very long a time and one suggestion is that a fewer instances would hurry up the planning process. Further recommendations would be that the guidelines in the regulations should be clearer and easier to follow and not to plan in detail more than necessarily. The Swedish planning process needs to change to accelerate the housing construction. Fewer instances during the appeal process, better guidelines in PBL and clearer management in municipalities, create a more uniform set of rules across Sweden and no detailed plan if it is not necessary. These recommendations would improve the Swedish planning process.

Neoliberal economists argue that the market provides the most efficient mechanism to address externalities. Theoretically then, the market value of a commodity should show a correlation with any changes in social and ecological performance. Alternatively, if the social and ecological costs of production are being externalized (not addressed by the market) then it is expected that the social and ecological costs of production would not be reflected in the market price. This study examined the extent to which social and environmental costs are externalized by the salmon farming industry and, by extension, to what level social and ecological impacts are reflected in the market, if at all. The salmon farming industry represents a classic example of how a relatively new industry functions within the confines of the current economic climate and was assessed to examine whether social and ecological impacts are reflected in the market. A novel tool called the Global Aquaculture Performance Index (GAPI) has been developed that addresses both the need for a quantitative measure of social and ecological performance and a tool that informs where policy is best directed to alleviate the impact of externalities. In applying the GAPI method, the market price for farmed salmon was not found to be correlated with changes in social and ecological performance and it may be assumed that these costs are externalized. GAPI provides a quantitative, performance based assessment of the salmon farming industry while the indicators of social and ecological performance provide clear starting points to improve salmon farming through a policy based context.

Sweden’s real estate portfolio has a major renovation requirement. A large part of the renovations that need to be carried out are pipe replacement projects. These are major projects and not all housing associations are aware of the extent financial consequences it brings. Therefore, planning in the economy throughout the project are important. This thesis aims at seeing what affects a production estimate to differ from the actual final cost.ÅF infrastructure division thought that their calculations of the estimated cost for production too often differs to the actual final cost. At a first meeting with ÅF, it appeared that there has been discussion and thought for solutions to the problem for some time. The thesis is based on 3 issues that will provide answers on how to make a better production estimate.In order to answer the questions, project managers have been interviewed and literature has been studied. The assigned reference objects have been analyzed and compared in tables. This thesis has resulted in the insight of that the project managers at ÅF are relatively good at estimating the original cost of what the contractor produces for the pipe replacement projects. After the analysis, recommendations have been presented that can be developed and implemented in the ÅF approach to calculate their estimated cost of production even better. By calculating the costs that are not included in the original cost for the contractors in a more methodical manner, based on experience, the production cost can be optimized.The work has been going on for a limited time with delimitations and a selection of projects. The results presented in the report should be applied with caution and awareness about the differences in the projects.