Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa is one of the countries with the highest HIV prevalence rates worldwide and younger age groups are often disproportionately affected. Knowledge of HIV status is regarded as an important prevention strategy for reducing HIV transmission and infection and it is viewed as a means to access antiretroviral therapy. Routine HIV Counseling and Testing (RCT) can significantly increase knowledge of HIV status, but it is unclear whether RCT will be accepted if offered. The aim of this study was to determine whether the main dimensions of the Health Belief Model (HBM) namely, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits and perceived barriers can predict acceptance of RCT. A second objective of the study was to determine if the variable of the HBM, namely cue’s to action could significantly contribute to predicting acceptability of RCT. A sample of 1113 students at the University of Stellenbosch in the Western Cape Province of South Africa completed a structured questionnaire, measuring the acceptability of RCT. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the data and it was found that the main dimensions of the HBM could explain 25.1% of the variance in acceptance of RCT. It was however found that the variable perceived severity did not make a significant individual contribution to predicting acceptability of RCT. The addition of the variable cues to action also did not make a significant individual contribution to the prediction of RCT. It was therefore found that the HBM could partially, but not in its entirety, predict acceptability of RCT among the student population. Interventions should therefore aim to increase perceived benefits of RCT, reduce perceived barriers to RCT and facilitate correct personal risk assessment in order to increase perceived susceptibility. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika is een van die lande met die hoogste MIV voorkomsyfers wêreldwyd en jonger ouderdomsgroepe word dikwels disproporsioneel geaffekteer. Kennis van MIV status word beskou as ’n belangrike voorkomingstrategie vir die vermindering van MIV oordrag en infektering en dit baan verder ook die weg tot antiretrovirale terapie. Roetine MIV Berading en Toetsing (RBT) kan daarin slaag om kennis van MIV status aansienlik te verhoog, maar dit is egter onduidelik of RBT aanvaar sal word, indien dit aangebied word. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was om te bepaal of die hoofdimensies van die Gesondheidsoortuigingsmodel (GOM), naamlik waargenome vatbaarheid, waargenome erns, waargenome voordele en waargenome hindernisse, aanvaarding van RBT sal kan voorspel. ’n Verdere oogmerk van die studie was om te bepaal of die veranderlike van die GOM, naamlik aanwysings tot aksie, ’n beduidende bydrae tot die voorspelling van aanvaarding van RBT kon lewer. ’n Steekproef van 1113 studente aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch in die Weskaap Provinsie van Suid-Afrika het ’n gestruktureerde vraelys, vir die meting van aanvaarding van RBT, voltooi. Veelvuldige regressie-analise was gebruik om die data te analiseer en daar was bevind dat die hoofdimensies van die GOM 25.1% van die variansie in aanvaarding van RBT kon voorspel. Die veranderlike waargenome erns het egter nie ’n beduidende individuele bydra tot die voorspelling van RBT gelewer nie. Die byvoeging van die veranderlike aanwysings tot aksie het verder ook nie ’n beduidende individuele bydrae tot die voorspelling van RBT gelewer nie. Daar is dus bevind dat die GOM gedeeltelik, maar nie as geheel nie, aanvaarding van RBT onder die studentepopulasie kan voorspel. Intervensies behoort daarom te fokus op die vermeerdering van waargenome voordele verbonde aan RBT, die vermindering van waargenome hindernisse tot RBT en korrekte persoonlike risiko-evaluering vir die verhoging van waargenome vatbaarheid vir MIV.

<p>The aim of this study was to increase our knowledge about how the “Conversational-contact with the social services” is experienced by the parents who attend it. The research was based on a qualitative method consisting of four individual interviews.</p><p>Main issues of the study:</p><p>• The parents experience of the content of the meetings with the social workers</p><p>• Do the parents experience that the conversational-contact has contributed to some changes in their lives?</p><p>Results indicated that all parents were positiv to the conversational-contact. Afterwards they felt more secure and stable both as persons and in their role as parents. The parents experienced a change in both thoughts and how to handle troublesome situations in life. The social workers knowledge about family relations and their promotive professional approach towards the parents, was recognized as contributing to these changes. In general results agree with earlier research, except from one distinction which indicates that the social workers knowledge about the family dynamics is just as important as their approach. The interviews and the interpretation of the interviews were framed by a cognitive- and conversational perspective.</p>

The aim of this study was to increase our knowledge about how the “Conversational-contact with the social services” is experienced by the parents who attend it. The research was based on a qualitative method consisting of four individual interviews. Main issues of the study: • The parents experience of the content of the meetings with the social workers • Do the parents experience that the conversational-contact has contributed to some changes in their lives? Results indicated that all parents were positiv to the conversational-contact. Afterwards they felt more secure and stable both as persons and in their role as parents. The parents experienced a change in both thoughts and how to handle troublesome situations in life. The social workers knowledge about family relations and their promotive professional approach towards the parents, was recognized as contributing to these changes. In general results agree with earlier research, except from one distinction which indicates that the social workers knowledge about the family dynamics is just as important as their approach. The interviews and the interpretation of the interviews were framed by a cognitive- and conversational perspective.

Τα σχολεία οφείλουν να ακολουθούν σήμερα την ανθρωπιστική προσέγγιση κατά την οποία η μάθηση έχει σημασία μόνο εφόσον έχει νόημα για το μαθητή μέσα από ευέλικτους ατομικούς στόχους. Σκοπός του σχολείου πρέπει να είναι όχι μόνο η μετάδοση γνώσεων αλλά και η συναισθηματική ανάπτυξη του μαθητή. Αυτό μπορεί να επιτευχθεί όταν ο εκπαιδευτικός ασκώντας το συμβουλευτικό του ρόλο προσπαθεί να ενισχύσει την αυτοεκτίμηση του μαθητή έτσι ώστε να ενταχθεί ομαλά στη μαθησιακή διαδικασία. Σκοπός της εργασίας αυτής είναι η διερεύνηση α) της εικόνας που έχει ο εκπαιδευτικός για την αυτοεκτίμηση των μαθητών του και πώς αυτή επιδρά στη σχολική πραγματικότητα, β) της συμβουλευτικής παρέμβασης του εκπαιδευτικού στην τάξη προκειμένου οι μαθητές να αναπτύξουν θετική εικόνα για τον εαυτό τους. Για να διερευνηθούν τα παραπάνω πήραμε είκοσι πέντε (25) συνεντεύξεις από εκπαιδευτικούς πρωτοβάθμιας εκπαίδευσης. Επίσης διενεργήσαμε συμβουλευτική παρέμβαση σε μαθητές Ε’& Στ’ Τάξης σε 4/θέσιο Δημοτικό σχολείο προκειμένου να δούμε τι αντίκτυπο θα έχουν οι βιωματικές ασκήσεις στην ενίσχυση αυτοεκτίμησης των μαθητών. Από το ερευνητικό κομμάτι της εργασίας συμπεράναμε ότι πράγματι σύμφωνα με τη γνώμη των εκπαιδευτικών η αυτοεκτίμηση βοηθά ιδιαίτερα το μαθητή όχι μόνο για την ισορροπία του ως άτομο αλλά τον βοηθά να ενσωματωθεί στην μαθησιακή διαδικασία. Οι εκπαιδευτικοί θεωρούν ότι μπορούν να λειτουργήσουν συμβουλευτικά στην τάξη τους με βιωματικές ασκήσεις για να ενισχύσουν την αυτοεκτίμηση των μαθητών και θεωρούν την παρουσία συμβούλου στο σχολείο απαραίτητη. Επίσης τα αποτελέσματα του πρακτικού μέρους της εργασίας μας ήταν ενθαρρυντικά. Οι μαθητές μέσω της συμβουλευτικής μας παρέμβασης πίστεψαν αρκετά τον εαυτό τους τον δέχτηκαν και είπαν θετικά σχόλια, απέκτησαν αυτοπεποίθηση και ενίσχυσαν αρκετά τον εαυτό τους. Οι μαθητές παραδέχθηκαν ότι η αποδοχή του εαυτού τους, μέσω της συμβουλευτικής μας παρέμβαση οδήγησε στην ενίσχυση της αυτοπεποίθησης και αυτοεκτίμησής τους. / Modern schools owe to adopt a humanitarian approach, according to which, learning is significant, provided that it aims to each student, through individual flexible targets. School ought to aim not only to providing pure knowledge but also to enhance students’ sentimental development. This may be achieved when the teacher on job , by exploiting his consultative role, tries to develop student’s self – esteem, so that the student might be able to place himself, smoothly, in the learning process. The aim of this task is the research of a) the teacher’s grasp of students’ self-esteem level and how this reflects to daily school reality and b) the degree of teacher’s counceling intervention so as to enhance students’ positive self-esteem levels. In order to investigate the above issues, we accomplished to perform 25 individual interviews, from teachers currently working in 1st degree education level. Furthermore, an counceling intervention was conducted, concerning students of 5th and 6th year of 4 seated 1st degree school , in order to evaluate the impact of experiences-related exercises in self-esteem enhancement. From the inquiring part of the research task, we reached the conclusion that, according to interviewed teachers’ estimation, self-esteem indeed has a particular effect on the student, not only in terms of personality development but also in adopting into learning process. Teachers reckon that they are able to act as personal consultants in their class using experience related tasks to enhance students’ self-esteem, whereas, the actual presence of a school environment consultant is considered essential. Moreover, the practical part results of our task are considered really encouraging. The students admitted that self-acceptance achieved with our counceling intervention, truly enhanced their self-confidence and self-esteem as well.

Οι θεωρούμενες διαφορές ανάμεσα στα φύλα, οι οποίες είχαν την αφετηρία τους στις βιολογικές διαφορές ανδρών και γυναικών αλλά και στις σχετιζόμενες με αυτές αναπαραστάσεις, υπήρξαν από παλιά μία προβληματική θεωρητικού στοχασμού αλλά και ερευνητικής δραστηριότητας (Bradley, 1999, Delphy, 1993, Ferree, 1990, McDowell, 1999, Moore, 1986, Moore, 1988, Parsons, 1949, Parsons, 1954, Parsons & Bales, 1955, Parsons, & Neil, 1956). Οι πρώτες θεωρίες που αναπτύχθηκαν, εστιάστηκαν κυρίως στα αυθαίρετα ψυχοκοινωνικά χαρακτηριστικά που αποδίδονταν στα δύο φύλα, τα οποία κάποιοι έβλεπαν ότι συνέβαλλαν στη συνοχή και αναπαραγωγή της οικογένειας και κατ’επέκτασιν του ευρύτερου κονωνικού σχηματισμού (Mead, 1935, Parsons, 1949, Parsons, 1954), χωρίς να ενδιαφέρονται για ζητήματα επαγγελματικής φύσης όσον αφορά στα δύο φύλα, αφού οι γυναίκες ούτως ή άλλως ευρίσκονταν εκτός εργασιακής δομής. Με την εκβιομηχάνιση των πόλεων, τη συγκέντρωση αυξημένου πληθυσμού στις πόλεις (αστυφιλία) και τη μετανάστευση στις εκβιομηχανοποιμένες χώρες/πόλεις, δημιουργήθηκε η ανάγκη για γεφύρωση του χάσματος ανάμεσα στην εκπαίδευση και την εργασία, υπό την έννοια της παροχής βοήθειας από πλευράς της κοινωνίας στα άτομα να διαλέξουν την εργασία τους ή κατ’άλλους να καταμερίσει την εργασία στα άτομα, με κριτήρια την κοινωνική τους τάξη ( Brewer, 1942, Cremin, 1964, όπως αναφέρει ο Herr, (2001). Μέσα από τις συνθήκες αυτές, στο τέλος του 19ου αιώνα και στις αρχές του 20ου αιώνα γεννήθηκε η Επαγγελματική Καθοδήγηση (Vocational Guidance), το περιεχόμενο της οποίας συνίστατο, από την εποχή του Parsons (Parsons,1909), στην παροχή βοήθειας στους ανθρώπους να διαλέξουν ένα επάγγελμα, να προετοιμαστούν γι’αυτό και να εξελιχθούν μέσα σε αυτό. Όπως αναφέρεται σε άρθρο του Herr, (2001), "η προσέγγιση αυτή αμφισβητήθηκε το 1950 από τον Hoppock (Hoppock, 1950) και το Super (Super, 1951), οι οποίοι επικεντρώθηκαν όχι στην προβληματική της επιλογής επαγγέλματος αλλά στη διαδικασία της επαγγελματικής ανάπτυξης, κατά την οποία η αυτογνωσία και η αυτοαποδοχή αναδεικνύονται βασικά στοιχεία". Στο ίδιο άρθρο αναφέρεται ότι όπως γράφει ο Super (Super, 1951), "η νέα αντίληψη αποτελεί τη διαδικασία του να βοηθήσεις ένα άτομο να αναπτύξει και να αποδεκτεί μία ενοποιημένη και ικανοποιητική εικόνα για τον εαυτό του και το ρόλο του στον κόσμο της εργασίας, καθώς επίσης και να ελέγξει αυτή την αντίληψη για την πραγματικότητα και να την μετατρέψει σε μία πραγματικότητα προς ικανοποίηση του εαυτού και της κοινωνίας" (p. 89) (μετάφραση του ερευνητή). Με το πέρασμα από την Επαγγελματική Καθοδήγηση (Vocational Guidance) στην Επαγγελματική Ανάπτυξη και Συμβουλευτική (Career Development and Counseling), στα χρόνια που ακολούθησαν, άρχισε ένας θεωρητικός και ερευνητικός προβληματισμός στα πλαίσια της νέας αντίληψης που αφορούσε στην επαγγελματική ανάπτυξη των ατόμων, λαμβανομένων πλέον υπ’όψη και παραγόντων που μέχρι τότε αγνοούνταν. Παρ’όλα αυτά οι νέες προσπάθειες αφορούσαν κυρίως στον ανδρικό πληθυσμό, ο οποίος ευρισκόταν στην αγορά εργασίας. Με την ιδεολογική φεμινιστική επανάσταση, στο τέλος της δεκαετίας του 1970 και τις κοινωνικές και πολιτιστικές μετατοπίσεις που την ακολούθησαν, οι γυναίκες άρχισαν να μπαίνουν στην αγορά εργασίας, με αποτέλεσμα πολλές έρευνες να ασχοληθούν με τις διαδικασίες επαγγελματικής ανάπτυξης των γυναικών (Erwin & Stewart, 1997, Francis, 2002, Frieze and Frost, 1991, Kelly, 1989, Lueptow, 1980, Marini, 1978, Ferree, 1990, Herzog, 1982, Rainey & Borders, 1997, Shu & Marini 1998, Trinklin et al. 2005) Οι επαγγελματικές φιλοδοξίες των γυναικών αποτέλεσαν προοδευτικά μείζονα ερευνητική θεματική, η οποία αρχικά στράφηκε προς την κατεύθυνση της προτίμησης των γυναικών για είσοδο σε παραδοσιακά "ανδρικά" και "γυναικεία" επαγγέλματα, αργότερα όμως συσχετίστηκε με τον προσανατολισμό τους και σε άλλους ρόλους ζωής και κυρίως στους οικογενειακούς ρόλους. Οι φεμινίστριες από την πλευρά τους αμφισβήτησαν θεωρίες που αναφέρονταν αποκλειστικά στην επαγγελματική συμπεριφορά των ανδρών και άρχισαν να επεξεργάζονται εναλλακτικά ψυχολογικά μορφώματα, με κύριο αυτό του κοινωνικού φύλου (gender), με το οποίο αναγνωρίζεται η κοινωνική "κατασκευή" των φύλων ως νοημάτων, διαμέσου των οποίων αναπαράγεται η κυριαρχία των ανδρών έναντι των γυναικών . Μια πιο πρόσφατη προσέγγιση στα ζητήματα των careers, αυτή που πηγάζει από τη θεωρία της κονωνικής κατασκευής (κοινωνικός κονστρουξιονισμός, social constructionism) αντιμετωπίζει τη σταδιοδρομία (career) ως κάτι που συνοικοδομείται από το ίδιο το άτομο σε αλληλεπίδραση με το πολιτισμικό συγκείμενο στο οποίο ζεί ("joint action"), Young,Vallach and Collin, 2002. Η σταδιοδρομία του κάθε ατόμου νοηματοδοτείται κατά ορισμένο τρόπο και η κατανόηση του προϋποθέτει την κατανόηση αυτού του νοήματος. / Lyceum 2nd grade adolescent girls and boys student’s career aspirations and family orientation, their perceived views about balancing their perceived future occupational and family roles as well, were investigated on 2009. For the purpose of the research 684 girls and boys students in urban and rural areas were given a questionnaire. All districts are been represented in the sample. Results of the study show no differences at the level of the occupational aspirations between girls and boys nor between urban and rural areas. Both sexe’s majority expressed aspirations for high prestigious occupations. Boys expressed aspirations for occupations which are related with “data and things” as opposed to the girls who expressed aspirations for “working with people” occupations. Regarding marriage and parenthood, girls appear to be more committed to their future family roles than boys. The results also suggest that although most of the girls aspire to enter to high prestigious occupations there isn’t indication of a reciprocal change in thinking about primacy of mothering. Gender roles stereotypes and a lack of paths by which both sexes are planning to balance their perceived future work and family roles have been revealed by the study.

Thesis Counseling support in the education of socially disadvataged pupils deals with education of this target group of pupils, which is still unclear in many situation of. The emphasis is focused on counseling support of these children, that should help their education of non-state non-profit institutions. The aim of thesis is to clarify this issue and highlight the important role of non-profit instituions, genereally there is tend to neglect them. In its theoretical part thesis works with pupil with socially disadvantaged in the context of education and the structure of advisory support in the Czech Republic. The explorative part of thesis is based on case studies of specific non-state, non-profit organizations, namely the generally beneficial company People in need, a registered association Counseling centre for integration and registered association R- Bridges. These organizations are significantly involved in counseling support in the education of the target group of pupils. These studies are based on data collected during six interviews, that were contucted with employees of individual organizations. Data from these interviews are complemented by document analysis. Based on the results of the research, there is a recommendation for practice that mentions the areas in which the counseling...

Bakgrund: WHO rekommenderar att amning ska initieras till barnet under den första timmen efter födseln och helamning exklusivt under barnets första sexmånader. Därefter rekommenderas amning med tilläggskost i minst två år. Amning har flera positiva effekter på hälsan hos både mamman och barnet. Att arbeta med amningsstöd inom primärvården omfattar både vägledning och rådgivning till föräldrar och hör till specialistsjuksköterskans uppgift. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa mammors upplevelser av amningsstöd inom primärvården. Metod: Litteraturöversikten baserades på en kvalitativ metod med systematisk ansats. 15 kvalitativa artiklar inkluderades och hämtades från databaserna Cinahl, Pubmed och Nursing &amp; Allied Health Premium. Artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades utifrån SBU:s granskningsmall “Bedömning av studier med kvalitativ metodik” och analyserades med utgångspunkt i Burnard’s tematiska analysmetod beskriven av Bettany-Saltikov och McSherry. Resultat: Vid analysen av de valda artiklarna har två huvudteman identifierats: “Otillräckligt amningsstöd” och “Tilltron till stödet” som presenteras med underteman. Faktorer som bland annat vårdpersonalens kunskap och engagemang, tidsbrist och brist på personcentrerad vård påverkade upplevelsen av amningsstödet. Slutsats: Primärvården erbjuder otillräckligt amningsstöd och brist på personcentrerad vård till ammande kvinnor. Vårdpersonalens bemötande är av betydelse för stödet och det finns behov utav att vårdpersonal inom primärvården erbjuder mer och individanpassat amningsstöd. / Background: WHO recommends that breastfeeding should be initiated to a baby within the first hour after the birth and exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months of the child’s life. After that solid foods and breastfeeding is recommended for at least for two years. Breastfeeding have various positive health effects for both the mother and the baby. Working with breastfeeding support in primary care includes both guidance and counceling for parents and is part of the specialist nurse’s task. Aim: The aim was to describe mothers experiences from breastfeeding support in primary health care. Method: The literature review was based on a qualitative method with a systematic approach. 15 qualitative articles were included and retrieved from the Cinahl, Pubmed and Nursing &amp; Allied Health Premium databases. The articles were quality reviewed based on SBU’s review template “Assesment of studies with qualitative methodology” and was analyzed based on Burnard’s thematic analysis method described Bettany-Saltikov and McSherry’s. Results: In the analysis of the selected articles, two main themes have been identified: “Insufficient breastfeeding support” and “Confidence in the support” which are presented with sub-themes. Factors such as the carestaff’s knowledge and commitment, lack of time and lack of person-centred care affected the experience of breastfeeding support. Conclusion: Primary care offers insufficient breastfeeding support and a lack of person-centred care for breastfeeding women. The care staff’s approach is important for the support and there is a need for care staff in primary care to offer more and individually adapted breastfeeding support.

This study focuses on the therapeutic interventions by mental health practitioners when faced with rebellious youths. Rebelliousness refers to the act of defying lawful authority or a resistant way of relating to authority or convention. It is manifested in, amongst others, withdrawal, deviance, delinquency, antisocial behaviour, and suicide. To date there are no interventions for rebellious youths per sé. Rebellious youths are often treated with traditional strategies which are often ineffective and show little promise for eliminating rebellious behaviour. Research has revealed that teen problem behaviours stem from "life-problems" such as psychosocial stressors. Therefore treating the adolescent for substance abuse, for example, is treating him/her for the wrong reasons. It is no surprise that many adolescents who have undergone intervention programmes for specific behaviour problems relapse soon after they are released from the programmes. The study focuses on integrating different strategies in order to combat rebelliousness in adolescence and beyond. This holistic approach argues that all treatments share certain curative processes. Therefore each treatment works best when it is combined with other aspects of treatment. For this reason, individual, family and group therapy were combined together with school strategies. The results of this study indicate that combining procedures that are designed to improve problematic behaviour in teenagers are viable forms of treatment. / Educational Studies / D.Ed.(Psychology of Education)

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION Religion is important in Africa and many churches are involved in HIV ministry. Prevention programmes, however, are less frequent in the church setting and there is little evaluation of them. If an effective model is found, it can contribute to HIV prevention efforts in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study was conducted in the Cape Town Diocese of the Anglican Church. Fikelela, an HIV/AIDS project of the Diocese, developed a 20-session peer education programme (Agents of Change) aimed at changing the risky sexual behaviour of youth. Workshops were also aimed at parents. A literature review was conducted looking at three areas: 'theories of behaviour change', 'adolescent sexual relationships' and 'religion and HIV'. A conceptual framework for the programme was developed by integrating findings from the literature review. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness and functioning of the programme, to develop a best practice model and to make recommendations for the use of the programme in the wider church. METHODS Outcome mapping was used to integrate an approach to the design, monitoring and evaluation of the programme. Changes in project partners, key project strategies and organisational practices were all monitored. Project partners were defined as peer educators, facilitators, young people, clergy and parents. Monitoring allowed an in-depth understanding of which aspects of the programme worked. Evaluation was designed as a quasi-experimental study that compared non-randomly chosen intervention and control groups. 1352 participants took part at base-line, 176 returned matched questionnaires in the intervention groups and 92 in the control groups. Reported changes in attitudes, knowledge and sexual behaviour were compared between the two groups. RESULTS The main factors leading to the success of the programme were: a well developed curriculum and programme, effective training camps, the support given by facilitators to peer educators, ongoing mentoring and training, role modelling by peer educators, a participatory style of education and positive peer pressure within a strong church based social network. Challenging the church.s negative attitude to condoms was also important. The weakest areas of the programme were amongst clergy and parents and in challenging media messages and norms on gender. The project impact evaluation showed significant differences at baseline between genders in terms of sexual beliefs and behaviour. There was no significant impact of religiosity on sexual activity. The programme was successful at increasing condom usage (Condom use score 3.5 vs. 2.1; p=0.02) and reduced sexual debut (9.6% vs. 22.6%; p=0.04). There was increased abstinence amongst the intervention group, but it did not reach statistical significance (22.5% vs. 12,5%; p=0.25). There was no effect on the number of partners (Mean 1.7 vs. 1.4; p=0.67). CONCLUSIONS Implementation: The programme should be promoted as a youth development programme rather than an HIV prevention programme. Priority should be given to churches in communities with the highest HIV rates. The target group should include younger teens. Peer educators should be selected by peers not by adults. Strategies: The strategies of training camp and quarterly gatherings are effective, but a new strategy needs to be devised to impact the parents. Content: The programme should build self-efficacy amongst the youth, develop a critical consciousness about sexual health, provide positive messages rather than fear-inducing ones, address sexual coercion and persuasion, explore the linking of condom use with trust, address inter-generational sex and promote community outreach and advocacy activities. The programme is effective and meets the threshold of evidence required to be rolled out. It should be rolled out through the Anglican Church with its estimated membership of two million and could be adapted for other denominations as well. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: INLEIDING Godsdiens is belangrik in Afrika en talle kerke is betrokke by HIV-bediening. Voorkomingsprogramme is egter ongewoon in die kerkomgewing en die evaluering daarvan vind selde plaas. Indien 'n effektiewe voorkomingsprogram model gevind kan word, behoort dit 'n belangrike bydrae te lewer tot HIV infeksie voorkomingspogings in Sub-Sahara Afrika. Hierdie studie is gedoen onder die lidmate van die Kaapstadse Biskoplike gebied van die Anglikaanse Kerk. 'n Bestaande HIV/VIGS projek van die Biskoplike gebied, genaamd Fikelela, het 'n 20-sessie portuurgroepopvoedingsprogram (Agente van Verandering) ontwikkel wat gemik is op die verandering van riskante seksuele gedrag onder die jeug. Daar was ook werkswinkels gemik op ouers. 'n Voorstellingsraamwerk vir die program is ontwikkel deur die integrasie van gedragsveranderingsteorieë met bewyse ten opsigte van verandering van seksuele gedrag onder adolossente en die invloed van godsdiens op adolossente seksualiteit. Die doelwit van hierdie navorsing was om die doeltreffendheid en funksionering van die program te evalueer, 'n optimale praktiese model te ontwikkel en aanbevelings vir die gebruik van die program aan 'n wyer sirkel van kerke te maak. METODES Uitkomskartering is gebruik om 'n benadering tot die ontwerp, waarneming en evaluering van die program te integreer. Alle veranderinge in projekvennote, sleutelprojekstrategieë en organisatoriese handelinge is waargeneem. Projekvennote is gedefinieër as portuurgroepopvoeders, fasiliteerders, jongmense, leraars en ouers. 'n Diepgaande begrip van watter aspekte van die program gewerk het, is bewerkstellig. Die evaluasie was ontwerp as 'n prospektiewe bykans-eksperimentele studie wat nie-lukraak gekose intervensiegroepe en kontrolegroepe vergelyk het. Daar was1352 deelnemers by aanvang, 176 afgepaarde vraelyste is teruggestuur in die intervensiegroepe en 92 in die kontrolegroepe. Veranderings in houdings, kennis en seksuele gedrag wat gerapporteer is, is tussen die twee groepe vergelyk. RESULTATE Die hooffaktore wat tot die sukses van die program gelei het, was: 'n goed ontwikkelde kurrikulum en program, effektiewe opleidingskampe, ondersteuning aan portuurgroepopvoeders deur die fasiliteerders, deurlopende raadgewing en opleiding, portuurgroepopvoeders as rolmodelle, 'n deelnemende styl van opvoeding en positiewe groepsdruk binne 'n sterk kerkgebaseerde sosiale netwerk. Die uitdaging van die kerk se negatiewe houding teenoor kondome was ook belangrik. Die swakste areas van die program was onder die leraars en ouers en in die uitdaging van media boodskappe en norme aangaande geslagskwessies. Die evaluering van die projekimpak het betekenisvolle verskille op grondslag tussen geslagte in terme van seksuele geloof en gedrag getoon. Daar was geen betekenisvolle impak van godsienstigheid op seksuele aktiwiteit nie. Die program was wel suksesvol in die toename van kondoomgebruik (p=0.02) en verhoging in ouderdom van eerste seksuele optrede (p =0.04), maar het geen impak in toename van geheelonthouding onder dié wie alreeds seksueel aktief is (p=0.25) of op die aantal seksmaats (p=0.67) gewys nie. GEVOLGTREKKING Implementering: Die program moet eerder as 'n jeug-ontwikkelingsprogram, as 'n HIV-voorkomingsprogram bemark word. Kerke in gemeenskappe met die hoogste HIV-koers moet voorkeur geniet. Die teikengroep moet jonger tieners insluit. Portuurgroepopvoeders moet deur portuurgroepe self aangewys word en nie deur volwassenes nie. Strategieë: Die strategieë van opleidingskampe en kwartaalikse byeenkomste is effektief, maar nuwe strategieë word benodig om 'n impak op ouers te maak. Inhoud: Die program behoort self-doeltreffendheid onder die jeug te bou, 'n kritiese bewustheid oor seksuele gesondheid te ontwikkel, eerder positiewe as vrees-gebaseerde boodskappe aan te bied, seksuele dwang en oorreding aan te spreek, die verband tussen kondoomgebruik en vertroue te verken, intergenerasie-seks aan te spreek en gemeenskapsuitreik- en aanbevelingsprogramme te bevorder. Die program is effektief en voldoen aan die verlangde bewyse ten einde aangewend te kan word.Met sy geskatte lidmaatskap van twee miljoen behoort die Anglikaanse Kerk dit aan te wend en kan dit ook vir ander denominasies aangepas word.

This thesis has been divided into two parts. The first - the theoretical part sta- tes the concept and methodology of school competence of a primary prevention worker at elementary school. The paper presents three reference frames of his wor- king - the legal framework, the framework of professional and social framework. These frameworks define specific competencies, potentials and risks in the per- formance of specialized activities in practice. General picture of the specialized activities SMPP is further elaborated in the following areas: methodology positi- ons in the school environment, the methodology and relationship with the school management , working among the pedagogical staff, the proportion of co-creation methodology for school climate and his possible influencing the climate. The text also discusses the ethics of educational and socio-educational work. Throughout following description of specific methods (social pedagogical intervention, facili- tation of communications, contract, consultation and supervision) The effect is by the potential interaction methodology at school. In conclusion, the theoretical work mentioned conflicts of children and youth with legal standards and presents the project Early Intervention System of the Ministry of Interior. The chapter on the SAHA provides data on...