A globalização mudou o mundo e as relações entre os Estados. As mudanças, especialmente nos meios de comunicação e nos transportes, possibilitaram aos cidadãos do mundo conhecer os países distantes, seus governos, suas culturas, seus produtos e serviços. Devido à intensa profusão de informações sobre as nações e visando a estimular a aproximação dos povos, muitos Estados começaram a se preocupar com sua imagem no exterior. Passaram a desenvolver ações para aumentar a comunicação entre eles, informar a opinião pública, atrair empresas, investimentos e turistas, e estreitar relações de cooperação e confiança com outros países. Essa nova forma de agir dos Estados caracteriza a nova diplomacia pública, diferentemente da diplomacia tradicional. Surgiram novos atores internacionais que passaram a atuar, juntamente com os Estados, no cenário mundial. A marca país surgiu e transformou-se em um importante instrumento de diplomacia pública, contribuindo para divulgar e tornar conhecidas internacionalmente as nações, o que facilitou o diálogo entre os povos, e vem desempenhando um papel relevante na política externa dos países. O caso estudado nesta dissertação, a Argentina, é um exemplo da utilização da marca país pela diplomacia, cujos objetivos são o aumento do turismo receptivo, das exportações e dos investimentos estrangeiros no país. / Globalization has changed the world and the relations between States. These changes, especially in the mass media and transport made it possible for citizens of the world to know the faraway countries, their government, their culture, their products and services. Due to intense profusion of information about countries and aiming to stimulate the approach of people, many States began to worry about its image abroad. The States began to develop actions to enhance the communication between them, to inform the public opinion, to attract businesses, investments and tourists, and to narrow the relationships of cooperation and trust with other countries. This new way of acting of the States characterizes the new public diplomacy, differently from the traditional diplomacy. There were new international actors that began to act together with the States, on the world stage. The country branding emerged and became an important instrument of public diplomacy, helping to disseminate and to make known the nations, which has facilitated the dialogue between people, and has played an important role in countries' foreign policy. The case studied in this thesis, Argentina, is an example of using the country branding by the diplomacy, whose goals are the increase in receptive tourism, exports and foreign investment in the country.

A globalização mudou o mundo e as relações entre os Estados. As mudanças, especialmente nos meios de comunicação e nos transportes, possibilitaram aos cidadãos do mundo conhecer os países distantes, seus governos, suas culturas, seus produtos e serviços. Devido à intensa profusão de informações sobre as nações e visando a estimular a aproximação dos povos, muitos Estados começaram a se preocupar com sua imagem no exterior. Passaram a desenvolver ações para aumentar a comunicação entre eles, informar a opinião pública, atrair empresas, investimentos e turistas, e estreitar relações de cooperação e confiança com outros países. Essa nova forma de agir dos Estados caracteriza a nova diplomacia pública, diferentemente da diplomacia tradicional. Surgiram novos atores internacionais que passaram a atuar, juntamente com os Estados, no cenário mundial. A marca país surgiu e transformou-se em um importante instrumento de diplomacia pública, contribuindo para divulgar e tornar conhecidas internacionalmente as nações, o que facilitou o diálogo entre os povos, e vem desempenhando um papel relevante na política externa dos países. O caso estudado nesta dissertação, a Argentina, é um exemplo da utilização da marca país pela diplomacia, cujos objetivos são o aumento do turismo receptivo, das exportações e dos investimentos estrangeiros no país. / Globalization has changed the world and the relations between States. These changes, especially in the mass media and transport made it possible for citizens of the world to know the faraway countries, their government, their culture, their products and services. Due to intense profusion of information about countries and aiming to stimulate the approach of people, many States began to worry about its image abroad. The States began to develop actions to enhance the communication between them, to inform the public opinion, to attract businesses, investments and tourists, and to narrow the relationships of cooperation and trust with other countries. This new way of acting of the States characterizes the new public diplomacy, differently from the traditional diplomacy. There were new international actors that began to act together with the States, on the world stage. The country branding emerged and became an important instrument of public diplomacy, helping to disseminate and to make known the nations, which has facilitated the dialogue between people, and has played an important role in countries' foreign policy. The case studied in this thesis, Argentina, is an example of using the country branding by the diplomacy, whose goals are the increase in receptive tourism, exports and foreign investment in the country.

A globalização mudou o mundo e as relações entre os Estados. As mudanças, especialmente nos meios de comunicação e nos transportes, possibilitaram aos cidadãos do mundo conhecer os países distantes, seus governos, suas culturas, seus produtos e serviços. Devido à intensa profusão de informações sobre as nações e visando a estimular a aproximação dos povos, muitos Estados começaram a se preocupar com sua imagem no exterior. Passaram a desenvolver ações para aumentar a comunicação entre eles, informar a opinião pública, atrair empresas, investimentos e turistas, e estreitar relações de cooperação e confiança com outros países. Essa nova forma de agir dos Estados caracteriza a nova diplomacia pública, diferentemente da diplomacia tradicional. Surgiram novos atores internacionais que passaram a atuar, juntamente com os Estados, no cenário mundial. A marca país surgiu e transformou-se em um importante instrumento de diplomacia pública, contribuindo para divulgar e tornar conhecidas internacionalmente as nações, o que facilitou o diálogo entre os povos, e vem desempenhando um papel relevante na política externa dos países. O caso estudado nesta dissertação, a Argentina, é um exemplo da utilização da marca país pela diplomacia, cujos objetivos são o aumento do turismo receptivo, das exportações e dos investimentos estrangeiros no país. / Globalization has changed the world and the relations between States. These changes, especially in the mass media and transport made it possible for citizens of the world to know the faraway countries, their government, their culture, their products and services. Due to intense profusion of information about countries and aiming to stimulate the approach of people, many States began to worry about its image abroad. The States began to develop actions to enhance the communication between them, to inform the public opinion, to attract businesses, investments and tourists, and to narrow the relationships of cooperation and trust with other countries. This new way of acting of the States characterizes the new public diplomacy, differently from the traditional diplomacy. There were new international actors that began to act together with the States, on the world stage. The country branding emerged and became an important instrument of public diplomacy, helping to disseminate and to make known the nations, which has facilitated the dialogue between people, and has played an important role in countries' foreign policy. The case studied in this thesis, Argentina, is an example of using the country branding by the diplomacy, whose goals are the increase in receptive tourism, exports and foreign investment in the country.

This bachelor thesis is conducted as a Minor Field Study (MFS) in Sri Lanka, funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). The tourism industry have become a key factor for economic growth in several developing countries. A section of branding which refers to branding of a whole country is place branding. Place branding is seen as a complex process which involves multiple parts of the country. In order to ease for brand managers and to develop the theory of place branding, Hanna and Rowley (2011) have developed a new model of place branding. The model is named the Strategic place brand management model (SPBM- model) and consists of components which are argued to be essential parts in the process of branding a place. Developing countries have a need for place branding practices in order to create economic growth. The SPBM-model could therefore be a useful contribution to the research field of place branding in developing countries. The research questions of this research was therefore firstly to see how Sri Lanka work with the components in the SPBM-model, and second to find out which components in the SPBM-model that can be seen as important based on Sri Lankan conditions. This to answer the purpose of this thesis: explore how the SPBM-model can be applied on the process of branding Sri Lanka. The study was made through a case study of the developing country of Sri Lanka. In order to gain data, seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with officials working with branding Sri Lanka as a tourism destination. By putting the SPBM-model on the Sri Lankan place branding process it can be interpreted that all components are tightly connected to each other, and some parts seems to be more important for Sri Lanka then others. If Sri Lanka put more time and effort in the three components of infrastructure, stakeholders and evaluation, also the other six components of the SPBM-model (identity, brand experience, WOM, architecture, communication andarticulation) indirect will be affected in a positive way.

La competició de països, nacions, ciutats i regions per captar recursos, talent, infraestructures o esdeveniments, entre altres aspectes, ha provocat l’adveniment d’una lluita renovada per la singularitat, pel reconeixement i per la diferenciació, per una hegemonia simbòlica que cotitza a l’alça en el context d’una emergent economia de la identitat. En aquest context, els territoris cedeixen les seves projeccions habituals d’identitat territorial a una nouvinguda identitat simbòlica, gestionada, en part, mitjançant la transformació de territoris en marques. La determinació d’un estat de la qüestió amb voluntat holística, que endreci i alhora ordeni el que s’ha dit i el que s’ha fet sobre això, per tal de situar en perspectiva les implicacions inherents a la construcció de marques (branding) per a espais geogràfics, esdevé un dels objectius principals d’aquesta investigació, al qual s’hi arribarà amb l’ajut d’una triangulació metodològica d’investigació. En primer lloc, mitjançant una revisió amb voluntat interpretativa i crítica de la literatura existent vinculada a les marques de territori, en segon lloc per mitjà d’una consulta a un panel d’experts (mètode Delphi) i, finalment, i en tercer lloc, a través de l’estudi de tres marques de territori implícites (el Lluçanès, el Priorat i la vall de Camprodon) analitzades per mitjà de l’organització de tres grups focals de discussió (GFdD). Així mateix, la concreció d’un model teòric d’anàlisi per a la marca experiència individual amb el territori des d’una perspectiva transdisciplinària coincideix amb el segon gran objectiu que pretén abastar aquesta tesi doctoral. / La competición de países, naciones, ciudades y regiones para captar recursos, talento, infraestructuras o eventos, entre otros aspectos, ha provocado el advenimiento de una lucha renovada por la singularidad, por el reconocimiento y por la diferenciación, por una hegemonía simbólica que cotiza al alza en el contexto de una emergente economía de la identidad. En este escenario, los territorios ceden sus proyecciones habituales de identidad territorial a una recién llegada identidad simbólica, gestionada, en parte, mediante la transformación de territorios en marcas. La determinación de un estado de la cuestión con voluntad holística, que incorpore y a la vez ordene lo que se ha dicho y lo que se ha hecho al respecto, con el fin de situar en perspectiva las implicaciones inherentes a la construcción de marcas ('branding') para los espacios geográficos, resulta ser uno de los objetivos principales de este trabajo, al cual se llegará mediante una triangulación metodológica de investigación. En primer lugar, a través de una revisión pretendidamente interpretativa y crítica de la literatura existente vinculada a las marcas de territorio; en segundo lugar, por medio de una consulta a un panel de expertos (método Delphi); finalmente, y en tercer lugar, a partir del estudio de tres marcas de territorio implícitas (el Lluçanès, el Priorat y la vall de Camprodon) analizadas mediante la organización de tres grupos focales de discusión (GFdD). Asimismo, la concreción de un modelo teórico de análisis para la marca experiencia individual con el territorio desde una perspectiva transdisciplinaria coincide con el segundo gran objetivo que pretende alcanzar la presente tesis doctoral. / The competition between countries, nations, cities and regions to attract resources, talent, infrastructures or events, among others aspects, has caused the coming of a renew struggle for singularity, recognition and differentiation, for a symbolic hegemony that is rising in the context of an emerging economy of identity. In this context, places transfer their usual projections of place identity to a newly arrived symbolic identity negotiated partly by the transformation of places in brands. The determination of a current status of the issue with a holistic wish that organize and at the same time arrange what it is said and is done about the topic, in order to locate in view the inherent implications to the building of brands (branding) for geographic locations, becomes one of the main aims of this research, which is going to reach through the help of a methodological triangulation of investigation. Firstly, through checking the existent literature linked in the place brands with an interpretative and critic wish, secondly, by means of consulting an expert’s panel (Delphi method) and, finally and thirdly, through the study of three implicit place brands (el Lluçanès, el Priorat and the Camprodon’s valley) analyzed by the organization of three focal groups of discussion (FGoD). Likewise, the specification of a theoretical method of analysis for the individual experience brand with the places from an interdisciplinary perspective coincides with the second main aim that this doctoral thesis expects to reach.