Combined thermodynamic/kinetic events amount to a kinetically controlled Dynamic Combinatorial Resolution (DCR) process, where the lability of themolecules/aggregates are used to generate dynamics, and the species experiencing the lowest activation energy is selected via kinetic process. Bothinter- and intramolecular processes can be performed using this concept,resulting in complete resolution and associated amplification of the selected species. When intermolecular processes are resolved using this method, an additional advantage is that only a catalytic amount of selector is required tocontrol the system.In this thesis, the Henry and Strecker reactions were developed as efficient C–C bond-forming routes to single and multi-level dynamic covalent systems.These methods efficiently provided a vast variety of substrates from smallnumbers of starting compounds. These dynamic systems, generated underthermodynamic control at mild conditions, were coupled in one-pot processes with kinetically controlled lipase-mediated transacylation. The enzym emediated resolution of the dynamic nitroaldol system led to enantiomericallypure β-nitroacetates in high yield. Furthermore, combination of multi-leveldynamic Strecker systems and lipase-mediated acylation resulted in theresolution of specific α-aminonitriles from the pool.In addition, the asymmetric synthesis of discrete β-nitroalkanol derivatives wassimply achieved, resulting in high yields and high enantiomeric purities through the direct one-pot procedure. Moreover, racemase type activity oflipase enzyme through N-substituted α-aminonitrile structure has been discovered. By use of control experiments together with molecular modeling,the mechanism of the racemization process has been established. Asymmetric synthesis of N-methyl α-aminonitriles was also performed through the dualfunction of lipase, resulting in high yield and good enantio selectivity. / <p>QC 20100818</p>

In the present thesis we have explored different factors that impede accurate quantitative description of non-covalent protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions and design of new potent and specific binders from the scratch. Firstly, we addressed the role of solvent in the mechanism of non-covalent interactions. Secondly, we tackled the question about the intrinsic conformational flexibility of the protein molecules and the part it plays in weak interactions between proteins. In the first part of the thesis we studied the interactions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein with five cyclic peptides in solution and gas phase. The results showed that affinities of five ligands to VEGF in solution and gas phase are ranked in inversed order. That is, the that has the highest affinity in solution (as shown by chemical shift perturbation NMR and isothermal titration calorimetry) forms the weakest complex with VEGF in gas phase, and vice versa. We compared gas-phase and solution binding affinities of of five peptides and made qualitative conclusions about the role of the solvent in protein-ligand interactions. In order to obtain more quantitative information about the gas-phase behavior of non-covalent complexes we have developed a combined experimental/theoretical approach to study the energetics of collisional activation of the ion prior to dissociation. We applied developed strategy to model CID in traveling wave ion guide (TWIG) collision cell. We validated the model on the CID of leu-enkephalin peptide and then applied developed strategy to five non-covalent protein-peptide complexes and found activation energies of their dissociation reactions. Next we applied ESI native MS to study the allosteric interactions between the molecular chaperonin GroEL and ATP. The obtained data allowed to construct a scheme of conformational transition of GroEL upon binding of ATP and distinguish between two different cooperativity models, providing strong arguments in favor of Monod-Wyman-Changeux (MWC) model. Finally, be studied the backbone dynamics of VEGF with a combination of NMR relaxation and all-atom force-field based normal mode analysis (NMA). We showed that combination of experimental and computational approach allows to identify flexible zones with higher level of confidence. We also found out that residues, that are involved VEGF-receptor interactions, reside in or close to the flexible zones, suggesting the critical role conformational plasticity plays in the non-covalent protein-protein interactions. / Las biomoléculas de los organismos vivos realizan sus funciones principalmente a través de interacciones débiles reversibles entre ellas. La transducción de señal, la replicación de ADN/ARN, otros procesos enzimáticos y, virtualmente, cualquier otro proceso involucrado en las funciones vitales de cualquier organismo vivo (de las simples amebas, al complejo ser humano), requiere que las moléculas “hablen” entre ellas. Dicho lenguaje se basa en interacciones no covalentes. La flexibilidad conformacional es una propiedad esencial de las grandes biomoléculas, y muchas de las funciones desempeñadas por proteínas se basan en su capacidad para cambiar de conformación en respuesta a un factor externo. Geométricamente hablando, la presencia de flexibilidad en una proteína obstaculiza el diseño racional de medicamentos porque posibilita la existencia de un número muy elevado de conformaciones de dicha proteína. Por este motivo, cualquier información sobre la flexibilidad de una proteína es sumamente valiosa para la comprensión de PPI y PLI y para el diseño racional de medicamentos. Los capítulos 1-3 de la presente tesis versan sobre la solvatación, mientras que la flexibilidad se estudiara en el capitulo 4.

Le sujet général de cette thèse est l’étude de la fonctionnalisation covalente des nanotubes de carbone (CNT) et son application en électronique. Premièrement, une introduction au sujet est présentée. Elle discute des propriétés des CNT, des différentes sortes de fonctionnalisation covalente ainsi que des principales techniques de caractérisation utilisées au cours de la thèse. Deuxièmement, les répercussions de la fonctionnalisation covalente sur les propriétés des nanotubes de carbone monoparoi (SWNT) sont étudiées. Deux types de fonctionnalisation sont regardés, soit le greffage de groupements phényles et le greffage de groupements dichlorométhylènes. Une diminution de l’absorption optique des SWNT dans le domaine du visible-proche infrarouge est observée ainsi qu’une modification de leur spectre Raman. De plus, pour les dérivés phényles, une importante diminution de la conductance des nanotubes est enregistrée. Troisièmement, la réversibilité de ces deux fonctionnalisations est examinée. Il est montré qu’un recuit permet de résorber les modifications structurales et retrouver, en majorité, les propriétés originales des SWNT. La température de défonctionnalisation varie selon le type de greffons, mais ne semble pas affectée par le diamètre des nanotubes (diamètre examinés : dérivés phényles, Ømoyen= 0,81 nm, 0,93 nm et 1,3 nm; dérivés dichlorométhylènes, Ømoyen = 0,81 nm et 0,93 nm). Quatrièmement, la polyvalence et la réversibilité de la fonctionnalisation covalente par des unités phényles sont exploitées afin de développer une méthode d’assemblage de réseaux de SWNT. Celle-ci, basée sur l’établissement de forces électrostatiques entre les greffons des SWNT et le substrat, est à la fois efficace et sélective quant à l’emplacement des SWNT sur le substrat. Son application à la fabrication de dispositifs électroniques est réalisée. Finalement, la fonctionnalisation covalente par des groupements phényles est appliquée aux nanotubes de carbone à double paroi (DWNT). Une étude spectroscopique montre que cette dernière s’effectue exclusivement sur la paroi externe. De plus, il est démontré que la signature électrique des DWNT avant et après la fonctionnalisation par des groupements phényles est caractéristique de l’agencement nanotube interne@ nanotube externe. / The general subject of this thesis is the covalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes and its applications in electronics. First, the properties of the carbon nanotubes, their functionalization, and the principal techniques used to characterize them are presented. Second, the repercussions of the grafting of phenyl addends and dichloromethylene addends on the properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) are investigated. A decrease of light absorption and a modification of the Raman spectra of the nanotubes are observed as well as, for the phenyl derivatives, an important loss of their electrical conductivity. Third, the reversibility of the functionalization is examined. The study shows that the addends are detached from the sidewall upon annealing, leading to the reconstruction of the graphene structure. Most of the original properties of the SWNT are then recovered. In addition, it is observed that the temperature of defunctionalization depends on the nature of the addends, but it is not influenced by the diameter of the SWNT (Range studied: phenyl derivatives, Ømoyen= 0,81 nm, 0,93 nm et 1,3 nm; dichlorométhylènes derivatives, Ømoyen = 0,81 nm et 0,93 nm). Fourth, a new method to reliably self-assemble networks of dense SWNT onto patterned substrates is presented. The method is based on covalent functionalization and electrostatic interactions. Its suitability for making electronic devices is demonstrated. Last, this thesis investigated the covalent functionalization of double-wall carbon nanotubes (DWNT). A spectroscopic study revealed that the grafting of the phenyl addends occurs exclusively on the outer wall. Furthermore, the identification of the metallic or semiconductor character of each wall of the DWNT is realized using electrical measurements taken before and after the functionalization.

Les nanotubes de carbone et le graphène sont des nanostructures de carbone hybridé en sp2 dont les propriétés électriques et optiques soulèvent un intérêt considérable pour la conception d’une nouvelle génération de dispositifs électroniques et de matériaux actifs optiquement. Or, de nombreux défis demeurent avant leur mise en œuvre dans des procédés industriels à grande échelle. La chimie des matériaux, et spécialement la fonctionnalisation covalente, est une avenue privilégiée afin de résoudre les difficultés reliées à la mise en œuvre de ces nanostructures. La fonctionnalisation covalente a néanmoins pour effet de perturber la structure cristalline des nanostructures de carbone sp2 et, par conséquent, d’affecter non seulement lesdites propriétés électriques, mais aussi les propriétés optiques en émanant. Il est donc primordial de caractériser les effets des défauts et du désordre dans le but d’en comprendre les conséquences, mais aussi potentiellement d’en exploiter les retombées. Cette thèse traite des propriétés optiques dans l’infrarouge des nanotubes de carbone et du graphène, avec pour but de comprendre et d’expliquer les mécanismes fondamentaux à l’origine de la réponse optique dans l’infrarouge des nanostructures de carbone sp2. Soumise à des règles de sélection strictes, la spectroscopie infrarouge permet de mesurer la conductivité en courant alternatif à haute fréquence des matériaux, dans une gamme d’énergie correspondant aux vibrations moléculaires, aux modes de phonons et aux excitations électroniques de faible énergie. Notre méthode expérimentale consiste donc à explorer un espace de paramètres défini par les trois axes que sont i. la dimensionnalité du matériau, ii. le potentiel chimique et iii. le niveau de désordre, ce qui nous permet de dégager les diverses contributions aux propriétés optiques dans l’infrarouge des nanostructures de carbone sp2. Dans un premier temps, nous nous intéressons à la spectroscopie infrarouge des nanotubes de carbone monoparois sous l’effet tout d’abord du dopage et ensuite du niveau de désordre. Premièrement, nous amendons l’origine couramment acceptée du spectre vibrationnel des nanotubes de carbone monoparois. Par des expériences de dopage chimique contrôlé, nous démontrons en effet que les anomalies dans lespectre apparaissent grâce à des interactions électron-phonon. Le modèle de la résonance de Fano procure une explication phénoménologique aux observations. Ensuite, nous établissons l’existence d’états localisés induits par la fonctionnalisation covalente, ce qui se traduit optiquement par l’apparition d’une bande de résonance de polaritons plasmons de surface (nanoantenne) participant au pic de conductivité dans le térahertz. Le dosage du désordre dans des films de nanotubes de carbone permet d’observer l’évolution de la résonance des nanoantennes. Nous concluons donc à une segmentation effective des nanotubes par les greffons. Enfin, nous montrons que le désordre active des modes de phonons normalement interdits par les règles de sélection de la spectroscopie infrarouge. Les collisions élastiques sur les défauts donnent ainsi accès à des modes ayant des vecteurs d’onde non nuls. Dans une deuxième partie, nous focalisons sur les propriétés du graphène. Tout d’abord, nous démontrons une méthode d’électrogreffage qui permet de fonctionnaliser rapidement et à haute densité le graphène sans égard au substrat. Par la suite, nous utilisons l’électrogreffage pour faire la preuve que le désordre active aussi des anomalies dépendantes du potentiel chimique dans le spectre vibrationnel du graphène monocouche, des attributs absents du spectre d’un échantillon non fonctionnalisé. Afin d’expliquer le phénomène, nous présentons une théorie basée sur l’interaction de transitions optiques intrabandes, de modes de phonons et de collisions élastiques. Nous terminons par l’étude du spectre infrarouge du graphène comportant des îlots de bicouches, pour lequel nous proposons de revoir la nature du mécanisme de couplage à l’œuvre à la lumière de nos découvertes concernant le graphène monocouche. / Carbon nanotubes and graphene are sp2 hybridized carbon nanostructures which electrical and optical properties raise considerable interest for the design of a new generation of electronic devices and optically active materials. However, many challenges remain before their implementation in industrial processes on a large scale. Materials chemistry, especially covalent functionalization, is a privileged avenue to resolve the difficulties related to the processing of these nanostructures. Covalent functionalization, however, disrupts the sp2 carbon nanostructures’ crystalline structure, and pertubs not only said electrical properties, but also the deriving optical properties. It is therefore essential to characterize the effects of defects and disorder in order to understand their consequences, but also to potentially exploit the benefits. This thesis deals with the optical properties in the infrared of carbon nanotubes and graphene, with the aim to understand and explain the fundamental mechanisms at the origin of the optical response in the infrared of sp2 carbon nanostructures. Subject to strict selection rules, infrared spectroscopy measures the high frequency AC conductivity of materials in an energy range corresponding to molecular vibrations, phonon modes and low energy electronic excitations. Our experimental method is therefore to explore a parameter space defined by the three axes that are i. the dimensionality of the material, ii. the chemical potential, and iii. the disorder level, which allows us to identify the various contributions to optical properties in the infrared of sp2 carbon nanostructures. At first, we focus on the infrared spectroscopy of single-walled carbon nanotubes as a function of doping and disorder level. We start by amending the commonly accepted origin of single-walled carbon nanotubes vibrational spectra. Using controlled chemical doping experiments, we show that the anomalies in the carbon nanotube spectra appear through electron-phonon interactions. The Fano resonance model provides a phenomenological explanation for the observations. Then, we establish the existence of localized states induced by covalent functionalization, which appear as a surface plasmon polariton resonance (nanoantenna) contributing to the terahertz conductivity peak. Control of the disorder level in carbon nanotube films allows us to observe the evolution of the nanoantenna resonance. We therefore conclude to an effective segmentation of the nanotubes by the grafts. Finally, we show that disorder activates phonon modes that are usually forbidden by infrared spectroscopy’s selection rules. Disorder-induced infrared activity originates from elastic collisions on defects that give access to phonon modes with non-zero wave vectors. In a second part, we focus on the properties of graphene. First, we demonstrate an electrografting method to rapidly functionalize graphene with high-density, regardless of the substrate. Subsequently, we use electrografting to show that disorder activates chemical potential dependent anomalies in the vibrational spectra of single-layer graphene. These anomalies are absent in the spectra of pristine samples. In order to explain this phenomenon, we present a theory based on the interaction of intraband optical transitions, phonon modes and elastic collisions. We conclude by studying the infrared spectra of graphene with bilayer islands, for which we propose to review the nature of the coupling mechanism in the light of our findings on single-layer graphene.

Οι νανοσωλήνες άνθρακα, από τη στιγμή της ανακάλυψής τους, έχουν προσελκύσει το ενδιαφέρον της επιστημονικής κοινότητας, λόγω της ευρείας εφαρμογής τους σε πολλά επιστημονικά και τεχνολογικά πεδία, ως συνέπεια των μοναδικών ιδιοτήτων τους. Σημαντική είναι η χρησιμοποίηση των νανοσωλήνων άνθρακα με σκοπό την ανάπτυξη μιας καινοτόμου μεμβράνης υψηλών αποδόσεων, για χρήση στην τεχνολογία Βιοαντιδραστήρα Μεμβρανών (Membrane Bioreactors, MBRs). Στην παρούσα εργασία, πραγματοποιήθηκε χημική τροποποίηση των νανοσωλήνων άνθρακα με πολυμερικές αλυσίδες. Η τροποποίηση των νανοσωλήνων μπορεί όχι μόνο να αυξήσει τη διαλυτότητά τους, αλλά να βελτιώσει την επεξεργασιμότητά τους και να τους προσδώσει νέες ιδιότητες, ανάλογα με τη φύση των μορίων της τροποποίησης. H τροποποίηση των νανοσωλήνων άνθρακα μπορεί να επιτευχθεί με την επισύναψη λειτουργικών ομάδων στην επιφάνειά τους, είτε μέσω ομοιοπολικού είτε μέσω μη ομοιοπολικού δεσμού. Η ομοιοπολική σύνδεση επιτυγχάνεται με δύο μεθόδους: τον “εμβολιασμό προς” και τον “εμβολιασμό από”. Στον “εμβολιασμό προς” το συντεθειμένο πολυμερές προσδένεται απευθείας στην επιφάνεια του νανοσωλήνα, ενώ στον “εμβολιασμό από” η πολυμερική αλυσίδα αναπτύσσεται πάνω στην επιφάνεια του νανοσωλήνα. Στη συγκεκριμένη εργασία, λεπτοί νανοσωλήνες άνθρακα πολλαπλού τοιχώματος (Thin MWCNTs) και νανοσωλήνες άνθρακα πολλαπλού τοιχώματος (MWCNTs) τροποποιήθηκαν ομοιοπολικά και με τις δύο μεθόδους με πολυμερή, τα οποία μπορούν να ενσωματώσουν είτε ομοιοπολικά είτε ηλεκτροστατικά ομάδες τεταρτοταγούς αζώτου και φωσφoνίου, οι οποίες παρουσιάζουν βιοστατικές ιδιότητες. Ειδικότερα, έγιναν προσπάθειες ομοιοπολικής πρόσδεσης των βιοστατικών ομάδων μέσω πολυμερισμού κατάλληλων μονομερών ή με πολυμερισμό των μονομερών και κατάλληλη χημική τροποποίησή τους στην επιφάνεια των νανοσωλήνων άνθρακα. Τα μονομερή ήταν ο 2-(διμεθυλάμινο) μεθακρυλικός αιθυλεστέρας (DMAEMA) και το τεταρτοταγές DMAEMA για τους MWCNTs, ενώ μια επιπλέον προσπάθεια πραγματοποιήθηκε για πολυμερισμό του Ν,Ν-[(διμεθυλάμινο)πρόπυλο]μεθακρυλαμιδίου (MADAP) στους Thin MWCNTs. Επειδή οι προσπάθειες δεν προχώρησαν σε σημαντικό βαθμό, συντέθηκε το στατιστικό συμπολυμερές P(AA12-co-VBCHAM) με συμπολυμερισμό του ακρυλικού οξέος (ΑΑ) και του 4-βινυλοβένζυλο χλωριδίου (VBC) σε ποσοστό 12% και 88% αντίστοιχα και εισαγωγή της N,N-διμεθυλοδεκαεξυλαμίνης, το οποίο στη συνέχεια εισήχθη στους τροποποιημένους, με ομάδες φαινόλης, νανοσωλήνες άνθρακα (CNTs-PhOH). Επίσης, επετεύχθη εισαγωγή των βιοστατικών ομάδων αμμωνίου και φωσφονίου μέσω ηλεκτροστατικής αλληλεπίδρασης ως αντισταθμιστικά ιόντα στον αρνητικά φορτισμένο πολυηλεκτρολύτη πολυ(στυρενοσουλφονικό νάτριο) (PSSNa), που είχε προσδεθεί στους τροποποιημένους, με ομάδες εκκινητή ATRP, (πολυμερισμός ελευθέρων ριζών μέσω μεταφοράς ατόμου) λεπτούς νανοσωλήνες άνθρακα πολλαπλού τοιχώματος (Τhin MWCNTs-Ph-INIT). Η ίδια διαδικασία πραγματοποιήθηκε για την εισαγωγή ομάδων αμμωνίου στο PSSNa που είχε προσδεθεί στους τροποποιημένους, με ομάδες εκκινητή ATRP, νανοσωλήνες άνθρακα πολλαπλού τοιχώματος (MWCNTs-Ph-INIT). Τα συντεθειμένα βιοστατικά υλικά μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν σε πολλές εφαρμογές, μεταξύ των οποίων είναι και ο καθαρισμός του νερού. / Since their discovery, carbon nanotubes, have attracted the interest of the scientific community, because of their wide application in a numerous scientific and technological fields, as a consequence of their unique properties. The use of carbon nanotubes is of great importance to the field of Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) for the development of innovative membranes of high performance. The modification of carbon nanotubes can not only increase their solubility, but improve their processability and give them new properties, depending on the nature of the molecules of modification. In this work, the chemical modification of carbon nanotubes with polymer chains is investigated. Modification of carbon nanotubes can be achieved with the attachment of functional groups in their surface, through covalent or non covalent bond. The covalent bond is achieved with two methods: “grafting to” and “grafting from”. In the “grafting to” method, the synthesized polymer is attached directly on the surface of carbon nanotube, while in the “grafting from” method, the polymer chain is developed from the surface of the carbon nanotube. In the present work, thin multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Thin MWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were modified covalently with both methods with polymers, that can incorporate either covalently or electrostatically, quartenary ammonium and phosphonium groups that present antifouling properties. More specifically, efforts were made in covalent attachment of antifouling groups via polymerization of suitable monomers or with polymerization of monomers and appropriate subsequent chemical modification in the surface of carbon nanotubes. The monomers were the 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and quaternized DMAEMA for MWCNTs, while an additional effort was made in polymerization of N,N-[(dimethylamino)propyl]methacrylamide (MADAP) in Thin MWCNTs. Because the efforts were not successful, the random copolymer P(AA12-co-VBCHAM) was prepared, with copolymerization of acrylic acid (AA) and 4-vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC) in 12% and 88% percentage respectively and introduction of N,N-Dimethylhexadecylamine, which afterwards was introduced into modified, with phenol groups, carbon nanotubes (CNTs-PhOH). Furthermore, successful introduction of antifouling ammonium and phosphonium groups via electostatical interaction as counter ions in the negatively charged polyelectrolyte poly(sodium styrene sulfonate) (PPSNa) was accomplished. The polyelectrolyte was grafted onto modified, with ATRP (atom transfer radical polymerization) initiator groups, thin multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Thin MWCNTs-Ph-INIT). The same process was followed for the introduction of ammonium groups in PSSNa, which was grafted onto modified, with ATRP initiator groups, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-Ph-INIT). The composed antifouling materials can be used in a lot of applications, including the water purification.

No description available.

Ce travail de thèse démontre l’importance d’intégrer des outils théoriques à des observations expérimentales dans le but d’étudier le rôle des interactions non-covalentes et plus précisément de la dispersion dans la chimie des métaux de transition. Plusieurs thèmes ont ainsi été abordés comme les interactions d’empilement entre chélates de métaux de transition à l’état solide; l’influence de la chiralité sur l’oligomérisation en solution de complexes plans carrés de Rh(I) isonitrile; la stabilité et inactivité inhabituelles de complexes de type cis-platine en solution concentrée. Les résultats obtenus par titration calorimétrique isotherme ont permis d’évaluer la capacité de méthodes théoriques à reproduire avec précision les résultats expérimentaux. Les calculs ont démontré qu’un traitement théorique approprié des effets de la dispersion et de la solvatation, donne des valeurs cohérentes avec les résultats expérimentaux. Cependant, des améliorations supplémentaires sont nécessaires. / This thesis has shown the importance of integration of theoretical calculations and experimental investigations in studying the role of non-covalent interactions and particularly dispersion interactions in transition metal chemistry. Several subjects were addressed, such as stacking interactions of chelates in transition metal complexes in solid state, influence of chirality on the oligomerization of Rh(I) isonitrile complexes in solution and the stability of the cis-platin type complexes in concentrated solutions. Isothermal titration calorimetry proved to be very useful in the studies by providing accurate experimental data on the thermochemistry of addressed processes. This data was used to gauge the ability of the theoretical methods to accurately reproduce the experimental results. Calculations have shown that the proper treatment of dispersion effects and solvation by theoretical models gives values in relatively good agreement with experiments, but further improvements are needed.

Les cages moléculaires covalentes ou de coordination sont des molécules particulièrement intéressantes lorsqu’elles présentent une cavité active en reconnaissance moléculaire ou en réactivité chimique. Le projet consiste en la synthèse et l’étude d’un nouveau type de cage moléculaire, constituée de deux porphyrines reliées par des liaisons covalentes mais flexibles et de huit ligands 3-pyridyles (L) permettant de contrôler la taille de la cavité par un stimulus externe. L’étape-clé de la synthèse de cette cage est la formation d’un dimère de porphyrine par effet template, de sorte à favoriser la fermeture de la cage. Des cations métalliques coordinés par les groupements L ou un ligand ditopique comme le DABCO coordiné entre les métallo-porphyrines ont été utilisés pour pré-assembler le dimère. Ce dernier ayant été obtenu, les chaînes polyéther ont été reliées deux par deux par métathèse des oléfines. Une structure cristallographique de la cage covalente complexant le DABCO a pu être obtenue. La cage synthétisée a, par la suite, été démétallée et le DABCO retiré, la conformation adoptée par cette dernière molécule varie par rapport à son précurseur. / Covalent or coordination molecular cages are particularly interesting molecules when they incorporate an active cavity in molecular recognition or in chemical reactivity. The project consists in the synthesis and the study of a new type of molecular cage, built from two porphyrins linked together by covalent but flexible bonds and eight 3-pyridyl ligands (L) allowing a control of the size of the cavity by an external signal. The key-step in the cage synthesis is the formation of a template dimer in order to favour the covalent cage closing. Several metallic cations coordinated by the L moieties or a ditopic ligand such as DABCO coordinated between two metalloporphyrins have been used for the preorganization of a dimer. Once the latter compound formed, the polyether chains have been linked two-by-two by alkene metathesis. A crystallographic structure of the covalent cage complexing the DABCO has been obtained. Furthermore, the synthesized cage was demetallated and the DABCO removed, the conformation adopted by this molecule doesn’t change a lot from its precursor.

The use of kaolinite for preparing functionalized materials for specialized applications is still a relatively niche research subject. This is in spite of its low cost, high availability, and the potential for covalently grafting organic functional groups to its inner and outer surfaces. These grafted compounds have been shown to be highly resistant to heat and solvents, making them very useful for certain applications, for example in polymer nanocomposite materials that require high thermal resistance during polymer processing. Solid state NMR has been shown to play an essential role in solving the structure of functionalized kaolinite materials, however the current knowledge base for these functionalized kaolinites is notably lacking for some nuclei such as 1H, 27Al and 17O. Research was undertaken to address these concerns by developing new synthetic strategies for preparing kaolinite based materials for use as nanocomposites and to examine commonly prepared modified kaolinite precursors materials by 1H and 27Al MAS NMR in an attempt to demonstrate their utility for characterizing kaolinite intercalated and grafted complexes. Solid state 1H NMR of a natural kaolinite, kGa-1b, identified two main proton signals attributed to inner and inner surface hydroxyl protons. The different affinity of these two types of hydroxyl groups towards exchange with deuterium was used to differentiate between the two. The 1H NMR spectra of a DMSO intercalated kaolinite, kDMSO, and a methanol grafted kaolinite, kmethoxy, were fitted with high accuracy using models consistent with the known structures of these materials. The 27Al MAS NMR spectra of a natural kaolinite, kGa-1b, a DMSO intercalated kaolinite, kDMSO, and a methanol grafted kaolinite, kmethoxy measured at 21.1T showed little difference between one another, while noticeable differences could be seen at 4.7T. 27Al MQMAS experiments found almost no difference between these materials in the multiple quantum dimension, suggesting the differences that were observed are a result of differences in quadrupolar parameters rather than chemical shifts. The 27Al NMR spectra of kGa-1b, kDMSO and kmethoxy were fitted with good accuracy using models consistent with known structures of these materials. Different Al(III) sites with CQ values varying by up to 0.6MHz were found. The 27Al NMR spectra of two different methanol grafted kaolinites were also compared and it was found that the intensities of the sites with lower values of CQ were dependent on the quantity of grafted aluminum sites. The interlayer space of kaolinite was functionalized with a block copolymer: poly(ethylene)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) using a kaolinite pre-intercalated with DMSO, kDMSO, and with a biodegradable polymer: poly(lactide) using a kaolinite pre-intercalated with urea, kurea, both by using melts of the polymer. The polymers were found to completely displace their precursors from the interlayer space giving a monolayer type arrangement of the polymer. Attempts were made to graft compounds containing polymerizable functional groups: 3-allyloxy-1,2-propanediol and ethylene glycol vinyl ether to kaolinite’s inner surfaces using a kaolinite pre-intercalated and grafted with methanol, kmethoxy, and a kaolinite pre-intercalated with DMSO, kDMSO, respectively. Both compounds were found to displace their precursors from the interlayer space, adopting a monolayer type arrangement. 13C and 29Si NMR results suggest 3-allyloxy-1,2-propanediol’s allyl group remains intact and partially keys into the clay mineral’s siloxane rings. Ethylene glycol vinyl ether was found to undergo intramolecular cyclization to form an acetal product, consuming its vinyl group in the process. This reaction was observed using an unmodified kaolinite, kGa-1b, suggesting that the clay mineral’s surfaces, both inner and outer, act as an acid catalyst.

The electrostatic layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly of polyelectrolyte’s has shown applications in thin film coatings, micro patterning, nano-bioreactors and capsules for drug delivery. The film architecture can be precisely designed and controlled to nanometer scale precision with a range from 5 nm to a few microns. Both in vitro and in vivo studies indicate potential applications in biology, pharmaceutics, medicine, and other biomedical areas. This thesis work focused on the design and development of protocols to fabricate polyelectrolyte multi-layer patterns on a variety of substrates such as glass, metals and plastics such as acrylic and polycarbonate. The micro-scale polyelectrolyte patterns have applications in the creation of DNA, protein or cell based microarrays. This work also demonstrated the use of polyelectrolyte multi-layers in the enhancement of fluorescence signals from fluorophore-tagged molecules captured within the multi-layers. In-situ measurements using Fiber Bragg Gratings were carried out to study the kinetics of adsorption and desorption of polyelectrolytes participating in the layer buildup process under different process environmental conditions.