[ES] Las pilas de combustible de hidrógeno o bioalcohol son una tecnología prometedora para la generación de energía limpia y eficiente en el intento actual de revertir los severos efectos causados por el cambio climático. No obstante, para lograr generalizar su uso, esta tecnología debe optimizarse. Concretamente, la membrana de intercambio de protones es un componente crucial para mejorar su rendimiento general. Esta línea de investigación, entre otras, está incluida en la mayoría de las actuales líneas estratégicas nacionales y europeas con el objetivo de implantar estos sistemas de producción de energía sostenibles en un futuro próximo. En la presente tesis doctoral se presenta un procedimiento robusto y fiable que permite el diseño de membranas de intercambio de protones mediante la caracterización y análisis de varios materiales poliméricos con la intención de predecir su comportamiento en condiciones operativas. En ese sentido, se analizan cuatro tipos diferentes de microestructuras. En el Capítulo 4 se analizan dos series de membranas basadas en copolímeros en bloque sulfonados de estireno-etileno-butileno-estireno (SEBS). La microestructura se ha ajustado para su idoneidad en aplicaciones de pilas de combustible. Posteriormente, se aplica a las muestras un proceso de sulfonación, fotorreticulación UV e hibridación. En el Capítulo 5 se analiza una serie de membranas de poli(alcohol vinílico) (PVA) convenientemente modificadas para su idoneidad como membranas de intercambio de protones en celdas de combustible de metanol directo (DMFC). El análisis se centra en si la reticulación y la sulfonación mediante el uso de SSA mejoran la estabilidad y aumentan la conducción de protones en la estructura de PVA tal y como se esperaba inicialmente. Además, se evalúa el efecto de la adición de óxido de grafeno (GO) en los espectros dieléctricos y la conductividad protónica. En el Capítulo 6 se analizan dos series de membranas a base de copolímero de poli (epiclorhidrina) (PECH) y poli (epiclorhidrina-co-óxido de etileno) (PECH-co-EO). Ambas membranas están modificadas con unidades de 3,4,5-tris[4-(n-dodecan-1-iloxi)benciloxi]benzoato. El análisis se centra en la capacidad de estas membranas para formar canales, promovidos por la orientación térmica, lo que mejora los mecanismos de transferencia de carga y la conductividad de los protones. En el Capítulo 7 se realiza el análisis de una membrana sintetizada a partir de una red adaptable covalente (CAN). La característica más importante de este tipo de polímeros es la presencia de enlaces reversibles en la estructura que les permite mostrar propiedades físicas como la autoreparación, la soldabilidad y la reciclabilidad. Estas propiedades podrían mejorar el ciclo de vida de las membranas de intercambio protónico. El análisis realizado incluye una evaluación de las dos temperaturas más importantes desde el punto de vista viscoelástico, es decir, la transición vítrea Tg y la temperatura de transición de congelación de la topología Tv, y su impacto en la conductividad protónica. Como resultado de este estudio, se desarrolla una metodología para analizar diversas membranas poliméricas con diferentes microestructuras mediante Análisis Térmico Dieléctrico (DETA). En consecuencia, el estudio de las propiedades dieléctricas, en términos de la permitividad compleja (ε∗), junto con el análisis de la conductividad compleja (σ∗), permite obtener información sobre la dinámica molecular que favorece eficientemente los mecanismos de transferencia de carga. La conductividad protónica (σprot) se estimará a partir de los datos dieléctricos, lo que permitirá evaluar las membranas poliméricas ensayadas para su aplicación como membranas de intercambio protónico. En consecuencia, se puede optimizar el funcionamiento de las membranas de intercambio de protones, y se promueve su implementación masiva. / [CA] Les piles de combustible d'hidrogen o bioalcohol són una tecnologia prometedora per a la generació d'energia neta i eficient en l'intent actual de revertir els severs efectes causats pel canvi climàtic. No obstant això, per a aconseguir generalitzar el seu ús, aquesta tecnologia ha d'optimitzar-se. Concretament, la membrana d'intercanvi de protons és un component crucial per a millorar el seu rendiment general. Aquesta línia d'investigació, entre d'altres, està inclosa en la majoria de les actuals línies estratègiques nacionals i europees amb l'objectiu d'implantar aquests sistemes de producció d'energia sostenibles en un futur pròxim. En la present tesi doctoral es presenta un procediment robust i fiable que permet el disseny de membranes d'intercanvi de protons mitjançant la caracterització i anàlisi de diversos materials polimèrics amb la intenció de predir el seu comportament en condicions operatives. En aqueix sentit, s'analitzen quatre tipus diferents de microestructures. En el Capítol 4 s'analitzen dues sèries de membranes basades en copolímers en bloc sulfonats d'estiré-etilé-butilé-estiré (SEBS). La microestructura s'ha ajustat per a la seua idoneïtat en aplicacions de piles de combustible. Posteriorment, s'aplica a les mostres un procés de sulfonació, fotorreticulació UV i hibridació. En el Capítol 5 s'analitza una sèrie de membranes de poli(alcohol vinílic) (PVA) convenientment modificades per a la seua idoneïtat com a membranes d'intercanvi de protons en cel·les de combustible de metanol directe (DMFC). L'anàlisi se centra en si la reticulació i la sulfonació mitjançant l'ús de SSA milloren l'estabilitat i augmenten la conducció de protons en l'estructura de PVA tal com s'esperava inicialment. A més, s'avalua l'efecte de l'addició d'òxid de grafé (GO) en els espectres dielèctrics i la conductivitat protònica. En el Capítol 6 s'analitzen dues sèries de membranes a base de copolímer de poli (epiclorhidrina) (PECH) i poli (epiclorhidrina-co-òxid d'etilé) (PECH-co-EO). Totes dues membranes estan modificades amb unitats de 3,4,5-tris[4-(n-dodecan-1-iloxi)benciloxi] benzoato. L'anàlisi es centra en la capacitat d'aquestes membranes per a formar canals, promoguts per l'orientació tèrmica, la qual cosa millora els mecanismes de transferència de càrrega i la conductivitat dels protons. En el Capítol 7 es realitza l'anàlisi d'una membrana sintetitzada a partir d'una xarxa adaptable covalent (CA). La característica més important d'aquesta mena de polímers és la presència d'enllaços reversibles en l'estructura que els permet mostrar propietats físiques com l'autoreparació, la soldabilitat i la reciclabilitat. Aquestes propietats podrien millorar el cicle de vida de les membranes d'intercanvi protònic. L'anàlisi realitzada inclou una avaluació de les dues temperatures més importants des del punt de vista viscoelàstic, és a dir, la transició vítria Tg i la temperatura de transició de congelació de la topologia Tv, i el seu impacte en la conductivitat protònica. Com a resultat d'aquest estudi, es desenvolupa una metodologia per a analitzar diverses membranes polimèriques amb diferents microestructures mitjançant Anàlisi Tèrmic Dielèctric (DETA). En conseqüència, l'estudi de les propietats dielèctriques, en termes de la permitivitat complexa (ε∗), juntament amb l'anàlisi de la conductivitat complexa (σ∗), permet obtindre informació sobre la dinàmica molecular que afavoreix eficientment els mecanismes de transferència de càrrega. La conductivitat protònica (σprot) s'estimarà a partir de les dades dielèctriques, la qual cosa permetrà avaluar les membranes polimèriques assajades per a la seua aplicació com a membranes d'intercanvi protònic. En conseqüència, es pot optimitzar el funcionament de les membranes d'intercanvi de protons, i es promou la seua implementació massiva. / [EN] Hydrogen or bioalcohol fuel cells are a promising technology for clean and efficient energy generation in the current attempt to reverse the severe effects caused by climate change. However, in order to achieve its general use, this technology must be optimized. Specifically, the proton exchange membrane is a crucial component to improve your overall performance. This line of research, among others, is included in most of the current national and European strategic lines with the aim of implementing these sustainable energy production systems in the near future. In this doctoral thesis, a robust and reliable procedure is presented that allows the design of proton exchange membranes through the characterization and analysis of various polymeric materials with the intention of predicting their behaviour under operating conditions. In this sense, four different types of microstructures are analysed. In Chapter 4, two series of membranes based on sulfonated block copolymers of styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS) are discussed. The microstructure has been adjusted for its suitability in fuel cell applications. Subsequently, a sulfonation, UV photocrosslinking, and hybridization process are applied to the samples. In Chapter 5, a series of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) membranes suitably modified for their suitability as proton exchange membranes in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) are discussed. The analysis focuses on whether crosslinking and sulfonation using SSA improve stability and increase proton conduction in the PVA structure as initially expected. In addition, the effect of the addition of graphene oxide (GO) on the dielectric spectra, and proton conductivity is evaluated. In Chapter 6 two series of membranes based on copolymers of poly (epichlorohydrin) (PECH) and poly (epichlorohydrin-co-ethylene oxide) (PECH-co-EO) are analysed. Both membranes are modified with 3,4,5-tris[4-(n-dodecan-1-yloxy)benzyloxy]benzoate units. The analysis focuses on the ability of these membranes to form channels, promoted by thermal orientation, which improves the charge transfer mechanisms and the proton conductivity. In Chapter 7, the analysis of a membrane synthesized from a covalent adaptive network (CAN) is performed. The most important characteristic of this type of polymer is the presence of reversible bonds in the structure that allows them to display physical properties such as self-healing, weldability, and recyclability. These properties could improve the life cycle of proton exchange membranes. The analysis carried out includes an evaluation of the two most important temperatures from the viscoelastic point of view, that is, the glass transition Tg and the freezing transition temperature of the topology Tv, and their impact on the proton conductivity. As a result of this study, a methodology is developed to analyse various polymeric membranes with different microstructures by means of Dielectric Thermal Analysis (DETA). Consequently, the study of the dielectric properties, in terms of the complex permittivity (σ∗), together with the analysis of the complex conductivity (ε∗), allows us to obtain information on the molecular dynamics that efficiently favour the charge transfer mechanisms. The proton conductivity (σprot) will be estimated from the dielectric data, which will allow the evaluation of the tested polymeric membranes for their application as proton exchange membranes. Consequently, the functioning of proton exchange membranes can be optimized, and their massive implementation is promoted. / Pascual José, B. (2023). Design and Characterization of Polymeric Materials for their Application as Electrolytes in Fuel Cells [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/196863

The demand for today's material resources for energy storage is rapidly increasing and can result in both environmental and political conflicts that can affect the development of electronic devices due to high prices and limitations of raw materials for batteries. In this study, potential future composite electrodes were synthesised with an ex-situ approach by compositing redox-active 2,6-Diaminoanthraquinone and 1,3,5-Triformylphloroglucinol covalent organic framework (DAAQ-TFP COF) with conductive delaminated Ti3C2Tx MXene to maximise the number of redox-active moieties during cycling. In addition, solvothermal synthesis with the implementation of mechanical grinding as an exfoliation method was used to try to obtain DAAQ-TFP nanosheets to increase both the contact area between the two materials and the number of charge carriers. The sample was analysed with PXRD and BET surface analysis to characterise the crystallinity meanwhile SEM was utilised to study the morphology of the COF and the composite material. The specific capacitance of each electrode was estimated by cyclic voltammetry. The study showed a decrease in reduced specific capacitance with lower MXene content. Hence, this concludes pure Ti3C2Tx sheets have the highest capacitance contribution with a value of 48.79 Fg-1 meanwhile the composite electrode with a ratio of 1:1 was estimated to 32.26 Fg-1 with 0.0928 % of its moieties undergoing a redox reaction. A reduced capacitance with an increased COF-MXene ratio indicates that MXene contributes with more capacity relative to the COF, in combination with a non-successful exfoliation of DAAQ-TFP to single-layered nanosheets, reducing the interactions between the two materials.

Graphitische Karbonitride sind organische, kovalent gebundene, geschichtete und kristalline Halbleiter mit einer hohen thermischen und chemischen Stabilität. Diese Eigenschaften machen 2D Schichten der graphitischen Kristalle potentiell nützlich für das Ziel, Limitationen von organischen 0D Molekularen und 1D polymerischen Halbleitern zu überwinden. Trotz dieser interessanten Eigenschaften haben nur wenige Publikationen erfolgreich graphitische Karbonitride in optoelektronischen Bauteilen eingesetzt. Um die Vorteile dieser Materialien nutzbar zu machen, wurden bessere Synthesebedingungen gesucht. Die Verwendung von einem Iod-Eutektikum zeigt, dass Anionen mit einem größeren Radius als Bromid nicht für die Stabilisation von graphitischen Karbonitriden geeignet sind. Das Optimieren der Synthesebedingungen von Poly(triazin-imid)-LiBr resultiert in der Reduzierung von einem kohlenstoffreichen Zersetzungsprodukt bei vollständiger Kondensation. Das Untersuchen der elektronischen Struktur mit ab initio Berechnungen ergibt, dass der elektronische VB-CB-Übergang verboten ist. Dies resultiert daraus, dass die Zustände des obersten Valenzbandes nichtbindender Natur sind. Ein Band aus nichtbindenden Elektronen als oberstes Valenzband ist vor allem aus „lone-pair semiconductors“ aus der sechsten Hauptgruppe bekannt. In der Welt organischer Halbleiter wurde dieses Phänomen bisher nicht beobachtet. Die geringe makroskopische elektrische Leitfähigkeit der PTI-Filme wurde mit der Leitfähigkeit auf Nanoebene verglichen, woraus gefolgert werden kann, dass der Ladungsträgertransport durch den nanokristallinen Charakter an den Kristall-Kristall Übergängen gestört wird. Die elektronische Leitfähigkeit, Mobilität der Ladungsträger sowie die Ladungsträgerdichte wurden untersucht. Die Energie Niveaus legen nahe das Elektronentransport in der Präsenz von Sauerstoff möglich ist. Die erste Applikation eines kovalenten organischen Netzwerks in einer organischen lichtemittierenden Diode ist gezeigt worden. / Graphitic carbon nitrides are organic covalently-bonded, layered, and crystalline semiconductors with high thermal and oxidative stability. These properties make 2D layers of graphitic carbon nitrides potentially useful in overcoming the limitations of 0D molecular and 1D polymer semiconductors. Only few reports have shown them being employed in optoelectronic applications. With the goal to find better reaction conditions that enable higher product quality from the ionothermal synthesis the size effect of anions is studied by using an iodide eutectic instead of bromide or chloride eutectic. The highest crystalline condensation product obtained is melem, revealing that the large iodide anion is not capable of stabilizing a graphitic structure. Studying the synthesis conditions of poly(triazine imide) (PTI), the best characterized graphitic carbon nitride in literature, it is revealed that the brown discoloration of the product is due to a carbon rich side product. Reduction of reaction temperature and increase of reaction time allows omittance of carbonisation. Analyzing the electronic structure with ab initio calculations one finds that the lowest energy electronic transition in PTI is forbidden due to a non-bonding uppermost valence band. A uppermost non-bonding valence band is most reminiscent of lone-pair semiconductors and unknown in the world of organic semiconductors making PTI the first organic lone-pair semiconductor. The low electrical conductivity of PTI derivatives is compared to nanoscale conductivity values. The results indicate that macroscopic conductivity is hampered by the nano-crystalline character due to charge carrier trapping at crystal interfaces. The effective mobility is in the range of amorphous organic semiconductors with an unexpectedly high carrier density. The energy levels in PTI-LiBr potentially enable environmentally stable n-transport. The first successful Application of a covalent organic framework in a organic light emitting diode is presented.

Thermosets are appropriate materials for various applications due to benefits such as heat resistance and good mechanical properties. The disadvantages of traditional thermosets from a sustainable manufacturing perspective are that they are usually derived from fossil resources, and also have permanent cross-linked networks that are difficult to break, making them non-recyclable. It is therefore of great interest to find bio-based alternatives, especially ones that can be recycled or bio-degraded. In this project four bio-based photocurable resins, meant for 3D printing thermosets, were characterized by their mechanical properties and chemical degradation. They were designed with esters and imine groups in order to use dynamic, reversible bonds to attempt mechanical recycling and chemical degradation. The resins were composed of methacrylated eugenol, methacrylated PHB-diol and Schiff base methacrylated extended vanillin. The latter provided good thermal stability, solvent resistance and mechanical properties to the thermosets. The mechanical recycling was able to produce cohesive thermoset films, successfully reforming broken bonds, but the mechanical properties decreased substantially from the process. Chemical degradation of the thermosets could be performed, but further use of the degraded material was not examined. / Härdplaster är lämpliga material för olika applikationer på grund av sina fördelaktiga egenskaper, som värmebeständighet och goda mekaniska egenskaper. Nackdelarna med traditionella härdplaster ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv är att de vanligtvis härrör från fossila resurser. De har även permanent tvärbundna nätverk som är svåra att bryta, vilket gör dem icke-återvinningsbara. Det är därför av stort intresse att hitta biobaserade alternativ, särskilt sådana som kan återvinnas eller biologiskt nedbrytas. I detta projekt karaktäriserades fyra biobaserade foto-polymeriserbara hartser, avsedda för 3D-tillverkning av härdplaster, genom sina mekaniska egenskaper och kemiska nedbrytbarhet. De designades med ester- och imingrupper för att kunna använda dynamiska, reversibla bindningar i ett försök att mekaniskt återvinna och kemiskt bryta ned härdplasterna. Hartserna var sammansatta av metakrylerad eugenol, metakrylerad PHB-diol och Schiff-bas metakrylerad förlängd vanillin. Den senare tillförde bra termisk stabilitet, motstånd mot lösningsmedel och mekaniska egenskaper åt härdplasterna. Den mekaniska återvinningen kunde producera sammanhängande plastfilmer genom återskapade bindningar, men de mekaniska egenskaperna försämrades avsevärt från processen. Kemisk nedbrytning av härdplasterna kunde utföras, men ytterligare användning av det nedbrutna materialet undersöktes inte.

Diarylethene sind molekulare Schalter, welche sich unter Einwirkung von Licht zwischen einem offenen und einem geschlossenen Isomer umwandeln. Die Effizienz dieser beiden Photoreaktionen ist von verschiedenen Parametern abhängig, welche bisher nur unzureichend verstanden sind. Ein entscheidender Faktor für die Hinreaktion ist das Verhältnis zweier Konformere, von denen jedoch nur eines photochemisch aktiv ist. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine neue Klasse von Diarylethenen beschrieben, in welcher die aktive Konformation durch kovalente Verbrückungen unterschiedlicher Länge stabilisiert wird. Gleichzeitigeröffnet sich ein zusätzlicher Reaktionspfad in Form einer Doppelbindungsisomerisierung. Es stellte sich heraus, dass bei geeigneter Verbrückungslänge das zyklisierte Isomer mit ungewöhnlich hoher Effizienz gebildet wird, während die Effizienz der Ringöffnung nicht beeinflusst wird. Der Mechanismus und die Dynamik der Photoreaktion wurden anhand ausgewählter Vertreter durch Ultrakurzzeitspektroskopie untersucht. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Ringschluss auch durch elektrochemische Oxidation oder Reduktion erfolgen kann. Die vorgestellten Systeme agieren bei direkter photochemischer Anregung wie herkömmliche Diarylethene nur im Ringschluss/Ringöffnungsregime. Durch Tripletsensibilisierung kann jedoch eine selektive Z→E Isomerisierung erzielt werden, was diese Diarylethenklasse zu reversiblen 3-Zustandssystemen erweitert. In Erweiterung des Projektes wurde die Struktur des Diarylethens noch stärker fixiert. Nach vielseitigen Syntheseversuchen konnten zwei Vertreter dieser Klasse erhalten und photochemisch untersucht werden, wobei ein Umsatz zu etwa 60% zyklisiertem Isomer bei der Bestrahlung mit UV-Licht gefunden wurde. Zusammengefasst stellt die kovalente Verbrückung der Diarylethenstruktur eine erfolgreiche Strategie dar, um sowohl die Effizienz der Ringschlussreaktion zu steigern als auch photochrome Verbindungen mit drei Schaltzuständen zu kreieren. / Diarylethenes are molecular switches that interconvert reversibly between an open and a closed isomer by irradiation with light. The efficiency of both photochemical reactions depends on several parameters, which, so far, are only insufficiently understood. One important factor in the cyclization reaction is the presence of two conformations of the open isomer of which only one is photochemically active. In the current work, a new class of diarylethenes is presented, in which the active conformation is covalently stabilized by alkyl chains of different lengths. As the central double bond is not fixated, double bond isomerization emerges as an additional pathway in these annulated diarylethenes. In dependence of the chosen ring size both open isomers convert with increased efficiency to the closed isomer upon irradiation. The efficiency of the cycloreversion process remains unaffected. The mechanism and dynamic of the photoreaction were investigated for selected compounds using transient absorption spectroscopy. Furthermore, electrochemical studies revealed that both the E- and the Z-isomer cyclize rapidly upon anodic oxidation or cathodic reduction. In general, the photochemical reactivity of annulated diarylethenes parallels that of normal diarylethenes and takes place exclusively in the cyclization/cycloreversion regime if irradiated directly. However, it was demonstrated that a selective Z→E double bond isomerization is possible, thus implementing a 3-state photoswitchable system. In extension of the project, the structure of diarylethenes was further stiffened. Using diverse synthetic approaches, two members of this class could be obtained. Photochemical investigation showed a conversion to the closed isomer of 60% upon irradiation with UV-light. In brief, the covalent fixation of diarylethenes represents an attractive strategy to increase the efficiency of the photochemical cyclization and extent the scope of diarylethenes to 3-state photochromic systems.

No description available.

No description available.

Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) have attracted attention as versatile active materials in many applications. Recent advances have demonstrated the synthesis of monolayer 2D COF via an air–water interface. However, the interfacial 2D polymerization mechanism has been elusive. In this work, we have used a multiscale modeling strategy to study dimethylmethylene-bridged triphenylamine building blocks confined at the air–water interface to form a 2D COF via Schiff-base reaction. A synergy between the computational investigations and experiments allowed the synthesis of a 2D-COF with one of the linkers considered. Our simulations complement the experimental characterization and show the preference of the building blocks to be at the interface with a favorable orientation for the polymerization. The air–water interface is shown to be a key factor to stabilize a flat conformation when a dimer molecule is considered. The structural and electronic properties of the monolayer COFs based on the two monomers are calculated and show a semiconducting nature with direct bandgaps. Our strategy provides a first step toward the in silico polymerization of 2D COFs at air–water interfaces capturing the initial steps of the synthesis up to the prediction of electronic properties of the 2D material.

L’immuno-isolation des îlots de Langerhans est proposée comme moyen d’effectuer des transplantations sans prise d’immunosuppresseurs par le patient. Cette immuno-isolation, par l’entremise d’une microcapsule composée d’alginate et de poly-L-lysine (microcapsule APA), protège le greffon d’une éventuelle attaque du système immunitaire du receveur grâce à sa membrane semi-perméable. Cette membrane empêche le système immunitaire du receveur de pénétrer la microcapsule tout en laissant diffuser librement les nutriments, le glucose et l’insuline. Avant l’application de cette technique chez l’humain, quelques défis doivent encore être relevés, dont la biocompatibilité de ce système. La biocompatibilité fait ici référence à la biocompatibilité du biomatériau utilisé pour la fabrication des microcapsules, l’alginate, mais aussi la biocompatibilité des microcapsules reliée à leur stabilité. En effet, il a été remarqué que, lors d’implantation in vivo de microcapsules fabriquées avec de l’alginate non purifiée, ceci induisait un phénomène nommé Réaction de l’Hôte contre la Microcapsule (RHM). De plus, il est connu que la stabilité des microcapsules APA peut influencer leur biocompatibilité puisqu’une microcapsule endommagée ou brisée pourrait laisser s’échapper les cellules du greffon chez le receveur. Nous croyons qu’une compréhension des processus d’initiation de la RHM en fonction de l’efficacité des procédés de purification d’alginate (et donc des quantités de contaminants présents dans l’alginate) ainsi que l’augmentation de la stabilité des microcapsules APA pourront améliorer la biocompatibilité de ce dispositif, ce que tente de démontrer les résultats présentés dans cette thèse. En effet, les résultats obtenus suggèrent que les protéines qui contaminent l’alginate jouent un rôle clé dans l’initiation de la RHM et qu’en diminuant ces quantités de protéines par l’amélioration des procédés de purification d’alginate, on améliore la biocompatibilité de l’alginate. Afin d’augmenter la stabilité des microcapsules APA, nous décrivons une nouvelle technique de fabrication des microcapsules qui implique la présence de liaisons covalentes. Ces nouvelles microcapsules APA réticulées sont très résistantes, n’affectent pas de façon négative la survie des cellules encapsulées et confinent les cellules du greffon à l’intérieur des microcapsules. Cette dernière caractéristique nous permet donc d’augmenter la biocompatibilité des microcapsules APA en protégeant le receveur contre les cellules du greffon. / Islet of Langerhans inmmunoisolation is proposed as a way to avoid the use of immunosuppressive drugs after transplantation. Microcapsules, the immuno-isolating device, are composed of alginate and poly-L-lysine and the protection of the graft is granted by a semi-permeable membrane. This membrane allows small molecules to freely diffuse within the microcapsule, such as nutrients, glucose and insulin while protecting the graft against the host immune system. Biocompatibility is one of the challenges that must be addressed before the successful clinical application of this device. Microcapsules biocompatibility is related, first, to the biocompatibility of alginate, the polymer used to made microcapsules and second, to the in vivo stability of these microcapsules. In facts, it is well know that the use of an unpurified alginate containing many foreign contaminants to make microcapsules induce the host reaction against microcapsule (HRM). Moreover, damaged or broken microcapsules can allow the dissemination of cells from the encapsulated graft, activating the host immune system. We believe that a better understanding of the initiation processes of the HRM in terms of alginate purification efficacy to remove contamination as well as an improve microcapsule stability will increase microcapsules biocompatibility. Results reported in this thesis suggest that foreign proteins found in alginate are playing a key role in the initiation of HRM and that the reduction of these foreign proteins, by the improvement of alginate purification processes, improves microcapsules biocompatibility. In order to increase microcapsules stability, we also described and characterized an innovative type of microcapsules which involve covalent bonds. These covalently cross-linked microcapsules were found to by highly resistant and stable. The novel fabrication process of these microcapsules was not harmful for the encapsulated cell survival and was also found to confine the graft inside the microcapsules. This characteristic enables us to increase microcapsules biocompatibility by the protection of the host from the encapsulated cells.

Combination of the compact but sterically flexible ferrocene scaffold with intermolecular binding potential and conformational variability of (2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium structural motif was utilised in the construction of solid crystalline materials. Crystallisation in systems containing ferrocenecarboxylic, 2-ferrocenylacetic, 3-ferrocenylpropionic, 3-ferrocenyl- acrylic, 3-ferrocenylacrylic, 3-ferrocenylpropiolic, ferrocene-1,1'-dicarboxylic or ferrocene- sulfonic acid with 2-aminoethanol afforded crystals of the corresponding salts. The resulting crystalline products were characterised with the usual methods (proton nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis) and their crystal structures were determined by means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystal structures of the salts mentioned above usually contain rather complicated two dimensional networks of charge-assisted hydrogen bonds. With the aim of studying potentially more simple hydrogen-bonded structures, additional crystallisation experiments were conducted in systems of ferrocenecarboxylic acid and 2-(methylamino)ethanol or 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. These experiments yielded simple salt of the former amine and adducts of salts of both bases with ferrocenecarboxylic acid in the ratio of 1:1. The...