The study investigates the impact of Covid-19 on employment in Sweden, it focuses on how men and women have been affected during the pandemic. Despite Sweden being one of the top countries in terms of gender equality, we want to see if the effects of the crisis differ for each of them, and to help us with our research we will go through different industries in the Swedish labor market to examine the impact on men and female workers in those industries during the pandemic.The results show that Female workers in Sweden have been more negatively impacted during COVID-19 than men, also we find out that the employment situation of men and women may also have different effects within the same industry

Objectives: To evaluate associations between public health measure adherence and changes in alcohol consumption and binge drinking during the COVID-19 pandemic and identify potential modifiers of these associations. Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted using the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging Baseline, Follow-Up 1, and COVID-19 Questionnaires (N=23,615). Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine associations between public health measure adherence (including self-quarantine, public gathering attendance, leaving home, mask-wearing, and handwashing) and 1) self-reported alcohol consumption changes during the first year of the pandemic 2) prospectively measured alcohol consumption changes from 2015-2018 to early pandemic (2020), and 3) prospectively measured changes in binge drinking events from 2015-2018 to early pandemic. Models were adjusted for sex, age, education, marital status, region, income, immigration status, and racial background. Results: During the first year of the pandemic, 13% (N=2,733) of participants self-reported increased alcohol use, while 13% (N=2,921) reported decreased use. Prospective measures suggested 19% (N=4,421) increased and 35% (N=7,971) decreased use, while 13% (N=1,427) increased and 18% (N=1,953) decreased binge drinking events. Compared to low public health measure adherence, high adherence was not associated with self-reported changes in alcohol use, with prospectively measured increased alcohol use, or with prospectively measured changes in binge drinking. However, high adherence was associated with higher odds of prospectively measured decreased alcohol use (aOR=1.17; 95% CI=1.05, 1.29). Conclusion: Higher public health measure adherence during the COVID-19 pandemic was not associated with increased alcohol use, suggesting that adherence did not negatively impact alcohol consumption. Findings may inform public health interventions throughout future pandemics. / Thesis / Master of Public Health (MPH)

Bakgrund: Covid-19 är det senaste coronavirus som upptäckts, de tidigare varianterna är SARS och MERS alla tre virus leder till svår luftvägsinfektion. Covid-19 var det största utbrottet av coronavirusfamiljen och ledde till en pandemi. I en vårdrelation ska patienten kunna känna en gemenskap med sjuksköterskan och medverka i sin egen vård. Patienter uttryckte bland annat oro över brist på kunskap om sjukdomen covid-19 samt att sjuksköterskors visat distans gentemot dem. Syfte: Syftet var att skapa en översikt över sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att vårda patienter som har insjuknat i Covid-19. Metod: En allmän litteraturöversikt med totalt 14 kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar som analyserats. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras under tre kategorier: ''Brist på kunskap'' ''Den egna rädslans inverkan'' ''Skyddsutrustningens inverkan''. Det framkom att olika faktorer påverkade sjuksköterskors arbete för att ge den vård som bör ges till patienter som vårdades på sjukhusen. Detta innefattade faktorer som fysisk press, andfåddhet, rädsla för sjukdomen, rädsla för att smitta andra, oro för felagerande, brist på vetenskaplig information om viruset. Slutsats: Klara riktlinjer och vidare forskning krävs för att ha beredskap inför framtida hälsorisker för att erbjuda en god och säker vård. Ledningen bör i framtiden erbjuda utbildningar samt information för att förbereda sjuksköterskor inför framtida utmaningar.

Inledning: Världen förändrades när covid-19 pandemin bröt ut. På bara några dagar förändrades sjukvården drastiskt med nya arbetssätt och rutiner som sjukvårdspersonal behövde anpassa sig till. Diagnostisering med hjälp av röntgenundersökningar spelade en stor roll i vården av patienter med covid-19. Det innebar att röntgensjuksköterskor fick ställa om sitt arbetssätt och fick mer akuta patienter som behövde genomgå röntgenundersökningar. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva röntgensjuksköterskors upplevelser av att arbeta under covid-19 pandemin. Metod: Författarna har gjort en litteraturstudie med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Nio artiklar analyserades med manifest ansats. Resultat: Litteraturstudien visade att röntgensjuksköterskor kände rädsla och oro över viruset. De upplevde frustration och maktlöshet gällande otydliga instruktioner om skyddsutrustning och arbetsrutiner, samt att de inte kunde utföra en personcentrerad vård. Ökad arbetsbelastning medförde att röntgensjuksköterskor beordrades längre arbetspass. Till följd av detta upplevde flera röntgensjuksköterskor stress och ångest. Röntgensjuksköterskor upplevde att de inte ansågs vara en del av frontlinjen, trots att de dagligen hade ett patientnära arbete med covidsjuka patienter. Slutsats: Röntgensjuksköterskorna har haft en viktig del i diagnostiseringen av covidsjuka patienter. Olika faktorer har gemensamt påverkat röntgensjuksköterskors upplevelser av sin arbetssituation under pandemin. För att värna om röntgensjuksköterskans arbetsförhållanden inför framtida pandemier bör en bättre beredskap implementeras.

<p>As in many other aspects of society, the COVID-19 pandemic imposed a stress test on the entire healthcare system. Hospitals faced complex challenges, including making adaptations to each unit's specific characteristics and needs. Inpatient psychiatric units differ substantially from other hospital units, creating unique problems and considerations to safely manage patients, families, and healthcare staff during a pandemic. As research is done to improve our infrastructure for future pandemics, facilities with psychiatric units have unique design considerations. This thesis aims to examine the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the workflow of a psychiatric unit and its possible implications on future design requirements. Specifically, looking at transitions, i.e., what areas remained unchanged, what changes were made but have not persisted, and those that persisted, and what needs to be improved to better function in the next pandemic. The methodology used in this study included an examination of current design requirements and specifications and the workflow in a facility of this type. To maintain the facility's and staff's privacy, the specific unit is identified as Unit-A. A construction firm provided access to drawings, and engineers were interviewed to elucidate specific design/performance requirements. The methodology also included interviews of nurses and administrative staff actively engaged within Unit-A throughout the pandemic. A workflow was established based on the information collected before and during the pandemic. An analysis of the interviews and the workflow revealed: (i) the highest demands were placed on the direct-care staff, and (ii) policies implemented by the hospital without special consideration for the psychiatric unit caused unintended strain on the workflow. These significant findings suggest that each hospital should have a unique pandemic plan to accommodate their respective units. Obtaining more input from those directly impacted will improve the resiliency of the workflow. These findings also suggest that design specifications need to more effectively incorporate the needs of the professional staff, such as including a larger number of spaces for the healthcare staff in the hospital compared to current standards </p>

Introduktion/Bakgrund: Covid-19 upptäcktes i Kina, klassificerades som pandemi våren 2021. Ett halvår senare hade närmare sex miljoner människor avlidit. Hälso-och sjukvården har varit belastad. Medicinska och icke-medicinska åtgärder behövde implementeras och prioriteras för att förhindra smitta och minimera spridningen. Sjuksköterskan var mest involverad vid vårdandet av patienter. Arbetsuppgifter och arbetsmiljön har påverkats under pandemin. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa sjuksköterskans upplevelser av att vårda patienter under covid-19 pandemin. Metod: Litteraturstudien utformades efter Polit &amp; Beck (2021) nio steg för systematiskt utförande. Cinahl och PubMed var relevanta databaser utefter litteraturstudiens syfte, de är inriktade på forskning inom omvårdnad och medicin. Kvalitetsgranskning utfördes utefter Polit &amp; Beck (2021) granskningsmall där 10 kvalitativa artiklar kvarstod. Databearbetningen utfördes utifrån induktiv förhållningssätt och analyserades tematiskt. Resultat: Fem teman utformades, dessa var: ”att bli känslomässigt berörd”, ”att ställas inför nya utmaningar”, ”att förhålla sig till och bära skyddsutrustning i kliniskt arbete”, ”att uppleva ökad arbetsbelastning ” och ”att uppleva stigmatisering”. Slutsats: Majoriteten av sjuksköterskor hade identiska upplevelser i kliniskt arbete under covid-19 pandemin. Emotionella känslor som oro, rädsla och ångest kunde identifieras. Effekterna av skyddsutrustningen som fanns att tillgå orsakade fysiska besvär, förändrad arbetsmiljö och försämrad vårdkvalitet.

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This thesis examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on individual gambling behavior by testing whether ticket sales and revenues in the multi-state parimutuel PowerBall and MegaMillions lotteries decreased or increased between the pre-COVID and COVID periods in Florida, Texas, and Colorado. Two competing hypotheses are investigated. First, gambling activity may have decreased during COVID either due to increased risk-aversion induced by the pandemic, negative changes in household income from the loss of employment, or a combination of the two. Second, gambling activity may have increased during COVID either due to increased willingness to take risks, substitution of income previously spent on other recreational activities to consumption of gambling products, or a combination of the two. To test these hypotheses, I use linear regression methods to model sales of tickets and revenues over the period from May 2016 to March 2022. My findings reveal that ticket sales decreased across all three states and PowerBall revenues declined significantly in Florida during the COVID period. Additionally, the mean marginal effects of the lagged amount of the jackpot and the unemployment rate differ significantly between the periods.

The choral music experience was one of the countless areas of daily life upended by the COVID-19 pandemic. The St. Paul’s Episcopal Church Choir , primarily comprised of volunteer congregation singers, transitioned to a fully virtual choir format from March 2020 to May 2021. During this time, the choir members recorded their voices from home to create over 200 virtual choir performances. The purpose of this instrumental case study was to investigate participant perspectives of an established church choir program’s transition into and out of a virtual format during the COVID-19 pandemic. The goal of this study was to answer the following questions: (1) What do participants cite as influences on their choice to participate or not participate in the Virtual Choir? (2) How do participants describe their perceived benefits of their Virtual Choir participation? (3) What do choir members value most in their church choir participation?Data were collected in fall 2021 as the choir returned to in-person singing. Thirteen volunteer choir members participated in the data collection which consisted of a written statement, one-on-one interview, and focus group discussion. Participants reflected on their experiences in the choir prior to, during, and after the COVID-19 quarantine. The participants’ perspectives were compared to existing studies on community choral music participation. Data revealed that participants described the Virtual Choir recording process as musically unsatisfying when compared to in-person singing. Some participants struggled with hearing their own recorded voice and missed the experience of sharing music-making in the moment with their fellow choir members. Despite their frustrations, participants found motivation in supporting the church community and the continued virtual social interactions with the choir. Participants benefited from a virtual social outlet through weekly Zoom choir rehearsals which allowed for continued contact and check-ins with fellow singers. Some participants stated that they benefited from musical gains as the Virtual Choir provided a reason to sing when in-person opportunities became unavailable. Others cited how the weekly recorded process prevented musical skill deterioration as they could practice and monitor their vocal progress through their isolated recordings. Data also revealed that participants valued the church choir community more than the music itself. Participants care for their fellow choir members and their choir participation led to a choir family dynamic described as special and unique compared to other areas of their lives. Findings were compared with existing community choral music participation research to identify many consistencies between the motivations, benefits, and values of the Virtual Choir participation. Despite the similarities, key differences highlighted how the Virtual Choir led to stress and frustration for many participants. Music-making with the Virtual Choir was described as unsatisfying and more challenging than the in-person format. Findings demonstrate that continuing adult music education should not be overlooked by music educators, directors, and teacher educators. Adult music education provides opportunities for choir members to pursue a lifelong love of music and music learning. While the virtual format increased accessibility for choir members during the quarantine, educators must consider supporting singers’ vocal self-efficacy as to not exclude potential ensemble members. As virtual music-making continues to evolve, educators, directors, and teacher educators should consider professional development and training to be prepared for virtual music-making opportunities within their programs. / Music Education