Tirtos tipiškos nedidelės karvių (100 vnt.) fermos darbuotojų darbo sąlygos darbo sunkumo, mikroklimato ir triukšmo sąlygų požiūriu. Įvairių darbų (šėrimo, melžimo, mėšlo šalinimo) sunkumas buvo tiriamas teoriniais skaičiavimais ir eksperimentiniais tyrimais, naudojant žmogaus organizmo fiziologinių pokyčių tyrimo metodą – širdies pulso matavimą. Šiluminė aplinka vertinta rudens ir žiemos periodais. Atlikus matavimus karvidėje buvo nustatyta, kad sunkiausi yra gyvulių šėrimo darbai, kuriuos pagal Tarptautinės darbo organizacijos klasifikaciją galima priskirti sunkiems (pulsas 125 – 150 min-1) darbams. Šiluminė aplinka karvidėje labai nepalanki žmogaus organizmui, nes rudens periodu temperatūra yra 8 – 12 °C, o santykinis drėgnis visais metų laikais melžimo vietoje yra 90 – 100 %, o oro judėjimo greičiai skirtingose vietose kito nuo 0,05 m/s iki 0,3 m/s. Žiemos periodu temperatūros dar žemesnės – nuo 3 iki 9 °C. Ištyrus triukšmą karvidėje nustatyta, kad darbuotoją veikiantis triukšmas neviršija žemutinės 80 dBA ribinės vertės veiksmams pradėti. / In this work was studied small typical cowshed’s(100 units) workers work conditions in a point of view of work heaviness, microclimate and noise conditions. A heaviness of various works (feeding, milking, manure removal) was studied with theoretical calculations and with experiments. For this experiment was used a research method of human’s organism physiological changes – a measurement of heart’s pulse. A thermal environment was evaluated in autumn and winter periods. When the measurement in a cowshed was finished, was established the fact, that the most hard work are animals feeding. According to International work organization, this work can be ascribed to hard works group (pulse 125 – 150 min-1). Thermal environment in cowshed is very unfavourable to human’s organism, because in autumn period temperature is 8 - 12°C, and relative moisture in all seasons in a place of milking is 90 - 100%, and speed of weather moving in a different places was from 3 to 9°C. When a noise in a cowshed was studied, was established the fact, that a noise, which have an effect on worker, do not overdraw ground 80 dBA limit.

Santrauka Darbo apimtis 52 puslapiai, įskaitant 39 paveikslėlius ir 4 lenteles. Informacijos šaltinių sąraše 35 šaltiniai. Darbo pradžia 2007 09 01, pabaiga 2009 05 28. Tyrimų objektas. Trijų tipų karvidžių mikroklimatas: apšiltintu stogu 400 vietų boksinė karvidė; šalta 240 vietų boksinė karvidė, bei 130 vietų su perdengimu pusiau gili karvidė. Tyrimų tikslas – įvertinti įvairiai apšiltintų karvidžių mikroklimatą šiltuoju ir šaltuoju metų laikotarpiu, bei nustatyti šilumos nuostolius tvartuose. Išnagrinėjus literatūroje paskelbtus tyrimų duomenis galima daryti išvadą, norint, kad gyvulių produktyvumas būtų didžiausias, o pašarų sąnaudos – mažiausios, karvidėje optimali rekomenduotina temperatūra turi būti nuo -7 iki +24 oC. Tačiau mokslininkų nustatyta, kad jei gyvulius gerai šersime ir jie bus produktyvūs, tai minus 15 oC ir dar žemesnė temperatūra nėra pavojinga. Šiltuoju metų laikotarpiu tyrimais nustatyta, kad karvidžių mikroklimato parametrai buvo optimalūs ir neviršijo rekomenduojamų normų, o šaltuoju metų laikotarpiu santykinis oro drėgnis 15,3 % viršijo optimalius mikroklimato reikalavimus, o ypač didelis buvo iki 95 % apšiltintoje pusiau gilioje karvidėje. To priežastis, kad norint palaikyti tvarte aukštesnę temperatūrą buvo per daug pridaryti vėdinimo kanalai. Apskaičiavus šilumos nuostolius karvidėse nustatėme, kad didžiausi šilumos nuostoliai būna su pašalinamu iš patalpos oru (81 % nuo bendrų nuostolių). / Summary Scope of work pageis 52, including 39 pictures and 4 tables. The information sources listed 35 sources. Beginning in 2007 09 01, the end of 2009 05 28. Work item. Three types of cowsheds microclimate: warm roof of 400 seats box cowshed; cold of 240 seats box cowshed, and 130 seats with a semi-deep reroof cowshed. The aim - evaluate the warm various cowsheds microclimate warm and cold seasons, and to determine the heat losses from stables. The examination of the literature published research data it can be concluded for that animal productivity is highest, while feed costs - the minimum, recommended cowshed optimum temperature must be between -7 to +24 oC. However, researchers found that if the stock is well feeder, and they will be productive, it is minus 15 ° C and lower temperatures are not dangerous. In warm season during the research found that cowsheds microclimatic parameters were optimized and did not exceed the recommended rate, and cold season period, the relative humidity is 15,3% above the optimum microclimatic requirement, in particularly was high up to 95% in the warm semi-deep cowshed. The reason that, in order to maintain a higher temperature in the stables during impose a lot of ventilation ducts. Calculated heat loss cowsheds found that the maximum heat loss is to be with removable from the room air (81 % of the total losses).

Baigiamasis darbas atliktas Lietuvos žemės ūkio universitete, 2009 metais. Darbo apimtis 52 puslapiai jame yra: 15 paveikslų, 11 lentelių, 6 priedai. Literatūros apraše yra 31 šaltinis. Magistrantūros darbo tikslas - nustatyti dujų emisijos intensyvumą iš įvairaus mėšlo ir jos poveikį tvarto mikroklimatui bei aplinkos oro taršai. Atlikus informacijos šaltinių apžvalgą yra išanalizuotos gyvulių laikymo technologijos, aptarti veiksniai įtakojantys kenksmingų dujų sklidimą į aplinką. Įvertinti tvarto mikroklimato parametrai, mėšlo laikymo trukmės įtaka amoniako emisijai, priemonės jai mažinti. Atlikus eksperimentinius tyrimus nustatėme amoniako ir anglies dvideginio dujų emisiją iš įvairaus mėšlo. Stende nustatyta, kad didžiausia amoniako emisija yra iš skysto mėšlo - 216 mg/(m2•h). Mažiausia amoniako emisija užfiksuota iš tiršto mėšlo - 88 mg /(m2•h). Apibendrinus skaičiavimo rezultatus gauname, kad didžiausias vėdinimo intensyvumas reikalingas vandens garų pertekliui pašalinti Todėl projektuojant tvartų vėdinimo sistemas, pakanka oro apykaitą skaičiuoti pagal vandens garų kiekį. Jeigu tvarte užtikrinsime ne per didelį oro drėgnumą, tai kartu bus ir nedidelė anglies dvideginio bei amoniako koncentracija. / Final work was accomplished at Lithuanian University of Agriculture in 2009. The scope of the work is 52 pages: 15 pictures, 11 tables, 6 appendixes are included. 31 sources of literature were referred to in this work. The aim of this Master degree‘s final work is to set gas emission intensity of various manure and her impact stables microclimate and ambient air pollution. Following the review source of information the analysis assessed of livestock keeping technologies, discuss the factors affecting the spread of harmful gases into the environment. The analysis of microclimate parameters in the farm was implemented, manure holding time to ammonia emision was implemented, measures to reduce emission. Following the experimental studies found ammonia and carbon dioxide gas emissions from various manure. The plaque states that the higest emission of ammonia from liquid manure - 216 mg / (m2•h). The minimum intensity in the ammonia emissions from thick manure - 88 mg / (m2•h). The summarize results of the calculation we get that the maximum intensity of ventilation required to remove excess water vapor. Therefore, the farm designed of ventilation systems, air circulation is sufficient to estimated under the water vapor content. If we make sure to do not to much air humidity in the cowshed then carbon dioxide and ammonia concentration it will be not to high.

The theme of this thesis is the design of new agricultural building cowshed, near the town of Kamenný Újezd. The theoretical part consists of a literary research, which deals with description of possible and the most used variants of technical and technological equipment, supplemented by legislative conditions for the type of construction. The practical part deals with the design of technical and technological equipment, which is chosen as the most suitable for this construction. Then these designs are elaborated and plotted in disposition and technology schemes and drawings.

This thesis solves the reconstruction of the former cowshed with neighboring exterior modifications inside the collective farm complex. After the reconstruction the building will perform three functions. The main function will be the building material shop with large warehouses. On the ground floor there will be located the manufacturing of workwear and the administrative part is designed on the second floor above the shop. The renovation will consist of extensive demolition work, especialy the removal of original parts of the roof and supporting walls of the existing building.

Auf den Grünlandstandorten ist die Mutterkuh- und Schafhaltung sowie die Futterproduktion von Anwelksilage und Heu verbreitet. Weitere Grünlandflächen sind aber vorhanden, eine alternative Nutzungsform stellt die Jungrinder- und Färsenaufzucht dar. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde untersucht, inwieweit sich die Stall- bzw. Weidehaltung vom 15. bis zum 21.Lebensmonat von weiblichen Jungrindern auf das spätere Wachstum bis zum 100.Laktationstag der 1.Laktation, die Fruchtbarkeit, die Erkrankungen und Abgänge während der Aufzuchtphase, der 1.und 2.Laktation sowie die Milchleistung in den ersten beiden Laktationen auswirkt. Bis zum 14. und ab dem 22.Lebensmonat wurden beide Versuchsgruppen unter einheitlichen Stallbedingungen gehalten. In dem von Mai 2000 bis Dezember 2002 dauernden Versuch wurden zu Beginn nach zufäll-iger Auswahl jeweils 74 Jungrinder der Rasse Deutsche Holstein in die Stall- und Weide-gruppe eingeteilt. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigen, dass im Vergleich zur Stallhaltung eine begrenzte Weidehaltung von Jungrindern zu einer deutlich geringeren Lebendmasseentwicklung a.p. Fruchtbarkeitsproblemen und größeren gesundheitlichen Risiken in der 1.Laktation führen. Mit der 2.Laktation konnten sich die Milchkühe aus der Weidegruppe stabilisieren und erreichten eine höhere Milchleistung, bessere Fruchtbarkeitsparameter und ein geringeres Abgangsgeschehen im Vergleich zu den Kühen aus der Stallgruppe. Die Weidenutzung kann das tierische Leistungspotential gut ausschöpfen, wenn eine ord-nungsgemäße Vorbereitung der Tiere an die Weidebedingungen erfolgt und ein zu hohes kompensatorisches Wachstum der Färsen nach der Weideperiode vermieden wird, um Probleme bei der Abkalbung und Spätfolgen in der Laktation zu verhindern. Folgende Optimierungsmaßnahmen der produktionstechnischen Bedingungen der Weidehalt-ung sind erforderlich: * Kontinuierliche Kontrolle der Lebendmasse und des Exterieurs der Weidetiere und gegebenenfalls Rückführung in die Stallhaltung * Verbesserung der Pflanzenstruktur des Grünlandes * Durchführung von regelmäßigen Pflegemaßnahmen auf dem Grünland / In the meadow land sites mother cow and sheep keeping as well as food production of wilted silage and hay is spread. Further pasture land areas are existing, an alternative form of use is the raising of young cattle and heifers. In the context of this dissertation is was examined to what extent there are effects of the cowshed and meadow keeping from the 15th up to the 21st month of life of female young cattle on the later growth up to the 100th day of the first lactation, the fertility, the illnesses and deaths during the period of raising, the first and second lactation as well as the milk results within the first two lactations. Up to the 14th and from the 22nd month of life both test groups were kept under the same cowshed conditions. At the beginning of the test from May 2000 up to December 2002 74 young cattle of the breed "Deutsche Holstein" were divided up into the cowshed as well as the pasture keeping by an accidental choice. The test results show that, in comparison to cowshed keeping, a limited pasture keeping of young cattle leads to a clearly lower liveweight development a.p., fertility problems and bigger health risks in the first lactation. With the second lactation the dairy cows could stabilize and reached a higher milk result, better fertility parameter and a lower death rate in comparison to the cows of the cowshed group. The use of the meadows can exhaust the animal potential well, if there is a proper preparation of the animals for the meadow conditions and if a compensatory growth of the heifers, that is too high, is avoided after the meadow period to prevent problems with the calving in the lactation. The following optimization measures of the production methods of the meadow keeping are necessary: * continuous checks of the liveweight and the appearance of the animals and if necessary return to the cowshed keeping * improvement of the plant structure of the pasture land * implementation of regular care measures on the pasture land

The project deals with the modernization of the agricultural building which leads to a change of the using building. In an effort was to make use of the building which goes to into ruin and to create jobs in this location. The building is located on the plot no. 212 on the north of outskirts of Opatovice I.. In the area there is a cowshed and a silage trough. The former cowshed will be rebuilt into a woodworking facility constituted by manufacturing and administrative part. The silage trough will be used as a waste stock. A new outdoor wood store will be built in the northwest part of the plot. The administrative building will be added to the main building with a basement made from permanent formwork. The ground floor and the first floor are made of clay bricks and reinforced concrete cross-reinforced slab 150 mm thick. The internal partitions in the 1st floor are made of clay block prartitions 115 mm thick. The internal partitions in the 2nd floor are plasterboard 100 mm thick. Rebuilding involves a large number of demolition work for example new openings in existing walls. The whole woodworking facility will be insulated by a certified thermal insulation system 100 mm thick on the production part and 180 mm thick on the administrative part. The object is covered with saddle roof shaped letter "T" with a sheet metal cover. The original hard landscaping will be replaced by an asphalt road.