Värdering till verkligt värde infördes i regelverket 1 januari 2005 i och med införandet av IAS 40. IAS är en förkortning av International Accounting Standards och IAS 40 ger börsnoterade bolag med förvaltningsfastigheter möjlighet att värdera och redovisa dessa fastigheter till historiskt anskaffningsvärde eller verkligt värde. Efter införandet har de flesta börsnoterade bolag valt att redovisa till verkligt värde.För att belysa problematiken med värdering och redovisning till verkligt värde används förvaltningsfastigheter som ett illustrationsexempel. Detta för att se hur kreditinstituten genomför värderingar och hur de påverkas när börsnoterade bolag redovisar till verkligt värde. Syftet med uppsatsen är att utröna om det föreligger några risker när verkligt värde appliceras på förvaltningsfastigheter.Djupintervjuer med tjänstemän på kreditinstitut har genomförts för att bringa klarhet i hur kreditinstituten ser på och hanterar värdering och redovisning till verkligt värde.Kreditinstituten använder sig av värderingsmodeller för att värdera enligt verkligt värde vilket inte är i enlighet med värderingstrappan. Dock anser kreditinstituten att hur bolagen redovisat sina förvaltningsfastigheter är av underordnad betydelse. Kreditinstituten påverkas inte i någon större utsträckning av bolagens val av redovisningsprincip.Genom intervjuerna framkom att kreditinstituten anser sig vara mer försiktiga i värderingssituationer idag än externa värderare. Det framkommer även att kreditinstituten är medvetna om att värdering till verkligt värde är subjektiv och att de accepterar detta trots att subjektivitet kan leda till mer flexibel redovisning. En flexibel redovisning kan leda till manipulation och övervärdering vilket kan ses som en risk med verkligt värde. / Valuation at fair value was introduced in January 1st, 2005, with the introduction of IAS 40. IAS is an abbreviation of International Accounting Standards and IAS 40 provides listed companies with investment properties the ability to value and account for these properties at purchase value or fair value. After the implementation most listed companies have chosen to report at fair value.To illustrate the problems of valuation and accounting at fair value, investment properties is used as an illustration example. This is to determin how credit institutions perform valuations and how they are affected when listed companies reports at fair value. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether there are any risks when fair value is applied to investment properties.In-depth interviews with officials from credit institutions have been conducted to clarify how credit institutions look at and deal with valuation and accounting at fair value.Credit institutions use valuation models to conduct valuation at fair value, which is not in accordance with “värderingstrappan”. However, the credit institutions consider how the companies report their investment properties to be of secondary importance. Credit institutions are not affected to any great extent by the companies' choice of accounting policies.The interviews revealed that credit institutions consider themselves to be more careful in valuation situations today than external valuers. It is also revealed that credit institutions are aware that valuation at fair value is subjective and that they accept this despite the fact that subjectivity can lead to more flexible accounting. A flexible reporting can lead to manipulation and over-valuation which can be seen as a risk with fair value.

Bank Recovery and Resolution Abstract and keywords This diploma thesis systematically presents the European regulatory framework of recovery procedures and resolution of credit institutions and investment firms (BRRD), in the form of a directive, implemented into the Czech law in Act No. 374/2015 Coll., on recovery procedures and resolution on the financial markets. At the same time, the first major amendment to this directive, the so-called BRRD2, is incorporated into this thesis, which mainly implements the international standard of FSB for the specification of the total loss absorbing capacity into the EU law. The work is divided into 5 parts. The first part monitors the background of the BRRD, discusses the causes of the Global Financial Crisis, and what we deduce from them, and then discusses the global regulatory response to this crisis. The second chapter places the BRRD in a broader context within the Banking Union and presents its structure. The Banking Union is built on a single set of rules and is divided into two (in the future three) pillars. These are a single supervisory mechanism and a single resolution mechanism. The third part is where the introduction of the legislation itself begins; it starts with providing the information for the general requirements of the procedures under this...

Credit institutions constitute a central part of life as it is today and has been doing so for a long time. A fault within the banking system can cause a tremendous amount of damage to individuals as well as countries. A recent and memorable fault is the global financial crisis 2007-2009. It has affected millions of people in different ways ever since it struck. What caused it is a complex issue which cannot be answered easily. But what has been done to prevent something similar to occur once again? How has the business models of the credit institutions changed since the crisis? Cluster analysis is used in this thesis to address these questions. Banking-data were processed with Calinski-Harabasz Criterion and Ward's method and this resulted in two clusters being found. A cluster is a collection of observations that have similar characteristics or business model in this case. The business models that the clusters represents are universal banking with a retail focus and universal banking with a wholesale focus. These business models have been analyzed over time (2007-2016), which revealed that the credit institutions have developed in a healthy direction. Thus, credit institutions were more financially reliable in 2016 compared to 2007. According to trends in the data this development is likely to continue. / Kreditinstituten utgör en central del av livet som det ser ut idag och har gjort det under en lång tid. Ett fel inom banksystemet kan orsaka enorma skador för individer likväl som länder. Ett nutida och minnesvärt fel är den globala finanskrisen 2007-2009. Den har påverkat millioner människor på olika vis ända sedan den slog till. Vad som orsakade den är en komplex fråga som inte kan besvaras med lätthet. Men vad har gjorts för att förebygga att något liknande händer igen? Hur har affärsmodellerna för kreditinstituten ändrats sedan krisen? Klusteranalys används i denna rapport för att adressera dessa frågor. Bankdata processerades med Calinski-Harabasz Kriteriet and Wards metod och detta resulterade i att två kluster hittades. Ett kluster är en samling observationer med liknande karakteristik eller affärsmodell i detta fall. De affärsmodeller som klustrena representerar är universella banker med retail fokus samt universella banker med wholessale fokus. Dessa affärsmodeller har analyserats över tid, vilket har avslöjat att kreditinstituten har utvecklats i en hälsosam riktning. Kreditinstituten var mer finansiellt pålitliga 2016 jämfört med 2007. Enligt trender i datan så är det troligt att denna utveckling forsätter.

La question bancaire dans la construction européenne fait rarement l’objet d’études exclusives, étant associée le plus souvent à l’union économique et européenne. Ce travail vise à combler cette lacune en se concentrant sur les modalités de gouvernance adoptée par la Commission européenne pour bâtir le marché commun et sur son recours pérenne à trois comités d’experts entre 1969 et 1989. Il permet d’évaluer l’application à ce chantier des principes stratégiques, qui fondent la gouvernance : l’harmonisation des législations, puis la reconnaissance mutuelle des législations, et enfin le contrôle des banques installées hors du territoire national par le pays d’origine. La thèse analyse les influences croisées de la politique communautaire et des politiques bancaires de la République fédérale d’Allemagne, du Royaume-Uni et de la France. En mettant en évidence la formation d’une communauté épistémique entre les comités d’experts européens et le Comité de Bâle, la thèse traite de la circulation des idées en matière de régulation et de supervision. Elle contribue ainsi à revaloriser le rôle de la Communauté européenne dans la mise en œuvre du système international de régulation dans les années 1980 et à cerner son influence sur la modernisation des politiques bancaires des pays membres. Elle illustre enfin l’émergence de la coopération entre autorités de contrôle et entre gouvernements des pays membres de la Communauté européenne. / The Banking issue in the European construction is rarely subject to exclusive studies, being associated generally with the economic and monetary union. This work seeks to fill the gap by focusing to the governance processes of the European Commission to build the common market and his sustainable recourse to three expert committees between 1969 and 1989. It allows to evaluate the implementation to this project of strategic guidelines : the harmonization of laws, then the mutual recognition, and, finally, the home control country on banks settled outside of national territory. The thesis analyses the cross-influences between the community policy and the banking policies of German Federal Republic, United Kingdom and France. By highlighting the formation of an epistemic community between the European experts committees and the Basel Committee, the thesis deals with the flows of ideas in the field of regulation and supervision. It plays a part in enhancing the role of the European Community in the implementation of the international system of regulation in the eighties, and in identifying its influence on the modernization of banking policies of state members. Finally, it highlights the emergence of cooperation between control authorities, between governments of the EEC states members.

The qualifying work (master's thesis) is devoted to the study of the financial sustainability of credit institutions in the modern economy. The subject of the research is a set of criteria and indicators that characterize the financial stability of the credit institution. The main purpose of the research is the development of measures for improving the financial stability of the credit institution, based on the analysis of its financial condition, to identify the problems and to propose the ways of solvation. In conclusion, author developed the measures for improving the financial stability of the object of study. / Выпускная квалификационная работа (магистерская диссертация) посвящена изучению финансовой устойчивости кредитных учреждений в современной экономике. Предметом исследования выступает совокупность критериев и показателей, которые характеризуют финансовую устойчивость кредитного учреждения. Основной целью исследования выступает разработка мероприятий для повышения финансовой устойчивости кредитной организации на основе анализа ее финансового состояния, выявление проблем и предложение путей их решения. В заключении разработаны мероприятия, которые направлены на повышение финансовой стабильности объекта исследования.

Выпускная квалификационная работа (магистерская диссертация) посвящена исследованию Банковского потребительского кредитования, и тенденций его развития. Предметом исследования являются экономические отношения, возникающие в процессе организации потребительского кредитования в коммерческом банке. Цель выпускной квалификационной работы (магистерской диссертации) заключается в разработке практических мероприятий по совершенствованию банковского потребительского кредитования. В заключении подводятся итоги проведенного исследования, делаются основные выводы и обобщаются перспективные направления по развитию потребительского кредитования в коммерческом банке. / The final qualification work (master's thesis) is devoted to the study of Bank consumer lending, and its development trends. The subject of the study is economic relations arising in the process of organizing consumer lending in a commercial bank. The purpose of the final qualification work (master's thesis) is to develop practical measures to improve consumer banking lending. In conclusion, the results of the study are summarized, the main conclusions are drawn and perspective directions for the development of consumer lending in a commercial bank are summarized.

Цифровые продажи с помощью подходов Cross-sell и Up-sell являются эффективной стратегией привлечения прибыли от новой и действующей клиентской базы. Цель данной работы – разработать систему Cross-sell и Up-sell продаж для банковской кредитной организации. В рамках работы, приводится решение по реализации алгоритма прогнозирования продуктового набора клиента с учётом экономических показателей. Проект показал высокую экономическую эффективность. / Digital selling through cross-sell and up-sell approaches is an effective strategy to generate revenue from a new and existing customer base. The purpose of this work is to develop a system of Cross-sell and Up-sell sales for a bank credit institution. As part of the work, a solution is provided for the implementation of an algorithm for predicting the client's product mix, taking into account economic indicators. The project has shown high economic efficiency.

Структура магистерской диссертации включает в себя введение, три главы, заключение, список использованных источников и приложения. В первой главе рассмотрены теоретические положения управления затратами на персонал, проведен сравнительный анализ нормативных требований к их учету в организациях России и Китая. Сделаны выводы о сходстве и специфических для каждой страны аспектах управления трудовыми ресурсами и связанными с этим производственными затратами. Во второй главе проведен анализ ключевых показателей деятельности крупнейших кредитных организаций КНР, включая структуру затрат в целом и затрат на персонал в частности. Наиболее подробно рассмотрен China Construction Bank. В третьей главе проведен анализ основных проблем управления затратами на персонал в кредитных организациях КНР и разработаны направления их оптимизации, позволяющие повышать конкурентные преимущества в банковской сфере. В заключении сформированы основные выводы. / The structure of the master's thesis includes an introduction, three chapters, conclusion, list of references and appendices. In the first chapter, the theoretical provisions of personnel cost management are considered, a comparative analysis of regulatory requirements for their accounting in organizations in Russia and China is carried out. Conclusions are drawn about the similarity and country-specific aspects of human resource management and related production costs. The second chapter analyzes the key performance indicators of the largest credit institutions of China, including the structure of costs in general and personnel costs in particular. China Construction Bank is considered in the most detail. The third chapter analyzes the main problems of personnel cost management in credit institutions of the People's Republic of China and develops ways to optimize them, allowing to increase competitive advantages in the banking sector. In conclusion, the main conclusions are formed.

La transposition de la directive relative aux services de paiement du 13 novembre2007 en droit français est à l’origine de la création d’une nouvelle catégorie d’acteurs bancaires : l’établissement de paiement. La fourniture de services de paiement cesse ainsi d’être du domaine exclusif des établissements de crédit pour devenir l’activité principale des établissements de paiement. S’il est vrai que cette nouvelle répartition des activités bancaires ébranle le monopole bancaire, elle n’y met cependant pas fin. Pour une meilleure lisibilité et un contrôle plus efficace des acteurs, il est proposé une mutation du système bancaire grâce à d’une part une scission complète des activités bancaires, et d’autre part une indépendance des établissements de paiement face aux établissements de crédit. La sécurisation du marché des paiements dépend également de l’encadrement des opérations de paiement. La préservation de la confiance du consommateur est essentielle au bon fonctionnement du marché des services de paiement. / The transposition into French law of the Payment Services Directive of 13November 2007 led to the creation of a new category of players in the banking sector: the payment institution. The provision of payment services is no longer the sole domain of credit institutions but becomes the main activity of payment institutions. Although this new distribution of banking activities undermines thebanking monopoly, it does not terminate it. For a better legibility of the bankingsystem and a more efficient control of banking institutions, it is proposed amutation of the banking system through on the one hand, a complete separation of banking activities, and on the other hand payment institutions independence from credit institutions. Securing the payments services market also depends on the supervision of payment transactions. Preserving consumer’s trust is essential to awell-functioning payment services market.

The subject of this dissertation is a cooperative banking in the Czech Republic and Austria. This sector is in the Czech banking system made by credit unions and in Austria made by cooperative banks. Working with the theoretical part deals with the origin and historical development of these institutions, examines the legal environment in both countries, which does not neglect the influence of The European Union directives, and briefly describes the Austrian banking market with the accent on the functioning of the local supervisors. The practical part analyzes the current status and role of the cooperative banking institutions in the Czech and Austrian territory and compares the cooperative sector and banks sector. Finally, it made a brief summary and evaluation of the most important conclusions, where emphasis is placed on a comparison between the Czech and Austrian cooperative banking and their mutual differences.