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Submitted by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-05-08T13:33:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Lucimar Felisberto dos Santos.pdf: 1772442 bytes, checksum: c40beddfe8a19c65f69048413d75e39c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Portela (anapoli@ufba.br) on 2015-05-19T13:51:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Lucimar Felisberto dos Santos.pdf: 1772442 bytes, checksum: c40beddfe8a19c65f69048413d75e39c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-19T13:51:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Lucimar Felisberto dos Santos.pdf: 1772442 bytes, checksum: c40beddfe8a19c65f69048413d75e39c (MD5) / Uma revisita ao passado em busca de novos e mais detalhados elementos sobre a situação histórica de trabalhadores africanos e crioulos - escravizados, libertos e livres, que atuaram na formação de um mercado de trabalho para atender demandas comerciais e industriais de uma economia capitalista que ganhava específica forma ante a expansão econômica verificada no Rio de Janeiro, nas últimas décadas do século XIX. Assim, resumidamente, pode ser definido este trabalho de pesquisa. Foram encontrados fios e rastros sobre as expectativas de um segmento da elite proprietária que se diversificou por investir no setor industrial; sobre os significados das experiências sociais de trabalho que antecederam a formação de uma classe de trabalhadores livres e assalariados (que embaraçavam formas de relações de trabalho diversas e cabalmente estruturadas em lógicas forjadas nas relações escravistas); sobre o impacto da disseminação da prática de assalariamento e do status profissional em um ambiente no qual a maioria dos homens e das mulheres atuavam em “esquemas” de trabalho coercivos; e, também, sobre particulares dramas sociais vividos por alguns daqueles ante as novas fórmulas socioeconômicas que formatavam interessantes aspectos no interior de uma sociedade escravista. Eles organizam essa tese, revelando detalhes de uma situação transitória numa conjuntura das relações sociais que davam forma a novas relações de trabalho. A reexamination of the past in search of new and more detailed data on the historical situation of African and native-born workers—enslaved, freed, and free, who were active in the formation of a labor market to meet the demands of an industrial capitalist economy that was gaining a specific form due to the economic expansion that occurred in Rio de Janeiro in the last decades of the nineteenth century. In sum, this research can be defined in this way. We find traces of the expectations of a segment of the propertied elite that had diversified itself by investing in the industrial sector; about the social meanings of work prior to the formation of a class of free and salaried laborers (which hindered forms of diverse labor relations and fully structured in the logic forged in the conditions of slavery); about the impact of the spread of the practice of wage earning and professional status in an environment in which most men and women worked in coercive working conditions; about private social dramas lived by some facing new socioeconomic formulas that formatted noteworthy aspects within a slave society. These traces organize this thesis, revealing details of a transitional situation in a context of social relations that gave way to new working relationships.

Spanish kings conferred on their viceroys in the Indies the prerogative of extending largesse to subjects. A distinction is often made between rewards accorded to those who merited recognition and to members of the viceroy’s entourage: servants, relatives, and close collaborators who had traveled with them. However, a case study of the Marquis of Montesclaros’ patronage during his administration in Peru reveals the nuances in this dichotomy, among other things, that nepotism involved marriage strategies intended to incorporate selected servants into the local elite. / El ejercicio de la liberalidad era una facultad propia del monarca español que en los territorios indianos se confió a los virreyes por su proximidad con los súbditos residentes en América. Habitualmente, se ha contrapuesto la exigencia de premiar a los beneméritos con las provisiones virreinales a los miembros de sus cohortes, aquellos criados, parientes y allegados que habían viajado con los virreyes a América. Mediante el estudio de caso del poder remunerador del marqués de Montesclaros durante su gobierno peruano, se trata de matizar esta dicotomía mostrando, entre otras cosas, que el nepotismo virreinal incluyó una política matrimonial que tuvo como objetivo la integración de algunos criados en la elite limeña.

O objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar e discutir alguns processos fonológicos de adição e subtração de elementos (metaplasmos) na língua sãotomense. Neste trabalho, faremos uma comparação entre as contribuições das línguas portuguesa, quicongo e bini. Entre os séculos XV e XVI, diversas línguas nasceram do contato entre europeus e povos da África, Ásia e América. Chamadas de pidgins e crioulos, essas línguas contam com contribuições linguísticas da língua do povo dominador (língua de superstrato) e com contribuições da(s) língua(s) do(s) povo(s) dominado(s) (língua(s) de substrato). O sãotomense, língua falada atualmente na República de São Tomé e Príncipe, é uma dessas línguas, classificada como crioulo de base portuguesa, e conta com o português seiscentista como língua de superstrato e com línguas africanas, dentre elas o quicongo e o bini como línguas de substrato. Ao longo deste trabalho, analisaremos algumas das influências das línguas de substrato e superstrato na constituição do sãotomense. As contribuições das línguas de superstrato estão, majoritariamente, relacionadas à composição do léxico e as das línguas de substrato na fonologia, morfologia e sintaxe, embora também haja traços inovadores. No caso do sãotomense, as palavras portuguesas, ao entrarem no léxico do sãotomense, sofreram metaplasmos para se adequar à estrutura das línguas africanas dos primeiros falantes, sem, contudo, evitar que a língua portuguesa também contribuísse para a constituição da fonologia do sãotomense. Uma das contribuições do quicongo na fonologia do sãotomense é o lambdacismo transformação de [r] em [l] durante o processo de empréstimos, enquanto a língua portuguesa contribuiu com a eliminação do sistema tonal, presente em quicongo e bini, mas não em português. / The goal of this dissertation is to describe and analyse some phonological aspects of Sãotomense. In this word, we compare a number of linguistics contributions from the Portuguese, Kongo and Bini languages to Sãotomense, a Portuguese-based Creole spoken in the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe. A Creole language displays linguistic characteristic both from its superstratum and its substratum languages. Sãotomense has the seventeenth centurys Portuguese as its superstratum language and many African languages, among them Kongo and Bini, as its substrata languages. In this work, I intend to analyze some of the influences of these strata languages in the formation of Sãotomense phonology. In general terms, most of the contributions from the superstratum languages are related to the Lexicon. Substratum languages, by its turn, heavily contribute to the phonology, morphology and syntax, although there are in the Creoles languages innovative linguistics aspects as well. In the specific case of Sãotomense, Portuguese words undergone many linguistics processes, some of them called metaplasms, in order to be adapted by the structure of African languages speakers, but this fact did not avoid that Portuguese language also contributed to the phonology constitution of Sãotomense. A possible African contribution to the phonology of Sãotomense is the so-called lambdacism the transformation of a [r] into a [l] during the process of loanword adaptation from the Kongo language. Portuguese, for example, probably, contributed with the elimination of tones, present in Kongo and Bini and in many others African languages, but not in Portuguese.

In Labor, Race & Visuality in Argentina’s Sugar Industry 1868-1904 I examine the relationship between racialization and mechanization in the growing sugar industry in Argentina’s northern province of Tucuman in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. I argue that the sugar industrial project yielded an important visual record which foregrounded machine labor at a time when demands on human labor reached a fever pitch. This emphasis on machine labor obscured the existing labor conditions in these industrial landscapes, which involved race-based forms of exploitation. I focus on the particular strategies (posing, framing, lighting and emplacement) that photographers and engravers used to incorporate workers into images of railroad construction sites, factories and plantations—in booster books and state reports related to the sugar industry. Reformers and state officials used these photographs to illustrate arguments that advocated the primacy of one race of worker—creole or European—over the other, and picture ideal labor conditions that contradicted the observations of critics at the time. Laborers in these photographs were often discussed in terms of their capacity for industrial labor and categorized by race. Given the interdependence between the state and private capital on this industrial project, the distinction between creole, indigenous and European workers was not only believed central to the growth of the sugar industry but also to the unity of the nation-state. The photographic and textual records, including political speeches, express the importance of race as an unstable proxy for the forms and conditions of labor. Labor, Race & Visuality in Argentina’s Sugar Industry 1868-1904 is divided into three parts, each addressing the different relationships between the state and industry. In my first chapter, “The Instruments of a New Argentina,” I focus on railway photography depicting the construction of a project intended to connect the plantations of the North to the expansive littoral market. Here I focus on how the figure of the capitalist was instrumentalized by statesmen to argue for increased immigration from Europe as a means of industrializing the nation. In the second chapter, “Beyond the Frame,” I explore the graphic documentation of the sugar industry in Tucumán to show how the representation of masses of workers heralded the mass migration of European workers to Tucumán was an ultimately failed project—creole workers predominated in the industry, and in the images the heralded masses built only to a small crowd. Finally, in “His continuous force makes him the machine,” I examine how the first state-commissioned report on the working class depicted relationships between factory workers and the new industrial machines, aestheticizing European workers through their physical proximity to machines and creole workers through their capacity for machine-like labor. Although many studies about labor and race in industrializing Argentina are historiographical and limited to particular regions, my approach is to mobilize the comparative history of visuality to situate imaginaries of capital within a national and hemispheric context. In addition, by setting my investigation in the context of the Caribbean and North America, my work compares the formation of capital across the Atlantic world and shows how these processes are key to the formation of the Argentine nation-state. By emphasizing the role of creole workers in industrial production, my dissertation challenges commonly-held focus on European immigration in narratives about industrialization and race in Argentina. My dissertation demonstrates that creole workers were in fact central to debates about industrialization and labor within the expanding Argentine nation-state, and that photography is a critical site for understanding how their role was minimized in state narratives.

Creole Gatherings examines the relationship between canon formation and belonging. It studies the evolution of a print culture in New Orleans during the nineteenth and early twentieth century, and argues that textual collection and other paratextual practices were a means of claiming cultural belonging in a society organized around linguistic and racial hierarchies. It proposes an extensive study of the Creole print culture of New Orleans that also takes into account New Orleans’ position as a major American city that entertained connections with many other places in the Atlantic world. Stepping away from a regionalist framework, the dissertation seeks to expand existing literary scholarship on Louisiana and to participate in the production of knowledge about literary exchange in the Atlantic. The dissertation examines the category of identification “Creole,” which became racialized in the late nineteenth century, and the emergence of a scholarly discourse about a “Creole literature.” It argues that two canons were established in the twentieth century, an Afro-Creole canon that would, in time, become affiliated to the canon of African-American literature, and a white Creole canon that would fail to become part of either the American or French canons that formed in the second half of the twentieth century. The study of these canons relies on the analysis of a variety of texts, mainly anthologies, literary criticism, bibliographical essays, collections of poetry, and the literary sections of newspapers. These constitute a continuity of practices indicative of an attempt to record and organize literary production. This study reveals a tension between goals of protecting one’s culture and incorporating it into an emerging field of study and underscores the racializing processes at play within the category of “Creole literature.” Highlighting connections between New Orleans and Haiti’s literary cultures in the nineteenth century, the dissertation points to the need for a large-scale transnational study of these two cultures.

At the turn of the twentieth century, City Beautiful principles manifested themselves in the historic core of New Orleans: the Vieux Carre. City and state officials determined that the Cabildo and Presbytere were no longer suitable sites for the Louisiana Supreme Courts, and set about erecting a monumental, Beaux Arts-style courthouse amid the dense, vernacular built environment of the French Quarter. Two hundred fifty-one individuals were displaced as a result of the expropriation and demolition of forty-one structures occupying the square bounded Royal, Chartres, Conti and St. Louis streets. While significant scholarly research has interpreted the motives and visions of Progressive-era urban reformers, few studies have addressed issues of power in shaping these narratives and in silencing the past. Through its analysis of the planning processes surrounding the Louisiana Supreme Court Building, this thesis acknowledges these silences and raises questions about those most impacted: the displaced.

Early in the genesis of Mauritian Creole (MC), the quantificational determiners of its lexifier language, French, incorporated into a large number of the nouns that they combined with, resulting in the occurrence of bare nouns in argument positions, yielding (in)definite, singular, plural and generic interpretations. These early changes were accompanied by the loss all inflectional morphology, as well as the loss of the French copula, and that of the Case assigning prepositions à ('of') and de ('of') which are used in partitive and genitive constructions respectively. I argue that these changes triggered a parametric shift in noun denotation, from predicative in French to argumental in MC, and account for the fact that MC has a very different determiner system from its lexifier. My analysis is motivated by both Longobardi's (1994) claim that only DPs can be arguments, NPs cannot, and Chierchia's (1998b) seemingly incompatible claim that N can be an argument when it is Kind denoting. I provide detailed account of the emergence of the new MC determiners, from their first attestations in the early 18th century, to the end of the 19th century, when the determiner system settles into a form that is still used today. Following an analysis of the modern MC determiner system, I propose that MC nouns are lexically stored as argumental, Kind denoting terms, which share some of the distributional properties of English bare plurals, such as their ability to occur in argument positions without a determiner. The new quantificational determiners are analyzed as 'type shifting operators' that shift Kinds and predicate nominals into argumental noun phrases. The singular indefinite article enn and the plural marker bann assign existential quantification over instances of Kind denoting count nouns, and the null definite determiner is an operator that quantifies over the totality of a set. The differential behaviour of MC count vs. mass nouns is accounted for in terms of the Number argument which must be realized for common count nouns. Some seemingly 'bare' nouns comprise a phonologically null definite determiner equivalent to French le/la and English the. Subject-object asymmetry of count nouns in MC provides evidence for the occurrence of this null element which requires licensing in certain syntactic environments. The Specificity marker la, which serves to mark anaphoric definiteness, is shown to be a 'last resort' means of licensing the null definite determiner. My syntactic analysis is within Chomsky's (1995b) Minimalist framework and a Formal Semantics (Partee 1986), both of which stipulate legitimate operator variable constructions. The loss of the French quantificational determiners, and that of the copula meant that early MC lacked overt sources of quantification at both the nominal and clausal levels. In my analysis of the emerging MC determiner system, I look at the new sources of quantification that arise in order to establish the referential properties of nouns, and I show how these various strategies are linked to the means by which the semantic features of Definiteness, Deixis, Number and Specificity are expressed, and also the means by which the syntactic function of predication is realized.

This thesis examines social and economic change among Black Creoles in the sugarcane plantation society of St. Martin Parish, Louisiana. It begins with slavery and emphasizes the last 40 years. The study area is viewed as a creole society set in the United States. Change and adaptation is analysed from the perspective of those lacking access to, and control over, resources ensuring socio-economic advancement. Factors of race and ethnicity are crucial to the analysis. / Changes in the agricultural economy have cast blacks off the land. In local settlements, they form a surplus labor pool. In today's industrial, neoplantation economy, Civil Rights legislation and alliances beyond the study area have ensured black participation, particularly at a textile mill, resulting in fragile prosperity. Their dual Afro-Creole identity, viewed through language, music, and food, faces a questionable future as alliances external to the creole society are strengthened.

Le racisme est souvent décrit comme une attitude de peur, de haine ou d’intolérance. Dans le cadre de cette étude, je propose plutôt de l’appréhender comme un rapport de pouvoir entre des groupes sociaux définis en termes de « races ». Dans la partie théorique de mon analyse, je développe une approche qui permet d’étudier le racisme comme un phénomène à la fois historique et structurel. En adoptant une perspective matérialiste et en m’appuyant sur l’exemple du racisme envers les Afro-Américains, je soutiens que l’idéologie raciste est liée aux inégalités économiques et politiques entre les groupes. Dans la partie historique, j’étudie la formation de l’oppression raciale en Louisiane, dans le contexte général de la colonisation européenne et de l’esclavage en Amérique. Je démontre que des discriminations et des inégalités ont perduré jusqu’à aujourd’hui, malgré l’abolition de l’esclavage puis de la ségrégation raciale. Enfin, dans la partie ethnographique, je m’appuie sur les entrevues que j’ai réalisées pour examiner la dynamique actuelle des rapports entre les Cajuns, les Créoles et les Noirs dans le sud de la Louisiane. Je note que les Noirs et les Créoles sont critiques envers la domination des Blancs en général et des Cajuns en particulier. La résistance des Noirs et des Créoles s’exprime dans divers aspects de leur culture et de leur identité, bien que des divisions persistent entre ces deux groupes. / Racism is often described as an attitude of fear, hatred or intolerance. In the context of this study, I suggest that we should rather conceive of it as a relation of power between social groups categorized in terms of “races”. In the theoretical section of my analysis, I develop an approach which enables the study of racism as both a historical and structural phenomenon. Using a materialist perspective and relying on the example of racism towards African Americans, I hold that racist ideology is tied to political and economic inequalities between groups. In the historical section, I examine the formation of racial oppression in Louisiana, in the broader setting of European colonization and slavery in America. I demonstrate that discriminations and inequalities have endured until today, despite the successive abolition of slavery and racial segregation. Finally, in the ethnographic section, I draw upon the interviews that I have conducted to analyze the contemporary dynamic of relations between Cajuns, Creoles and Blacks in southern Louisiana. I note that Blacks and Creoles are critical towards the domination of Whites in a general sense and towards that of Cajuns especially. Blacks and Creoles’ resistance is conveyed in various aspects of their culture and identity, even while divisions persist between these two groups.