An in depth commentary on the named book ('Methods of Money Laundering').

An in depth commentary on the named book ('Criminal Procedural Limits and Obstacles in Crime Fighting and Prevention').

Le développement de la vidéosurveillance en France depuis les années 1990 révèle une évolution atypique. Cette opportunité technique portée par l’innovation technologique s’est tout d’abord fermement inscrite dans un violent débat, confrontant des positionnements idéologiques favorables ou opposés à la charge symbolique que véhiculait la vidéosurveillance. Finalement, grâce à des campagnes convergentes de légitimation que cette thèse décrit, les caméras de surveillance ont progressivement été affranchies de leur image liberticide pour durablement s’inscrire dans les programmes locaux de sécurité ainsi que dans les politiques publiques nationales. Cependant, après plus de deux décennies d’installations et d’extensions de réseaux de vidéosurveillance sur la voie publique, il n’existait, avant ce travail de recherche, aucune étude scientifique des contributions de cette technologie à la sécurisation d’un territoire.Avant toute chose, une contextualisation, nationale et locale, du succès de cet outil sociotechnique permet une mise en perspective de l’opportunité d’une démarche d’évaluation de politique publique pour éprouver la vidéosurveillance. Ce travail préalable révèle l’état des études françaises relatives au développement des caméras de surveillance et examine les méthodes d’évaluation disponibles.Le cœur de cette recherche interroge une promotion de la vidéosurveillance qui semble dépourvue de tout fondement rationnel, en rapportant les enseignements et résultats issus d’une démarche d’évaluation d’un programme d’extension de caméras de surveillance dans une grande commune française : Montpellier. Volontairement détaché des questionnements autour de la préservation des libertés individuelles, le travail réalisé se concentre sur l’identification et l’emploi d’une formule permettant l’examen de la vidéosurveillance et sur la justification des résultats obtenus sur un terrain spécifique. Pour cela, la recherche de terrain, conduite entre 2012 et 2015 dans le cadre d’une convention industrielle de formation par la recherche (CIFRE), a donc consisté à mettre en pratique une importante collecte de données encadrée par un protocole rigoureux.Ce travail interroge aussi la place de l’évaluation des politiques publiques de sécurité en France, en proposant une approche originale ouverte aux doctrines internationales. Conscient de l’opposition des méthodes expérimentales et réalistes, cette thèse suggère une voie de conciliation de ces deux écoles. Elle propose pour cela un protocole respectant les standards de la Campbell Collaboration mis en parallèle d’une interprétation des données guidée par la doctrine réaliste de l’évaluation.Après avoir établi la rigueur de la méthode déployée, cette recherche présente des conclusions argumentées quant à la contribution de la vidéosurveillance à la sécurité publique d’un territoire. Les résultats de l’évaluation s’attardent principalement à démontrer la pertinence du positionnement légal de la vidéosurveillance comme un dispositif de prévention situationnelle de la délinquance.Au final, après avoir exposé la validité interne et externe des résultats obtenus, la thèse interroge le paradoxe de la diffusion d’un outil qui paraît insensible à sa remise en cause pragmatique. Car malgré des résultats fiables quant à une contribution finalement négligeable de la vidéosurveillance à la sécurisation d’espaces publics, il semble que la croissance de cet outil repose sur une pernicieuse synergie de rationalités hétérogènes que la présente thèse tâche de décrire. / The growth of CCTV deployment in France since the 90’s has shown interesting developments. . In the beginning, this result of technological progress is in violent opposition to ideological positions that see cameras only as a symbol. After some a period of time, due to a legitimation campaign that this thesis describes, surveillance cameras were emancipated from there liberticidal vision and were for a long time used in local and national security policy. Meanwhile, after more than two decades of their widespread use by local governments, there was never in France any reliable demonstration of the effectiveness of CCTV against crime in public areas. Therefore, present research interrogates this irrational promotion of CCTV while presenting results and implications of an empirical study on French local policy developing public surveillance webs in Montpellier.First of all, a description of national and local contexts will justify the usefulness and opportunity of CCTV policy assessment. This part of the thesis points to the lack of crime prevention policy evaluation in France and the lack of investigation into the methods that are available.Thereafter, the keystone of this thesis is the description of an empirical experiment conducted in Montpellier between 2012 and 2015 in a tripartite convention associating local government, a research centre and a PhD student. Voluntarily detached from the discussions surrounding the protection of individual rights, the author focuses on how CCTV results can be observed and measured, and what were these results in a particular research field.Relying on the first scientific assessment of a public CCTV program in France, this thesis explains the method, the difficulty and the results of impact measurements and assessment. The data collected provides reliable findings on the contributions of a CCTV system against problems of crime in France.This work also clarifies the situation of evaluation practices on crime prevention programs in France. Aware of some shortcomings in this field, the author draws on North American and British methods to support his approach. Influenced both by the rigor of Campbell collaboration standards and the relevance of the realist approach, the author proposes a method to combine these two opposing doctrines of evaluation.Finally, after examining the internal and external validity of the evaluation results, this thesis reveals that CCTV development seems insensitive to its pragmatic questioning. Despite reliable results demonstrating a marginal contribution of CCTV cameras against crime in public areas, the success of this tool seems to rely on a pernicious mechanics that the present thesis attempts to describe

Traditionally in Sweden the crime preventative and fear of crime reducing work has fallen on the police. However, in 2019 the Swedish government appointed an inquiry where an investigator is to submit a proposal regarding how the municipalities in Sweden can have a legislated responsibility for crime preventative work. The proposal is to cover formulations of what the responsibility would be as well as what actors should carry this responsibility. The present study examined a municipal crime preventative and fear of crime reducing initiative that has grown more popular in Sweden: community wardens. The aim of the present study was to investigate what the arguments for the implementations were as well as how these arguments turned out practically. The present study uses a qualitative thematic analysis to study the implementation of community wardens in two Swedish municipalities – Vellinge and Trelleborg. The results show that even though the arguments for and mission of the community wardens in both municipalities are very similar there are differences in implementation giving the community wardens different approaches. In Vellinge there is a focus on building relationships and working proactively providing an enhanced informal social control. Whereas in Trelleborg there is greater focus on monitoring municipal properties enhancing the formal control in the municipality. Furthermore, there seem to be risks of intruding or overlapping with other actors when implementing community wardens.

The purpose for this qualitative study is to examine the crime prevention strategies against youth crime within non-state actors' work. As well as obtaining views of successes and challenges of this work in practice. Youth crime is a major area of interest within criminology, and in recent years much interest has been directed at problems that arise in the so-called vulnerable areas of Sweden, where young people are at risk of being drawn into crime. Information has been gathered through semi-structured interviews with nine people representing seven different organizations / associations. The actors work with young people in one way or another through sports activities, mentor programs or independent youth centers; and most actors are active in vulnerable areas. The results show that it seems important to have committed adults in order to engage and gain trust from the young people. Further strategies for activating the young people in prosocial activities is revealed, as well as to spread good attitudes among the youths. The findings are put within the framework of criminological theories in order to discuss / <p>2021-01-13</p>

Syftet med undersökningen var att få en bredare kunskap och förståelse för hur polisen uppfattar att de bemöter människor i sitt arbete, och hur detta bemötande kan stärka polisens legitimitet och vara en del av det brottsförebyggande arbetet, samt om poliserna upplever det möjligt att arbeta brottspreventivt genom bemötande i alla situationer. Vi utgick från teorin om procedurrättvisa och vi använde oss av en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Vårt urval bestod av poliser som arbetade eller har arbetat som områdespoliser eller i polisens ingripandeverksamhet. Det viktigaste resultatet i vår undersökning är att det finns en stor medvetenhet och förståelse hos alla poliser som deltagit i studien, för hur bemötande kan påverka det brottsförebyggande arbetet på ett positivt eller negativt sätt. Det andra viktiga resultatet visar att polisen upplever att det kan finnas situationer eller faktorer som gör att det är svårare eller inte alltid möjligt, att arbeta brottspreventivt genom sitt bemötande. / The purpose of our study was to gain a broader knowledge and understanding about how the police perceive their treatment when interacting with citizens in their work. How this treatment can strengthen the legitimacy of the police and be a part of the crime prevention work. If the police feel it is possible to work crime preventing through treatment in all situations. We started from the theory of procedural justice and we chose to use a qualitative survey method. Our selection consisted of police officers who worked or had worked as community police officers or with intervention. We collected empirical data through semi-structured interviews. The most important results in our study showed that there was a great awareness and understanding among the police who participated. Understanding and awareness about how treatment can affect crime prevention work in a positive or negative way. The other important result in the study showed that the police experience situations or factors that doesn’t make crime prevention possible through their treatment.

The aim of this thesis is to provide an information about victimology, especially in terms of a science regarding the victims of crime and means to help them, as well as to show how the knowledge provided by this science can be practically used to prevent crime. The thesis consists of introduction, conclusion and 6 chapters. The first chapter briefly introduces the concept of criminality, as well as the basic characteristics of the extent, structure, intensity and dynamics of criminality. It also deals with the role of criminology in relation to the research of crime and it mentions the differences between real and latent crime. The second chapter provides a comprehensive interpretation of crime prevention. First, it is anchored in the system of crime control, and then the concepts of object and subject of crime prevention are introduced. The chapter also presents the models of crime prevention, where two important ways of division are elaborated upon - the division into primary, secondary and tertiary prevention, and the division into social, situational and victimological prevention. Finally, the chapter outlines the limits of crime prevention and it also includes consideration of the role of crime prevention in the contemporary world. The third chapter presents victimology as a science, introduces its...

This thesis evaluated the new law since 2015 of the support services by Japanese Juvenile Classification Home (JCH) which is a detention facility for juveniles. The support services by the JCHs is providing psychological and educational individualized support who are facing crime-related or deliquency-related problems based on the requests from any individuals and organizations in community. It is based on the classification for the support services in the former law. This study also examined the role of population density among three categories of large, medium-sized, and small prefectures. The relationship between delinquent rates and support services for the juvenile population three years of before and after the new law among the three geographic categories was examined. Delinquent outcome rates significantly decreased among the geographic categories. By contrast, support services by the JCH rates significantly increased among all three geographic categories. Small and medium-sized had more the classification for support services and support services than large prefectures; their support services rate were higher than delinquent rates. With regard to common services, workshop (providing lecture or workshop to the group of people) was most major, institutional counseling (providing individualized services based on the request of organizations) was second, case conference (attending case conference of other organizations), and individual counseling(providing individualized services based on the request or individuals) was third. Most of these four types of services were provided more in small and medium-sized prefectures than large prefectures. The results supported the richness in social capital in small and medium-sized prefectures. Though this study did not examine the effects of support services by the JCH, but it suggested the needs in the community has been increased. Considering the basic characteristics of the support services, it could meet the Risk-Needs-Responsivity principle, but further information about the clients’ basic demographic, risk level, criminological needs and their responsivity is needed in the future.

Juvenile delinquency is considered a serious problem and there are a number of risk factors that in various combinations are associated with a risk of involvement in criminal behavior among young people. The problem calls for measures, measures that influence attitudes and behaviors that reduce the propensity to commit crimes. Sports have many advantages, but can it prevent crimes? The purpose of this study was to study youth leaders' perceptions of sports as crime prevention for young people, based on the theory of social bonds. We conducted eight individual, semi-structured, digital interviews with youth leaders of several years experience from leading youths in sports, using a deductive approach. We analyzed the data with theoretical thematic analysis and identified the four elements of the social bond theory as themes. The result was presented accordingly. In the youth leaders’ perceptions, sport is a commitment in which youths invest time and energy (involvement) and which contributes to an attachment to people, which in length strengthens youths’ belief that society's rules are legitimate. According to the youth leaders, sport can strengthen the social bonds and thus prevent crime among young people. However, it is necessary that the adults, particularly the youth leaders, ensure that the sport is an environment that promotes prosocial attitudes and values. / <p>2022-01-31</p>

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