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Indexy znečištění pro hodnocení půd / Assessment of soils using pollution indicesSatola, Ondřej January 2020 (has links)
Subject of this diploma thesis is analysis of selected heavy metals in soils which are exposed to long-time cause of contaminants from metallurgical industry in localities Třinec and Ostrava. For assessment of the contamination, indexes for evaluation of soils were chosen. Those indexes are focusing mainly on rate of enrichment of the soils by selected heavy metals and resulting ecological and possibly health risk for human organism. Within every location, 26 samples were extracted, while every sample extract location, were selected to map the level of pollution around metallurgical plants in the most complex way. The analysis of the samples was done by techniques F-AAS and AMA 254 and established metals were mercury, lead, copper, chrome, nickel, manganese and zinc.
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An interplay between the spin density distribution and magnetic superexchange interactions: a case study of mononuclear [nBu4N]2[Cu(opooMe)] and novel asymmetric trinuclear [Cu3(opooMe)(pmdta)2](NO3)2·3MeCNAbdulmalic, Mohammad A., Aliabadi, Azar, Petr, Andreas, Krupskaya, Yulia, Kataev, Vladislav, Büchner, Bernd, Hahn, Torsten, Kortus, Jens, Rüffer, Tobias January 2012 (has links)
Treatment of the diethyl ester of o-phenylenebis(oxamic acid) (opbaH2Et2, 1) with 5/6 equivalent of MeNH2 in abs. EtOH results in the exclusive formation of the ethyl ester of o-phenylene(N′-methyl oxamide)(oxamic acid) (opooH3EtMe, 2) in ca. 50% yield. Treatment of 2 with four equivalents of [Me4N]OH followed by the addition of Cu(ClO4)2·6H2O gave [Me4N]2[Cu(opooMe)]·H2O (3A) in ca. 80% yield. As 3A appears to be a hygroscopic solid, the related [nBu4N]+ salts [nBu4N]2[M(opooMe)]·H2O (M = Cu (3B), Ni (4)) have been synthesized. By addition of two equivalents of [Cu(pmdta)(NO3)2] to a MeCN solution of 3B the novel asymmetric trinuclear complex [Cu3(opooMe)(pmdta)2](NO3)2 (5) could be obtained in ca. 90% yield. Compounds 2, 3A, 3B, 4 and 5 have been characterized by elemental analysis and NMR/IR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the solid state structures of 3A in the form of [Me4N]2[Cu(opooMe)]·MeOH (3A′), 3B in the form of [nBu4N]2[Cu(opooMe)] (3B′), 4 in the form of [nBu4N]2[Ni(opooMe)]·1.25H2O (4′) and 5 in the form of [Cu3(opooMe)(pmdta)2] (NO3)2·3MeCN (5′), respectively, have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. By controlled cocrystallization, diamagnetically diluted 3B (1%) in the host lattice of 4 (99%) in the form of single crystals have been made available, allowing single crystal EPR studies to extract all components of the g-factor and the tensors of onsite CuA and transferred NA hyperfine interaction. Out of these studies the spin density distribution of the [Cu(opooMe)]2− complex fragment could be determined. The magnetic properties of 5 were studied by susceptibility measurements versus temperature. An intramolecular J parameter of −65 cm−1 has been obtained, unexpectedly, as 5 should possess two different J values due to its two different spacers between the adjacent CuII ions, namely an oxamate (C2NO3) and an oxamidate (C2N2O2) fragment. This unexpected result is explained by a summarizing discussion of the experimentally obtained EPR results (spin density distribution) of 3B, the geometries of the terminal [Cu(pmdta)]2+ fragments of 5 determined by X-ray crystallographic studies and accompanying quantum chemical calculations of the spin density distribution of the mononuclear [Cu(opooMe)]2− and of the magnetic exchange interactions of trinuclear [Cu3(opooMe)(pmdta)2]2+ complex fragments. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.
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Thermodynamische und elektrokatalytische Untersuchungen an zinkbasierten intermetallischen Verbindungen bei RaumtemperaturKriegel, René 27 June 2018 (has links)
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich im ersten Teil mit einer Methodenentwicklung zur korrosionsfreien Ermittlung der elektromotorischen Kraft von zinkbasierten intermetallischen Verbindungen bei Raumtemperatur. Die durchgeführten Messungen bezüglich der elektrochemischen Potentiale von Verbindungen der binären intermetallischen Phasen Cu5Zn8, ZnPd und ZnPt mit jeweils verschiedenen elementaren Zusammensetzungen dienen als Basis zur Ermittlung der jeweiligen intrinsischen Aktivitäten der Einzelkomponente Zink. Messungen an der Referenzphase Cu5Zn8 wurden dabei zur Verifizierung der entwickelten Messmethodik durchgeführt. Die Untersuchungen an ZnPd- und ZnPt-Verbindungen liefern erstmalig thermodynamische Daten dieser Phasen bei Raumtemperatur.
Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der katalytischen Untersuchung von intermetallischen äquimolaren ZnPd-Elektroden hinsichtlich der elektrolytischen Wasserstoffentwicklung. Die durchgeführten Experimente legen den Schluss nahe, dass die katalytische Aktivität der intermetallischen Elektroden durch eine gezielte anodische Vorbehandlung signifikant gesteigert werden kann. Ex situ Charakterisierungen geben Grund zu der Annahme, dass die gesteigerte katalytische Aktivität durch die simultane Präsenz von oxidischer und metallischer beziehungsweise intermetallischer Spezies hervorgerufen wird.
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Haftmechanismen von Metallen (Cu, Al) appliziert durch Draht-Lichtbogenspritzen auf Polymeroberflächen (PEEK)Winkler, Ruben 04 June 2018 (has links)
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die ganzheitliche Erfassung der Haftmechanismen zwischen Metallbeschichtungen (Kupfer, Aluminium) und Polymersubstraten (Polyetheretherketon) funktionalisiert durch Draht-Lichtbogenspritzen. Hierzu werden die Vorbehandlung sowie der Applikationsprozess erforscht. An den hergestellten Fügeverbindungen erfolgen unterschiedliche mechanische Versuche zur Ermittlung der Hafteigenschaften und der Auswirkungen des Beschichtungsvorgangs auf die Substrate. Zur Analyse des Interfaces kommen mikroskopische (REM, TEM, HR-TEM), spektroskopische (EDX) und diffraktometrische (SAED, XRD) Verfahren zum Einsatz.
Anhand der Ergebnisse erfolgt die Durchdringung des Anbindungsprozesses. Die thermisch und mechanisch bedingten Einflüsse auf das Substrat sowie dessen Eigenschaftsprofil sind in ihrer geometrischen Ausdehnung (mikroskopisch) begrenzt. Die Bestätigung für die mechanische Verklammerung wird erbracht. Durch eine HR-TEM-Untersuchung des Interfaces erfolgt der Nachweis von Oxiden und Hydroxiden. Diese stellen die Voraussetzung für physikalisch und chemisch bedingte Haftmechanismen dar.:1 Einleitung und Problemstellung 19
2 Stand von Wissenschaft und Technik 21
2.1 Hochpolymere Werkstoffe 21
2.1.1 Bildungsreaktionen 21
2.1.2 Einteilung der Polymere 24
2.1.3 Mechanische und thermische Eigenschaften 28
2.2 Thermisches Spritzen nach DIN EN 657 28
2.2.1 Draht-Lichtbogenspritzen 30
2.2.2 Substratvorbehandlung nach DIN EN 13507 31
2.2.3 Analyse von thermisch applizierten Schichten 33
2.2.3.1 Haftzugfestigkeit (DIN EN 582) 33
2.2.3.2 Eigenspannungen 37
2.3 Polyetheretherketon als Konstruktions- und Substratwerkstoff 41
2.4 Haftmechanismen zwischen Polymer und Metall 47
2.4.1 Haftungstheorien 47
2.4.2 Resultierende Gesamthaftung 55
2.4.3 Metalloxid-Polymer-Komplexe 56
3 Zielstellung und methodische Vorgehensweise 59
4 Metallisierung von Polyetheretherketon 62
4.1 Analyse der Substratwerkstoffe 62
4.2 Auswahl der Spritzzusatzwerkstoffe 67
4.3 Substratvorbehandlung 68
4.4 Applikation metallischer Schichten durch Draht-Lichtbogenspritzen 77
5 Ergebnisse und Diskussion 85
5.1 Metallographische Analyse 85
5.2 Mechanische Charakterisierung des funktionalisierten Polyetheretherketon 90
5.2.1 Nano-Eindringprüfung 90
5.2.2 Haftzugversuch 95
5.2.3 Zugversuch und Grauwertanalyse 102
5.2.4 Scratch-Test 109
5.2.5 Biegeversuch 115
5.2.6 Schlagbiegeversuch (CHARPY) 119
5.2.7 Fazit der mechanischen Charakterisierung 122
5.3 Eigenspannungsanalyse (Krümmungsmethode) 124
5.4 Analyse des Interfaces 129
5.4.1 Rasterelektronenmikroskopie und Röntgenspektroskopie 129
5.4.2 Hochauflösende Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (HR-TEM) 134
6 Fazit 142
7 Zusammenfassung 144
8 Ausblick 147
9 Literaturverzeichnis 148
10 Anhang 156 / The aim of this work is the holistic detection of the adhesion mechanisms between metal coatings (copper, aluminum) and polymer substrates (polyetheretherketone) functionalized by wire arc spraying. For this purpose, the pretreatment and the application process are researched. Different mechanical tests are carried out on the manufactured joints to determine the adhesive properties and the effects of the coating process on the substrates. For the analysis of the interface, microscopic (SEM, TEM, HR-TEM), spectroscopic (EDX) and diffractometric (SAED, XRD) methods are used.
Based on the results, the investigation of the connection process is carried out. The ther-mally and mechanically conditioned influences on the substrate as well as its property profile are limited in their geometrical extent (microscopically). The confirmation for the mechanical clamping is provided. An HR-TEM examination of the interface reveals the presence of oxides and hydroxides. These are the requirements for physically and chemically induced adhesive mechanisms.:1 Einleitung und Problemstellung 19
2 Stand von Wissenschaft und Technik 21
2.1 Hochpolymere Werkstoffe 21
2.1.1 Bildungsreaktionen 21
2.1.2 Einteilung der Polymere 24
2.1.3 Mechanische und thermische Eigenschaften 28
2.2 Thermisches Spritzen nach DIN EN 657 28
2.2.1 Draht-Lichtbogenspritzen 30
2.2.2 Substratvorbehandlung nach DIN EN 13507 31
2.2.3 Analyse von thermisch applizierten Schichten 33
2.2.3.1 Haftzugfestigkeit (DIN EN 582) 33
2.2.3.2 Eigenspannungen 37
2.3 Polyetheretherketon als Konstruktions- und Substratwerkstoff 41
2.4 Haftmechanismen zwischen Polymer und Metall 47
2.4.1 Haftungstheorien 47
2.4.2 Resultierende Gesamthaftung 55
2.4.3 Metalloxid-Polymer-Komplexe 56
3 Zielstellung und methodische Vorgehensweise 59
4 Metallisierung von Polyetheretherketon 62
4.1 Analyse der Substratwerkstoffe 62
4.2 Auswahl der Spritzzusatzwerkstoffe 67
4.3 Substratvorbehandlung 68
4.4 Applikation metallischer Schichten durch Draht-Lichtbogenspritzen 77
5 Ergebnisse und Diskussion 85
5.1 Metallographische Analyse 85
5.2 Mechanische Charakterisierung des funktionalisierten Polyetheretherketon 90
5.2.1 Nano-Eindringprüfung 90
5.2.2 Haftzugversuch 95
5.2.3 Zugversuch und Grauwertanalyse 102
5.2.4 Scratch-Test 109
5.2.5 Biegeversuch 115
5.2.6 Schlagbiegeversuch (CHARPY) 119
5.2.7 Fazit der mechanischen Charakterisierung 122
5.3 Eigenspannungsanalyse (Krümmungsmethode) 124
5.4 Analyse des Interfaces 129
5.4.1 Rasterelektronenmikroskopie und Röntgenspektroskopie 129
5.4.2 Hochauflösende Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (HR-TEM) 134
6 Fazit 142
7 Zusammenfassung 144
8 Ausblick 147
9 Literaturverzeichnis 148
10 Anhang 156
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Numerical Modeling of Plasticity in FCC Crystalline Materials Using Discrete Dislocation DynamicsHosseinzadeh Delandar, Arash January 2015 (has links)
Plasticity in crystalline solids is controlled by the microscopic line defects known as “dislocations”. Decisive role of dislocations in crystal plasticity in addition to fundamentals of plastic deformation are presented in the current thesis work. Moreover, major features of numerical modeling method “Discrete Dislocation Dynamics (DDD)” technique are described to elucidate a powerful computational method used in simulation of crystal plasticity. First part of the work is focused on the investigation of strain rate effect on the dynamic deformation of crystalline solids. Single crystal copper is chosen as a model crystal and discrete dislocation dynamics method is used to perform numerical uniaxial tensile test on the single crystal at various high strain rates. Twenty four straight dislocations of mixed character are randomly distributed inside a model crystal with an edge length of 1 µm subjected to periodic boundary conditions. Loading of the model crystal with the considered initial dislocation microstructure at constant strain rates ranging from 103 to 105s1 leads to a significant strain rate sensitivity of the plastic flow. In addition to the flow stress, microstructure evolution of the sample crystal demonstrates a considerable strain rate dependency. Furthermore, strain rate affects the strain induce microstructure heterogeneity such that more heterogeneous microstructure emerges as strain rate increases. Anisotropic characteristic of plasticity in single crystals is investigated in the second part of the study. Copper single crystal is selected to perform numerical tensile tests on the model crystal along two different loading directions of [001] and [111] at two high strain rates. Effect of loading orientation on the macroscopic behavior along with microstructure evolution of the model crystal is examined using DDD method. Investigation of dynamic response of single crystal to the mechanical loading demonstrates a substantial effect of loading orientation on the flow stress. Furthermore, plastic anisotropy is observed in dislocation density evolution such that more dislocations are generated as straining direction of single crystal is changed from [001] to [111] axis. Likewise, strain induced microstructure heterogeneity displays the effect of loading direction such that more heterogeneous microstructure evolve as single crystal is loaded along [111] direction. Formation of slip bands and consequently localization of plastic deformation are detected as model crystal is loaded along both directions. / <p>QC 20151015</p>
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Degradation of Halogenated Hydrocarbons by Zero-Valent Magnesium andCopper/Magnesium Bimetallic Reductant, & Characterization of Poly- andPerfluoroalkyl Substances in Treated Wastewater Reclaimed for Direct Potable ReuseWang, Bo 11 September 2019 (has links)
No description available.
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Novel nanostructured ternary metal oxide composite for sequestration of trace metals from simulated aqueous solutions.Kupeta, Albert Jerry Kafushe 06 1900 (has links)
D. Tech. (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences), Vaal University of Technology / A novel low-cost ternary Mn-Fe-Cu (MFC) metal oxide nanocomposite adsorbent was fabricated using facile co-precipitation method and successfully applied for the sequestration of Cr(VI) and As(III) from simulated aqueous efflent. The central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology (RSM) optimization technique determined the optimal working parameters for the preparation of the ternary MFC metal oxide nanocomposite. The spectroscopic microstructural analysis of the ternary MFC metal oxide nanocomposite was performed using fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. The spectroscopic analyses revealed a rough surface with hydroxyl groups and the presence of mixed metal oxides in different valence states. The BET surface area, pore volume and pore size of the nanostructured MFC ternary metal oxide composite were found to be 77.2427 m2/g, 0.2409 cm3/g and 14.7560 nm, respectively. The pH drift method determined that the pHpzc of the adsorbent was 6.75. The batch technique was employed to investigate the adsorption dynamics (effects of ionic strength, co-existing anions, adsorbent regeneration and reuse) and optimum parameters (solution pH, adsorbent dosage concentration, desorption) of Cr(VI) and As(III) adsorption onto the MFC nanocomposite. The fitting of non-linear kinetic (pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and Elovich), diffusion (intraparticle and Boyd) and isotherm (Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich) models to the Cr(VI) and As(III) experimental adsorption data gave an insight into the adsorption mechanisms. The Langmuir adsorption capacities, qm (mg/g), were 168.71 at solution pH 3 and 35.07 at solution pH 9 for Cr(VI) and As(III) adsorption, respectively. The adsorption of Cr(VI) onto the ternary MFC metal oxide nanocomposite was physical and formed outer-sphere surface complexes through electrostatic interactions, while the removal of As(III) was specific due to inner-sphere surface complexation and ligand/ion exchange reactions. The results from XPS and FTIR analysis after the adsorption of Cr(VI) and As(III) showed that the surface hydroxyl groups on the MFC nanocomposite interacted with the Cr(VI) and As(III) species during the formation of the surface complexes. To facilitate ease of adsorbent removal from the treated simulated aqueous effluent, the ternary MFC metal oxide system was co-precipitated onto biochar support.
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Hippocampal Neurogenesis In Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Like MiceMa, Xiaoxing 10 1900 (has links)
<p> G93A SODI mice (G93A mice) are a transgenic model over-expressing a mutant human Cu/Zn-SOD gene, and are a model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a predominantly motor neurodegenerative disease. Hippocampal neurogenesis in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of dentate gyms (DG) occurs throughout the life. It is regulated by many pathological and physiological processes. There is controversy with respect to the basal level of hippocampal neurogenesis and its response to exercise in neurodegenerative diseases and their mouse models. Little information regarding hippocampal neurogenesis is available in G93A mice. The present study was designed to study the impact of treadmill exercise and sex differences on hippocampal neurogenesis in this model. In addition, potential molecular mechanisms regulating hippocampal neurogenesis including growth factors (BDNF and IGFl) and oxidative stress (SOD2, catalase, 8-0Hdg, and 3-NT) were also addressed in the study. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was used to label newly generated cells. G93A and wild type (WT) mice were subjected to treadmill exercise (EX) or a sedentary (SEO) lifestyle. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect BrdU labeled newly proliferating cells, surviving cells, and their phenotype, as well as for determination of oxidative stress. BDNF and IGFl mRNA expression was assessed by in situ hybridization. Results showed that (1) G93A mice had an elevated basal level of hippocampal neurogenesis for both cell survival and neuronal differentiation, a growth factor (BDNF mRNA), and an oxidative stress marker (NT), as compared to wild type sedentary mice. (2) Treadmill running did not show any further effect on hippocampal neurogenesis, growth factors, oxidative stress, and antioxidant enzymes in G93A mice, while treadmill running promoted hippocampal neurogenes1s and expression of the growth factor (BDNF mRNA), and lowered oxidative stress (8-0Hdg) in WT mice. (3) There also were sex differences in hippocampal neurogenesis in G93A mice, whereby male G93A mice had a significant higher level of cell proliferation but a lower level of survival than female G93A mice. (4) The DG BDNF mRNA was associated with cell survival and neuronal differentiation in sedentary G93A mice, suggesting that BDNF is associated with a higher basal level of hippocampal neurogenesis in G93A mice. We conclude that G93A mice are more permissive in the context of hippocampal neurogenesis, which is associated with elevated DG BDNF mRNA expression. Running did not have impact on hippocampal neurogenesis and BDNF mRNA expression in G93A mice, probably due to a 'ceiling effect' of the already heightened basal levels of hippocampal neurogenesis and BDNF mRNA in this model. In addition, sex differences also affect hippocampal neurogenes1s, but the further study is needed to clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Social and Non-Social Reward Processing in Autism and Autistic TraitsMatyjek, Magdalena 18 March 2022 (has links)
Belohnungen sind im Leben des Menschen von enormer Bedeutung. Es wurde vermutet, dass die zentralen sozialen Schwierigkeiten bei Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen (ASS) auf eine verminderte Reaktionsfähigkeit auf spezifische soziale Belohnungen zurückzuführen sein könnten. Die Literatur zu diesem Thema ist jedoch nicht schlüssig. Diese Dissertation umfasst vier Studien, die die Reaktionsfähigkeit auf soziale und nicht-soziale Belohnungen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von ASS und autistischen Merkmalen untersuchen.
In den Studien 1 und 2 wurden neuronale (ereigniskorrelierte Potenziale), autonome (Pupillengröße) und verhaltensbezogene (Selbstberichte und Reaktionszeiten) Indizes der Reaktion auf soziale und nicht-soziale Belohnungen bei Personen mit ASC sowie mit ausgeprägten und geringen autistischen Merkmalen untersucht. Wir stellten fest, dass ein höheres Maß an autistischen Merkmalen bei klinischen ASS und in der Allgemeinbevölkerung mit einer verstärkten neuronalen und autonomen Verarbeitung, typischen Leistungen und einer geringeren selbstberichteten Belohnungssensitivität verbunden war. Studie 3 untersuchte die Auswirkungen von sozialer Vertrautheit und Belohnungskontext auf die Pupillenreaktionen. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass der Belohnungswert eines positiven Reizes bei vertrauten Gesichtern höher ist und von der Assoziation zwischen Handlung und Ergebnis abhängt. Studie 4 ist eine theoretische Perspektive zum Verständnis der Multidimensionalität von Belohnungen und zum Umgang damit.
In allen Studien konnte ich nachweisen, dass das Belohnungsverhalten von ASS vielfältig und atypisch, aber nicht defizitär ist. Außerdem schlage ich eine Definition von Belohnung vor, die sie von einem rein positiven Stimulus unterscheidet. Schließlich erörtere ich diese Arbeit im breiteren Rahmen der sozialneuropsychologischen Forschung und zeige Möglichkeiten auf, wie sie in künftigen Studien weiter verbessert werden kann. / Rewards are immensely important in human lives. It has been suggested that the core social difficulties in autism spectrum conditions (ASC) may stem from lowered responsiveness to specifically social rewards. However, the literature on this topic is inconclusive. This dissertation includes four studies investigating reward responsiveness to social and non-social rewards with particular focus on ASC and autistic traits.
Studies 1 and 2 investigated neuronal (event-related potentials), autonomic (pupil sizes) and behavioural (self-reports and reaction times) indexes of responsiveness to social and non-social rewards in individuals with ASC, and with high and low autistic traits. We observed that higher levels of autistic traits in clinical ASC and in the general population were linked to enhanced neuronal and autonomic processing, typical performance, and decreased self-reported reward sensitivity. Study 3 investigated the effects of social familiarity and rewarding context on pupillary responses. The results indicated that the reward value of a positive stimulus is higher for more familiar faces and depends on action-outcome associations. Study 4 is a theoretical perspective on understanding and working with multidimensionality of rewards.
Across all studies, I provide evidence for multifaceted and atypical, but not deficient, reward responsiveness in ASC. Further, I propose a definition of reward which differentiates it from a merely positive stimulus. Finally, I discuss this work in the broader framework of social neuropsychology research and identify the ways in which it can be further improved in future studies.
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Allusives Sprechen in Psychotherapien / Konversationsanalytische Untersuchung verdeckter BeziehungskommentareAlder, Marie-Luise 26 August 2020 (has links)
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht allusives Sprechen in psychotherapeutischen Gesprächen, wobei es um verdeckt angedeutete Kritik am Therapeuten geht. Über Allusionsmarker, die ein Wort oder Wortgruppen bilden, wird innerhalb eines Kontextes auf einen anderen verwiesen. Die vorliegende Arbeit legt den Fokus insbesondere auf beziehungskommentierende Allusionen. Dies sind verdeckt geäußerte Kommentare, die den Rezipienten der Allusion adressieren. In Politik, im Flirten, in Klatschgesprächen oder Bestechungen wird von jener sprachlichen Praktik, deren Ressource Ambiguität ist, Gebrauch gemacht. Dies sind sozial heikle Situationen, in denen das Ansehen des einen vom Urteil des anderen abhängt.
Anhand detaillierter Transkripte aus Verhaltenstherapie, tiefenpsychologisch fundierter Psychotherapie und Psychoanalyse wird gezeigt, wie eine verdeckt kritische Kommentierung des Patienten einer frustrierenden Interaktionserfahrung folgt. Die Kommentierung wird anhand eines Narrativs realisiert, welches Allusionsmarker beinhaltet, die auf den aktuellen Kontext verweisen. Die sich daran anschließenden Äußerungen der Therapeuten zeigen, dass jene die beziehungskommentierende Funktion des Narrativs verstehen. Dennoch wird die Bedeutung dessen weiter ambig verhandelt.
Mit der aus der Ethnomethodologie, Soziologie und Linguistik stammenden Methode der Konversationsanalyse (KA) wird der Interaktionsverlauf zwischen Patienten und Therapeuten detailliert untersucht, Erkenntnisse abgeleitet und anhand von Transkriptfragmenten dargestellt. Dabei wird deutlich, dass die Interaktionshistorie der Interaktanten in einen Redezug und dessen Interpretation mit einfließt. Wenn psychotherapeutische Theorie und Praxis für solche Phänomene offen sind, können sowohl beziehungsrelevante Äußerungen erkannt werden als auch Äußerungen, die nicht intrasubjektiv, sondern durch die aktuelle Szene der Konversation bestimmt sind, die von den Interaktanten kokonstruiert wird. / This paper examines allusive speaking in psychotherapeutic conversations, with a focus on covertly insinuated criticism of the therapist. Allusion markers, which form a word or groups of words, are used to refer to another context. The present work focuses in particular on allusions that comment on relationships. These are hidden comments that address the recipient of the allusion. In politics, in flirting, in gossip or bribery, the linguistic practice whose resource is ambiguity is used. These are socially delicate situations in which the reputation of one depends on the judgement of the other.
Using detailed transcripts from behavioural therapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy (tiefenpsychologisch fundiert is a special modification of psychoanalysis in Germany) and psychoanalysis, the book shows how a covertly critical commentary by the patient follows a frustrating interaction experience. The commentary is realized by means of a narrative that contains allusion markers that refer to the current context. The subsequent statements of the therapists show that they understand the relationship-commenting function of the narrative. Nevertheless, the meaning of the narrative continues to be ambiguously negotiated.
With the method of conversation analysis (CA), which originates from ethnomethodology, sociology and linguistics, the course of interaction between patients and therapists is examined in detail, findings are derived and presented using transcript fragments. It becomes clear that the interaction history of the interactants is incorporated into utterances and its interpretation. If psychotherapeutic theory and practice are open to such phenomena can be recognized: Relationship-relevant utterances and utterances that are not intrasubjective but determined by the current scene of the conversation that is co-constructed by the interactants.
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