Through Judith Butler’s concept of ‘cultural translation’, this dissertation seeks to provide a less imperialistic law-making mechanism as it relates to the lesbian, gay and bisexual rights concept (hereinafter ‘the LGB rights concept’) in Turkey, which currently relies heavily on legal transplantation. In search of a new law-making method, this thesis first deconstructs ‘legal transplantation’ as that which creates various asymmetrical relations that amount to consolidating Western imperialism. Critical legal scholars have shown great interest in revealing the imperialistic consequences of the law-maker West and the law-taker non-West. This thesis aims to add another dimension to these discussions by placing ‘imitation’, as advanced by Judith Butler, at the heart of its analyses. It scrutinises legal transplantation through the various imitations/repetitions it embodies and explores the role of imitation in law-making as law-taking. It does so by evaluating legal change by means of legal transplantation through the example of the Turkish experience with the LGB rights concept, and uses Judith Butler’s understanding of imitation/repetition, as advanced in her gender performativity concept, to achieve this evaluation This thesis attempts to expand our understanding of law-making as law-taking by unveiling their performative force, which humanises the subject in a way that is similar to the processes of gendering it. In doing so, this thesis aims to transfer the analyses that postulate the gendered body as performative to the rubric of human rights law, and argues that humanisation of the body through granting rights is performative as well. Though the occasion arises for subversion from these various imitations, it introduces a new law-making method, cultural translation, transforming the realm of limited possibilities for human rights into the realm of the possible.

A escrita de ficção no Brasil iniciou-se definitivamente em fins da década de 1830. Jornais e revistas do Rio de Janeiro publicaram essas narrativas ao lado de ficção estrangeira (especialmente européia) traduzida. Este trabalho tem dois objetivos centrais: 1)apresentar criticamente o conjunto de textos ficcionais britânicos, traduzidos e publicados em periódicos do Rio de Janeiro, na primeira metade do século XIX, através da análise comparativa da tradução (aqui vista como processo e produto cultural) com os textos originais; 2)avaliar o papel dessa ficção britânica na produção de alguns dos nossos primeiros ficcionistas. O estudo implica discutir o lugar dessa ficção britânica nos jornais e revistas que foram seu meio de circulação: os periódicos britânicos, os brasileiros e a Revue Britannique, revista francesa que se coloca como importante intermediadora nesse percurso. Dessa forma, pretendo contribuir para a discussão das condições de circulação de ficção britânica no Brasil, no século XIX. / The writing of prose fiction in Brazil did not definitely start until the end of the 1830's. These narratives were published in periodicals from Rio de Janeiro side by side with translated (notably European) fiction. This thesis has two main purposes: 1)to critically present the collection of British fictional texts, translated and published in periodicals from Rio de Janeiro, during the first half of the nineteenth-century, by comparing their translation (here considered both as cultural process and product) with the original texts; 2)to evaluate the role of that British fiction in the production of some of the first Brazilian fiction writers. This study also discusses the insertion of such British fiction in the periodicals in which it circulated: in the British, and Brazilian periodicals, but also in the Revue Britannique, a French magazine that constitutes an important mediation in this process of circulation. Therefore, I intend to contribute to the discussion of the conditions in which British fiction circulated in nineteenth-century Brazil.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work is situated in the field of Cultural Studies in Education, and articulated with theoretical issues from Deaf Studies. It aims at investigating the movement towards Sign Writing in Deaf Education through discussion forums in Orkut communities. Such interest caused me to know and research about Sign Writing, leading me to observe discourses produced in Orkut communities as discursive practices in which words have power and produce meanings. I have considered the following issues: Is it necessary to translate Sign Language into its written form? Can Sign Writing be understood as a deaf cultural translation? How can we think of Sign Writing as a deaf cultural mark as well as a deaf identity formation? From these guiding questions, a methodological path has been delineated in order to approach the theme, and the research has focused on discursive productions about Sign Writing. Three communities dealing with Sign Writing have been found in Orkut. I myself have designed a community called Escrita da Língua de Sinais along the research, aiming at fostering discussions. Questions have been formulated so as to observe the movement of members belonging to each community. A few manifestations have been noticed as a response to the first questioning, but less than expected. I supposed that a larger number of comments would be richer. Such situation led me to perceive that the discursive materiality of forums is interesting to be analyzed, regardless its quantity. As the low participation in the communities was unexpected, I have focused my study on the community that presented the largest number of forums and, consequently, of active members. In the narratives found, discussions about teaching and learning Sign Writing have been highlighted, which I have categorized together with the idea of in-between . In the interstices of this study, I have found some of my research questions. The meaning of writing Sign Language has been understood as a deaf cultural mark that goes beyond noticeable issues related to teaching and learning. I have found evidences of cultural markers in which discourses produce discussions about learning and its importance, going beyond methodological issues the importance of belonging to deaf culture, thus strengthening the difference of being deaf. / Este trabalho inscreve-se no campo dos Estudos Culturais em Educação, articulado com as questões teóricas dos Estudos Surdos. Teve por objetivo investigar o movimento acerca da Escrita da Língua de Sinais legitimada na Educação de Surdos em fóruns de discussão em comunidades da rede virtual Orkut.Tal interesse instigou-me a conhecer e pesquisar sobre a Escrita da Língua de Sinais, levando-me a observar os discursos produzidos nas comunidades do Orkut como práticas discursivas, em que as palavras têm força e produzem significados. Olhei para as seguintes questões: qual a necessidade de traduzir a Língua de Sinais para a sua forma escrita? A Escrita da Língua de Sinais pode ser entendida como tradução cultural surda? Como pensar na Escrita da Língua de Sinais como marca cultural surda e como formação identitária surda? Com essas questões norteadoras, delineou-se um caminho metodológico para contemplar essa temática, e a pesquisa focalizou as produções discursivas acerca da Escrita da Língua de Sinais. Encontrei, na rede virtual Orkut, três comunidades que tratavam sobre a Escrita da Língua de Sinais. Também criei, no decorrer da pesquisa, uma comunidade chamada de Escrita da Língua de Sinais , a fim de fomentar as discussões. Foram lançados questionamentos com o intuito de observar qual seria o movimento dos membros de cada comunidade. Percebi que, num primeiro questionamento, apareceram algumas manifestações, no entanto, poucas diante do que eu esperava. Acreditava que um maior número de comentários seria mais rico. Tal situação levou-me a perceber que a materialidade discursiva dos fóruns é interessante de ser analisada, independentemente da quantidade. De forma inesperada pela participação nas comunidades, focalizei meu estudo na comunidade que apresentava o maior número de fóruns e, consequentemente, de membros ativos participantes. Nas narrativas encontradas, ficaram salientes as discussões sobre ensino e aprendizagem da Escrita da Língua de Sinais, o que categorizei juntamente com a ideia de entre-lugar . Nos interstícios do estudo, encontrei algumas de minhas questões de pesquisa. O sentido de escrever a Língua de Sinais é entendido como marca cultural surda para além das questões de ensino e aprendizagem que saltam aos olhos. Foram encontradas evidências de marcadores culturais em que os discursos produziam discussões sobre como aprender e sobre sua importância para além das questões metodológicas a importância de pertencer à cultura surda, potencializando a diferença de ser surdo.

Desde o início do século XX a música brasileira tem sido palco de discussões e negociações sobre a identidade nacional. Em diferentes momentos históricos, tensões ideológicas e projetos identitários produziram usos variados dos idiomas português e inglês, refletindo correntes de nacionalismo acirrado e outras vezes de abertura à influência estrangeira. No decorrer do século XX, a música tornou-se uma das mais importantes manifestações artísticas brasileiras no mundo e um instrumento de difusão de nossa língua e cultura. Os mitos nacionais que se formaram ao longo de nossa história e que resultaram no atual imaginário do Brasil acabaram por gerar utopias que foram e são de interesse mundial. A música é, ainda hoje, vista como ferramenta para o aumento do poder brando do Brasil. Vemos aqui como os usos do par de idiomas português-inglês foi utilizado de forma a retratar o jogo de poder e as tensões identitárias junto ao público estrangeiro. As traduções de canções brasileiras, a criação de versões bilíngues como meio de divulgar a diversidade cultural brasileira, assim como o papel de mediadores culturais e seu potencial de transformação das relações com o estrangeiro, também são discutidos neste trabalho / Since the early 20th century, Brazilian music has been the stage for discussions and negotiations on national identity. At different historical moments, ideological tensions and identity projects produced different uses of the Portuguese and English languages in music, either reflecting a fierce nationalism or else some openness to the influence of the foreign other. Along the 20th century, Brazilian music became one of the most important artistic manifestations in the world and an instrument for the dissemination of our language and culture. Brazilian national myths generated throughout history and that contribute to the current image of Brazil, also helped create utopias that were and still are of global interest. Music is seen today, as a tool for increasing Brazilian soft power. This thesis draws on how Portuguese and English have been used in order to portray the power play and identity tensions with the foreign public. Translations of Brazilian songs, the creation of bilingual versions, the promotion of Brazilian cultural diversity, as well as the role of cultural mediators and the potential for transformation of foreign relations, are also discussed in this work

A escrita de ficção no Brasil iniciou-se definitivamente em fins da década de 1830. Jornais e revistas do Rio de Janeiro publicaram essas narrativas ao lado de ficção estrangeira (especialmente européia) traduzida. Este trabalho tem dois objetivos centrais: 1)apresentar criticamente o conjunto de textos ficcionais britânicos, traduzidos e publicados em periódicos do Rio de Janeiro, na primeira metade do século XIX, através da análise comparativa da tradução (aqui vista como processo e produto cultural) com os textos originais; 2)avaliar o papel dessa ficção britânica na produção de alguns dos nossos primeiros ficcionistas. O estudo implica discutir o lugar dessa ficção britânica nos jornais e revistas que foram seu meio de circulação: os periódicos britânicos, os brasileiros e a Revue Britannique, revista francesa que se coloca como importante intermediadora nesse percurso. Dessa forma, pretendo contribuir para a discussão das condições de circulação de ficção britânica no Brasil, no século XIX. / The writing of prose fiction in Brazil did not definitely start until the end of the 1830's. These narratives were published in periodicals from Rio de Janeiro side by side with translated (notably European) fiction. This thesis has two main purposes: 1)to critically present the collection of British fictional texts, translated and published in periodicals from Rio de Janeiro, during the first half of the nineteenth-century, by comparing their translation (here considered both as cultural process and product) with the original texts; 2)to evaluate the role of that British fiction in the production of some of the first Brazilian fiction writers. This study also discusses the insertion of such British fiction in the periodicals in which it circulated: in the British, and Brazilian periodicals, but also in the Revue Britannique, a French magazine that constitutes an important mediation in this process of circulation. Therefore, I intend to contribute to the discussion of the conditions in which British fiction circulated in nineteenth-century Brazil.

A obra mais emblemática do viajante do século XVI João Leão Africano, intitulada Della descrittione dell\'Africa et delle cose notabli che ivi sono, sugere a existência de duas racionalidades integradas: a árabe-islâmica e a europeia-latina. A presente tese busca identificar essas duas camadas de racionalidade no trabalho de João Leão Africano, mostrando que o século XVI produziu um conhecimento plural entre essas duas matrizes culturais, que se relacionavam intensamente no período do Renascimento. Seja pela perspectiva de conflito, pela interação cultural ou pela negociação comercial entre povos cristãos e muçulmanos, o Norte da África e o Mediterrâneo se consolidaram no século XVI como espaços simbióticos. Esses elementos conjunturais, combinados à trajetória pessoal de João Leão Africano e sua relação com o Papa Leão X, moldaram sua visão sobre a África por meio de uma concepção fluida e intersticial do continente. A reflexão sobre o mundo moderno do referido viajante é reforçada pela formação de um padrão de pensamento definido por conceitos como: astúcia, tradução cultural, Fortuna, vergonha, incerteza, e fluidez civilizacional. / The most representative work of the sixteenth century traveler Leo Africanus, entitled Della descrittione dell\'Africa et delle cose che notabli ivi sono, suggests the existence of two intertwined rationalities: the Arab-Islamic and the European-Latin. This research seeks to identify these two layers of rationality in the work of Leo Africanus, showing that the sixteenth century produced plural knowledge between these two cultural sources, intensely connected during the Renaissance. Either from the perspective of conflict, of the cultural interaction or of the commercial negotiation between Christian and Muslim peoples, North Africa and the Mediterranean developed in the sixteenth century as symbiotic spaces. These circumstantial elements, combined with the personal path of Leo Africanus, and his relationship with Pope Leo X, shaped his view of Africa through a fluid and interstitial conception of the continent. Leo Africanus idea about the modern world is strengthened by a thought pattern raised and defined by concepts such as cunning, cultural translation, Fortuna, shame, uncertainty, and civilization fluidity.

The thesis analyzes how the expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia is treated, interpreted and staged. It concentrates on two questions: what strategies do the authors use to recover the memory of the events and how do the different communities translate and share their memories? In the first part I sketch the development of the political contexts and discourses of expulsion in German and Czech memory culture on the basis of the model of ‚floating gap' by Jan Assman. In the second part, I present seven ‚strategies of commemoration' (Documenting, Interpreting, Investigating, Exhibiting of fragmentarized Memories, Swearing/staging of Trauma, Drawing of Genealogies, Reading in Landscapes), which the authors use in Literature (and Art) to represent the expulsion. The third part focuses finally on the problem of intercultural translation of memories, its shareability and the inner dialogism. The constant line of the analysis is the irreductibility of connection of memory and forgetting, which underline each other from the level of text to the level of memory politic.

To understand more about the neural underpinnings for leading and following is the driving force behind this thesis. To do so, there is a need to study leading and following on a basic level. For study I, an fMRI study of neuronal reactivity during leading and following, a minimal model was developed to study leader and follower behavior in a standardized way. This model uses finger tapping of rhythms representing the core of the interactions during leading and following. Participants are invited to both lead and follow, and no expertise is expected. The status difference between the leader and follower is not a part of the model. Data collection is made in Japan, and most of the analyses are carried out in Sweden. In study II the Swedish Universities Scales of Personality is translated from Swedish to Japanese. Personality can be described as a crucial feature in a person’s social and emotional functioning; they are relatively stable over the course of a lifetime. Three dimensions representing personality facets probably relevant for leading and following are emotional stability, extraversion, and agreeableness. Study II resulted in SSPJ-11 with eleven reliable personality scales representing theses three facets relevant for leading and following. Study I presented an effective model to investigate leading and following during fMRI scanning. This model can be used with other designs for further brain imaging and behavior studies. From Study I, it became clear that the neuronal reactivation for leading and following largely overlap, with some specific differences in insular, temporal, and cerebellar reactivity. These results could be a first step towards a revealing the crucial components of neuro reactivations for leading and following.

This study explores the exchange of cultural information that takes place in the meeting between immigrant and non-immigrant characters in a selection of Australian novels focusing on the theme of migration: Heartland (1989) by Angelika Fremd, A Change of Skies (1991) by Yasmine Gooneratne, Stella’s Place (1998) by Jim Sakkas, Hiam (1998) by Eva Sallis and Love and Vertigo (2000) by Hsu-Ming Teo. The concept cultural translation functions as a theoretical tool in the analyses. The translation model is particularly useful for this purpose since it parallels the migration process and emphasises the power relations involved in cultural encounters. Within the framework of the study, cultural translation is defined as making an unfamiliar cultural phenomenon familiar to someone. On the intratextual level of the text, the characters take on roles as translators and interpreters and make use of certain tools such as storytelling and food to effect translation. On the extratextual level, Fremd, Gooneratne, Sakkas, Sallis and Teo represent cultural translation in the four thematic areas the immigrant child, storytelling, food and life crisis. The first theme, the immigrant child, examined in chapter one, explores the effects of using the immigrant child as translator in communication situations between immigrants and representatives of Australian public institutions. In these situations, the child becomes the adult’s interpreter of the Australian target culture. The role as translator entails other roles such as a link to and a shield against the Australian society and, as a result, traditional power relations are reversed. Chapter two analyses how the second theme, storytelling, is presented as an instrument for cultural education and cultural translation in the texts. Storytelling functions to transfer power relations and resistance from one generation to the next. Through storytelling, the immigrant’s hybrid identity is maintained because the connection to the source culture is strengthened, both for the storyteller and the listener. The third theme, food as a symbol of cultural identity and as representation of the source and target cultures, is explored in chapter three. Source and target food cultures are polarised in the novels, and through an acceptance or a rejection of food from the source or target cultures, the characters symbolically accept or reject a belonging to that particular cultural environment. A fusion between the source and target food cultures emphasises the immigrant characters’ cultural hybridity and functions as a strategic marketing of culturally specific elements during which a specific source culture is translated to a target consumer. Finally, the fourth theme, life crisis, is analysed in chapter four where it is a necessary means through which the characters experience a second encounter with Australia and Australians. While their first encounter with Australia traps the characters in a liminal space/phase that is signified by cultural distancing, the second encounter offers a desire and ability for cultural translation, an acceptance of cultural hybridity and the possibility to become translated beings – a state where the characters are able to translate back and forth between the source and target cultures.

L’œuvre de l’écrivain Moacyr Scliar témoigne de la transposition de son héritage culturel juif à sa création littéraire, créant un « entre-lieu » propice à la formation de représentations hybrides issues de sa double inscription identitaire : juive et brésilienne. Le présent travail se propose d’étudier les mécanismes de son univers hybride, comprenant autant la forme (hybridité générique) que le fond (hybridité culturelle) de dix-sept récits de fiction publiés entre 1968 et 2008. La première partie de cette étude s’attache à analyser la formation d’un espace judaïco-brésilien en mouvement constant et aussi la spécificité de ses représentations métamorphiques animales. La seconde partie, réservée au genre hybride des métafictions historiographiques, est consacrée à l’analyse des stratégies de traduction culturelle concernant le rapport entre personnages juifs et personnages historiques mythiques. Dans le troisième volet, nous proposons une réflexion sur l’évolution des pratiques intertextuelles bibliques, allant de l’ « impli-citation » à la parodie postmoderne. / The work of author Moacyr Scliar is a living testimony to the transposition of his Jewish cultural legacy to his literary creation, which gave life to a “place in between” favourable to the inception of hybrid representations coming from his twofold identity, Jewish and Brazilian. The present work intends to study the mechanisms of his hybrid world including both the form – generic hybridism – and the content – cultural hybridism – of seventeen fictional narratives published between 1968 and 2008. The first part of this study will analyse the formation of a Judeo-Brazilian space which is in constant motion but also the specificity of its animal metamorphic representations. The second chapter is devoted to the hybrid type of historiographic metafictions and to the scrutiny of the strategies dealing with cultural translation in the case of mythical Jewish and historical characters and their relations. The third part proposes to reflect on the evolution of biblical intertextual practices, ranging from implicitation to postmodern parody.