My dissertation, The Question of Cross-Cultural Understanding in the Transcultural Travel Narratives about Post-1949 China, aims to intervene in the genre of travel writing and its critical scholarship by studying a flourishing but under-explored archive. Travel literature about (post-) Communist China is abundant and has been proliferating since 1979 when China began to implement its open-door policy. Yet its scholarship is surprisingly scanty. Meanwhile, in the field of travel literature studies, many critics read the genre as one that articulates Western imperialism, an archive where peoples and cultures are defined within conveniently maintained boundaries between home and abroad, West and non-West. Othersin the field of literary and cultural studies as well as other disciplineshave started to question the binary power relationship. However, some of this work may well reinforce the binary opposition, seeking only evidences of the travellers powerlessness in relation to the native; and some, conceiving travel only on a geographical plane, seems unable to transcend the dichotomy of home and abroad, East and West at a theoretical level. My project is committed to further interrogating the binarism constructed by the genre of travel and its scholarship. My intervention is not to argue who gets an upper hand in a hierarchical relationship, but to challenge the stability of the hierarchy by foregrounding the contingency and complexity of cross-cultural relationships. My dissertation engages with the key issue of cross-cultural understanding and explicates various modalities of the travellers interpretation of otherness. By reading Canadian journalist Jan Wong, geophysicist Jock Tuzo Wilson, US Peace Corps volunteer Peter Hessler, American anthropologist Hill Gates, and humanist geographer Yi-Fu Tuan, I examine the ways in which the Western traveller negotiates and interprets foreignness, and probe the consequences of transcultural interactions. The overall argument of my dissertationin dialogue with other scholarship in the fieldis that travel not only (re)produces cultural differences but also paradoxically engenders a cosmopolitan potential that recognizes but transcends them. / English

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Šiame darbe nagrinėjami subtitravimo kaip audiovizualaus vertimo metodo ypatumai. Darbo tikslas yra ištyrinėti dokumentinio filmo “Super Didelis Aš” (2004) kalbos ir materialisios kultūros perteikimą per subtitruotą filmo vertimą siekiant nustatyti vertimo procese vartojamas transformacijas ir klaidas. Teorinėje straipsnio dalyje apžvelgiami subtitravimo ypatumai, kultūrinio vertimo samprata, bei specifiniai materialiosios kultūros (maisto) aspektai. Emipirinėje darbo dalyje aprašoma tyrimo eiga ir metodai. Filmo vertimo analizė parodė jog dėl Anglų ir Lietuvių kalbų skirtumo, bei subtitravimo kaip audiovizualaus vertimo metodo ypatumai, apsprendė vertimo transformacijų vartoseną. / The aim of the thesis is to investigate the transference of language and material culture of the documentary film “Super Size Me” (2004) through the audiovisual translation method of subtitling in order to identify translation transformations used in the process of translation. Theoretical part of the work concentrates on the peculiarities of subtitling method, explores the notion of cultural translation and specific aspects of material culture, food culture in particular. The process of the research and methods are described in the empirical part of the work. The analysis of the film translation revealed, that the usage of the translation transformations was determined by the differences between English and Lithuanian languages as well as by the peculiarities of the subtitled text.

In December 2010, the National Post published an article discussing the rather costly enterprise of state-sanctioned official bilingualism in Canada. According to statistics provided by the Fraser Institute (2006), translation and interpretation represented 15% of the total federal government budget spending allocated to bilingualism, a cost that many Canadian commentators deemed “unnecessary.” Shifting demographics and diverse immigration flows (Census data, 2011) are also having a significant impact on Canada’s linguistic landscape, forcing policy-makers to consider whether the Official Languages Act (and thus translation) would benefit from innovative reform. Using this contextual backdrop as its main impetus, this dissertation argues that translation, as defined and practiced in Canada, needs to be broadened for a number of reasons, including accounting for technological advancements, for the increasingly web-based dissemination of translated materials, and for the reality of evolving markets. Tymoczko (2008) has championed *translation as an open-cluster concept, a theoretical perspective that has found resonance in this project, given that the notion is the central premise upon which three additional conceptualizations (i.e. *translation sub-types) are founded. The first sub-type, intersemiotic translation, is explained at length and constitutes the focal point of the project. Instead of using a Peircean approach, the dissertation develops a model based on visual social semiotics in order to facilitate the application of intersemiotic translation in not only professional settings but research contexts as well. The second sub-type, cultural translation, builds on insights from the 1980s and 90s cultural turn, with a specific focus on the relationship between the representation of Canadian micro-cultures and intersemiotic translation. In other words, the effects of these translation processes will also be analyzed. Finally, civic translation is proposed as a third *translation sub-type, which offers a potential framework for multicultural management in democratic countries facing the challenges of globalization. A case study using content from the 2006-2008 debate surrounding reasonable accommodation—with specific attention given to the activities of the Consultation Commission on Accommodation Practices Related to Cultural Differences (also known as the Bouchard-Taylor Commission)—is woven through each chapter, illustrating all three sub-types of *translation. The case study provides compelling examples of why translation practices in Canada should move beyond verbal and state-sanctioned definitions. The novelty and contribution of this research project are manifold: it transcends traditional verbocentric approaches in TS; it responds to other scholars’ claims that there is a lack of case studies that involve text-image relationships and/or explore the role of translation in the news media in a Canadian context; it explores multimodality and its significance for TS in an era of increased Web presence; it showcases a Canadian case study; and, finally, it explores cultural representation through a translation-based framework.

In December 2010, the National Post published an article discussing the rather costly enterprise of state-sanctioned official bilingualism in Canada. According to statistics provided by the Fraser Institute (2006), translation and interpretation represented 15% of the total federal government budget spending allocated to bilingualism, a cost that many Canadian commentators deemed “unnecessary.” Shifting demographics and diverse immigration flows (Census data, 2011) are also having a significant impact on Canada’s linguistic landscape, forcing policy-makers to consider whether the Official Languages Act (and thus translation) would benefit from innovative reform. Using this contextual backdrop as its main impetus, this dissertation argues that translation, as defined and practiced in Canada, needs to be broadened for a number of reasons, including accounting for technological advancements, for the increasingly web-based dissemination of translated materials, and for the reality of evolving markets. Tymoczko (2008) has championed *translation as an open-cluster concept, a theoretical perspective that has found resonance in this project, given that the notion is the central premise upon which three additional conceptualizations (i.e. *translation sub-types) are founded. The first sub-type, intersemiotic translation, is explained at length and constitutes the focal point of the project. Instead of using a Peircean approach, the dissertation develops a model based on visual social semiotics in order to facilitate the application of intersemiotic translation in not only professional settings but research contexts as well. The second sub-type, cultural translation, builds on insights from the 1980s and 90s cultural turn, with a specific focus on the relationship between the representation of Canadian micro-cultures and intersemiotic translation. In other words, the effects of these translation processes will also be analyzed. Finally, civic translation is proposed as a third *translation sub-type, which offers a potential framework for multicultural management in democratic countries facing the challenges of globalization. A case study using content from the 2006-2008 debate surrounding reasonable accommodation—with specific attention given to the activities of the Consultation Commission on Accommodation Practices Related to Cultural Differences (also known as the Bouchard-Taylor Commission)—is woven through each chapter, illustrating all three sub-types of *translation. The case study provides compelling examples of why translation practices in Canada should move beyond verbal and state-sanctioned definitions. The novelty and contribution of this research project are manifold: it transcends traditional verbocentric approaches in TS; it responds to other scholars’ claims that there is a lack of case studies that involve text-image relationships and/or explore the role of translation in the news media in a Canadian context; it explores multimodality and its significance for TS in an era of increased Web presence; it showcases a Canadian case study; and, finally, it explores cultural representation through a translation-based framework.

In the novel Nublares, Antonio Pérez Henares presents a caveman who typifies the modern, fragmented subject. The protagonist, Ojo Largo, a hybrid child of various cultures, crosses the boundaries between those cultures and negotiates the in-between space as a cultural translator. The concept of the fragmented, hybrid self reflects modern cognitive science. Daniel Dennett's Multiple Drafts model of consciousness presents a fragmented self characterized by "disaggregated agency," a subject consisting of the center of gravity between disparate mental processes and accumulated "narratives." Taking this model as point of departure, this thesis finds a consensus between three novels of prehistory, recent paleoanthropological theory, and modern literary criticism on the cohesion of subjectivity, language, and culture. It then examines the fundamental obstacles that complicate translating between languages/cultures, proposing a new model of the translator as a kind of multicultural outcast who creates equivalence from the center of gravity between cultures.

An individual who converts from one religion to another undergoes a significant change in their worldview. Not only do they need to accept a new belief, but they also accept the changes that come along with it, such as a change in ethics and morals, rituals and acts of worship, and sometimes even in appearance. The convert is therefore expected to translate their previous worldview into a new one, thereby transforming their worldview and adding new aspects to their identity. Although other terms relating to various aspects and modes of cultural translation have been proposed in Translation Studies, such as “translation as transposition” and “translation as rewriting” as found in Conway (2012), we will soon see how converts fit neither of these categories, since they have neither migrated, nor do they require anyone else to translate their experiences on behalf of them between certain communities. To fill this gap in the research, a new term and theory has been proposed: translation as self-transformation. In order to analyze the newly proposed theory of translation as self-transformation, two main questions must be addressed: namely, what is translation as self-transformation, and how does translation as translation as self-transformation take place in the context of Canadian and American Muslim converts? To answer these questions, literature in relation to culture, identity, and worldview, as well as the notions of Bildung, and more specifically, alienation and appropriation, has been analyzed. Furthermore, research methodologies such as questionnaires and focus groups are employed in order to gather empirical data from Canadian and American Muslim converts regarding their thoughts on the notions of culture and identity, as well as how religion falls among them. Additionally, they are asked questions regarding their own conversions and, therefore, their own processes of translation as self-transformation. Furthermore, it is also possible to analyze the important and unique role that converts are able to play as mediators and cultural translators between communities, given their experience of having lived as part of both the non-Muslim and Muslim communities in Canada and America. The findings of the research then suggest that converts do indeed undergo a process of translation as self-transformation. Furthermore, they are able to act as mediators and cultural translators between the non-Muslim and Muslim communities. However, their ability to translate effectively depends on two factors: 1) that they neither alienate their own culture nor appropriate another culture; and 2) that the community that they translate for is willing to be receptive of such a translation. Such work may pave the way for future research on topics such as islamophobia in the West and how improved translation between the two communities may lead to establishing a better understanding and appreciation between both communities.

Desde o início do século XX a música brasileira tem sido palco de discussões e negociações sobre a identidade nacional. Em diferentes momentos históricos, tensões ideológicas e projetos identitários produziram usos variados dos idiomas português e inglês, refletindo correntes de nacionalismo acirrado e outras vezes de abertura à influência estrangeira. No decorrer do século XX, a música tornou-se uma das mais importantes manifestações artísticas brasileiras no mundo e um instrumento de difusão de nossa língua e cultura. Os mitos nacionais que se formaram ao longo de nossa história e que resultaram no atual imaginário do Brasil acabaram por gerar utopias que foram e são de interesse mundial. A música é, ainda hoje, vista como ferramenta para o aumento do poder brando do Brasil. Vemos aqui como os usos do par de idiomas português-inglês foi utilizado de forma a retratar o jogo de poder e as tensões identitárias junto ao público estrangeiro. As traduções de canções brasileiras, a criação de versões bilíngues como meio de divulgar a diversidade cultural brasileira, assim como o papel de mediadores culturais e seu potencial de transformação das relações com o estrangeiro, também são discutidos neste trabalho / Since the early 20th century, Brazilian music has been the stage for discussions and negotiations on national identity. At different historical moments, ideological tensions and identity projects produced different uses of the Portuguese and English languages in music, either reflecting a fierce nationalism or else some openness to the influence of the foreign other. Along the 20th century, Brazilian music became one of the most important artistic manifestations in the world and an instrument for the dissemination of our language and culture. Brazilian national myths generated throughout history and that contribute to the current image of Brazil, also helped create utopias that were and still are of global interest. Music is seen today, as a tool for increasing Brazilian soft power. This thesis draws on how Portuguese and English have been used in order to portray the power play and identity tensions with the foreign public. Translations of Brazilian songs, the creation of bilingual versions, the promotion of Brazilian cultural diversity, as well as the role of cultural mediators and the potential for transformation of foreign relations, are also discussed in this work

A obra mais emblemática do viajante do século XVI João Leão Africano, intitulada Della descrittione dell\'Africa et delle cose notabli che ivi sono, sugere a existência de duas racionalidades integradas: a árabe-islâmica e a europeia-latina. A presente tese busca identificar essas duas camadas de racionalidade no trabalho de João Leão Africano, mostrando que o século XVI produziu um conhecimento plural entre essas duas matrizes culturais, que se relacionavam intensamente no período do Renascimento. Seja pela perspectiva de conflito, pela interação cultural ou pela negociação comercial entre povos cristãos e muçulmanos, o Norte da África e o Mediterrâneo se consolidaram no século XVI como espaços simbióticos. Esses elementos conjunturais, combinados à trajetória pessoal de João Leão Africano e sua relação com o Papa Leão X, moldaram sua visão sobre a África por meio de uma concepção fluida e intersticial do continente. A reflexão sobre o mundo moderno do referido viajante é reforçada pela formação de um padrão de pensamento definido por conceitos como: astúcia, tradução cultural, Fortuna, vergonha, incerteza, e fluidez civilizacional. / The most representative work of the sixteenth century traveler Leo Africanus, entitled Della descrittione dell\'Africa et delle cose che notabli ivi sono, suggests the existence of two intertwined rationalities: the Arab-Islamic and the European-Latin. This research seeks to identify these two layers of rationality in the work of Leo Africanus, showing that the sixteenth century produced plural knowledge between these two cultural sources, intensely connected during the Renaissance. Either from the perspective of conflict, of the cultural interaction or of the commercial negotiation between Christian and Muslim peoples, North Africa and the Mediterranean developed in the sixteenth century as symbiotic spaces. These circumstantial elements, combined with the personal path of Leo Africanus, and his relationship with Pope Leo X, shaped his view of Africa through a fluid and interstitial conception of the continent. Leo Africanus idea about the modern world is strengthened by a thought pattern raised and defined by concepts such as cunning, cultural translation, Fortuna, shame, uncertainty, and civilization fluidity.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:14:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lilian Crepaldi de Oliveira Ayala.pdf: 29419470 bytes, checksum: 18e1e1928c13658f37d8b83c6ae185e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The thesis investigation aims to explain how is the cultural translation of migration processes on the pages of Raízes magazine, produced by Pro-Memory São Caetano do Sul Foundation (SP). The study s object is the various types of texts in the magazine (reporting, academic papers, profiling, stories of locals and workers, essays and poetry). The corpus of analysis and interpretation were the 49 editions of the publication, and the period of analysis was from 1989, when the first issue was released, to the July 2014. Regarding the specific objectives, we attempted to: 1) To describe how occur the various forms of cultural translation in the pages of the magazine; 2) Pointing in which institutional and social environments take place these translations; and 3) Showing how the Raízes magazine features migration and migrants and their descendants. The methodological strategies were: as the survey data, the study was qualitative; regarding the objectives, was exploratory; the sources for data acquisition, the study was bibliographical and empirical, with the critical analysis of the publication. The empirical part was divided into: descriptive phase of the object, interviews with administrators, publishers, journalists and contributors and texts analysis based on the concepts of Cultural Studies and Semiotics of Russian culture. The the research problem raised was: What are the possibilities of cultural translation of migration processes by Raízes magazine? We started from the following hypotheses: 1 The magazine selects the roles played by the worker of Italian origin rather than the representatives of other cultural groups, which culminates in a the construction of a dominant and official memory; 2 Eurocentric thinking prevails in the magazine; 3 - Organizational culture and the public system characteristics of the city of São Caetano do Sul affect, directly or indirectly, in the definition of guidelines, the angles of the reporting and the editing process; 4 The most frequent collaborators have their texts chosen most by the reputation in the city than by textual or editorial merits; 5- The magazine does not have a clearly defined editorial line and the direction of texts and guidelines change according to the city administration, which does not always follow journalistic criteria as news values. The theoretical basis was supported in these themes: culture and semiosphere, half-breed code, interculturality, cultural translation, memory, imaginary and relationship between migration and development. We conclude that, after a quarter century, the Raízes magazine ended up valorizing more the memories and traditions of various cultural groups who have built the city, not just the Italian group. It was also shown that the Pro-Memory Foundation, through its official publication, contributes significantly to the preservation of local memory and, at the same time, builds a collective and half-breed mosaic of knowledges and stories / A tese teve como objetivo geral explicar como ocorre a tradução cultural dos processos migratórios nas páginas da revista Raízes, produzida pela Fundação Pró- Memória de São Caetano do Sul (SP). O objeto de estudo constitui-se nos diferentes tipos de textos da revista (reportagens, artigos acadêmicos, perfis, narrativas de moradores e trabalhadores, crônicas e poesias). O corpus de análise e interpretação foram as 49 edições da publicação, e o período de análise foi de 1989, data do primeiro exemplar, a julho de 2014. Como objetivos específicos, buscou-se: 1) Descrever como ocorrem as diferentes formas de tradução cultural nas páginas da revista; 2) Apontar em quais contextos institucionais e sociais ocorrem essas traduções; e 3) Mostrar de que forma a revista Raízes apresenta as migrações e os migrantes e seus descendentes. As estratégicas metodológicas foram: quanto aos dados de pesquisa, o estudo foi qualitativo; em relação aos objetivos, exploratório; quanto às fontes para obtenção de dados, o estudo foi bibliográfico e empírico, com a análise crítica da publicação. A parte empírica foi dividida em: fase descritiva do objeto, entrevistas com gestores, editores, jornalistas e colaboradores e análise dos textos a partir dos conceitos dos Estudos Culturais e da Semiótica Russa da cultura. O problema de pesquisa levantado foi: Quais são as possibilidades de tradução cultural dos processos migratórios pela revista Raízes? Partiu-se das seguintes hipóteses: 1- A revista seleciona os papéis desempenhados pelo trabalhador de origem italiana em detrimento de representantes de outros grupos culturais, o que culmina numa construção de uma memória dominante e oficial; 2- O pensamento eurocêntrico prevalece na revista; 3 - A cultura organizacional e as especificidades do sistema público da cidade de São Caetano do Sul interferem, direta ou indiretamente, na definição de pautas, na angulação das reportagens e no processo de edição; 4- Os colaboradores mais assíduos da publicação têm seus textos escolhidos mais pela fama na cidade do que por méritos textuais ou editoriais; 5- A revista não apresenta uma linha editorial bem definida e o direcionamento de textos e pautas muda de acordo com a administração municipal, o que nem sempre segue critérios jornalísticos como valores-notícia. A fundamentação teórica esteve apoiada nos temas: cultura e semiosfera, mestiçagem cultural, interculturalidade, tradução cultural, memória, imaginário e relação entre migração, cidades e desenvolvimento. Concluiu-se que, após um quarto de século, a revista Raízes passou a valorizar mais as lembranças e as tradições de diferentes grupos culturais que construíram a cidade, e não apenas o grupo italiano. Mostrou-se também que a Fundação Pró- Memória, por meio de sua publicação oficial, contribui de forma significativa para a preservação da memória local e, ao mesmo tempo, constrói um mosaico coletivo e mestiço de saberes e histórias