This is a study of the New Zealand English curriculums, 1969-1996. The study is organised around three phases of reform: the initial changes made to the teaching of English in the first three years of secondary school; the later reform of the senior-school English syllabus; the more recent development of an integrated national curriculum statement for the teaching of English. These reforms are charted in a narrative fashion, although the thesis does not purport to be a full history of English teaching in the period under review. Instead, the various developments and changes to English teaching in New Zealand secondary schools, during a thirty year period, are contextualised under the interpretative paradigm: the management of knowledge. It is argued herein that knowledge, and, in this case, the subject English, has been managed - consciously and unconsciously - in the interests of dominant socio-cultural and socio-economic groups. I aver that even alleged progressive developments in the pedagogy of classroom life have been routinised in the curriculum statements. Consequently, there has been an official sanctioning of established or conservative perspectives on the way English language and literature should be taught, thus often denying the emancipatory themes of respect for the human subject and human agency. My contention is advanced and supported through a careful examination of the curriculum text discourses, and, in several instances, through an examination of the transmission process from the draft statement to the published statement. I am therefore able to argue that the English curriculums must be understood as part of wider social and political processes: the curriculums are produced, managed and reproduced. The influences of the social environment and, in particular, the ideological struggle between State and society, are to be found in the English teaching discourse. This notion is captured in the subtitle of the study: text and context. The thesis concludes with a brief, personal reflection on how an English curriculum might be theorised so that it does not impose on students a definition of reality that declares the values and symbols of the social elites. I assert that an understanding of discourse, or the discourses of knowledge, can provide a way forward for the theorising of the subject English.

Tourism is an important and growing activity in the world. It produces significant impacts not only on businesses and the economy, but also on people and the planet. Tourism education at university level has grown just as rapidly as its target phenomenon. However, a vocationalist orthodoxy, focusing predominantly on business and the economy, is evident in the emerging curricula. Recent curriculum proposals in the tourism literature describe partial framings that legitimate this vocationalist trend. This thesis addresses concerns about what should be taught. Its initial review of methodological approaches to the design of the tourism curriculum finds that a philosophical approach to the problem is lacking. It therefore adopts such a philosophical approach and initially situates the curriculum amidst its related concepts of tourism and tourism knowledge. Here, the frill possible extent of, and contest for, the curriculum is revealed. Different types of knowledge, and alternative ideas of tourism compete for representation in the curriculum. Partial framings leave significant areas of the tourism world underrepresented in the curriculum. The thesis proposes principles for the ordering of a comprehensive curriculum for tourism higher education. The framework proposed comprises four key domains where vocational action is complemented by vocational reflection, liberal reflection and liberal action. The tourism world in which graduates are prepared for action is thereby extended from a narrow business setting to include tourism's wider society. This framework enables the case to be made, and the content outlined, for a tourism higher education which educates philosophic practitioners. These would be graduates who deliver efficient and effective tourism services whilst at the same discharging the role of stewardship for the development of the wider tourism world in which these services are delivered.

The study is a comparison of junior college plastics curriculums in Dallas, Tarrant, and surrounding counties and the requirements of the reinforced plastics industry in the Dallas-Fort Worth area.

Orientador: Rosângela de Almeida Doin / Banca: Samira Peduti Kahil / Banca: Tomoko Iyda Paganelli / Resumo: A análise efetuada neste estudo, a respeito dos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCN) e dos livros didáticos de Geografia com maior adoção no Brasil, veio confirmar esses documentos como agentes do sistema de ensino que falham na transposição de conteúdos oriundos da esfera científica para a esfera escolar. É por meio do processo de "transposição didática" que o objeto de saber científico transforma-se em objeto de ensino, tendo sido esse o principal foco da presente investigação. Assim, o que se procurou neste estudo foi, primeiramente, apreender o significado teórico acadêmico empregado ao conceito de território - conceito-chave na ciência geográfica - e , em um segundo momento, analisá-lo como um dos conteúdos a serem ensinados em Geografia no Ensino Fundamental, propostos pelos PCN e pelos livros didáticos. Para tanto, utilizou-se como método de investigação o modelo de interpretação teórica da "transposição didática", assim como o exercício de "vigilância epistemológica", conceitos estabelecidos pelo matemático Yves Chevallard. / Abstract: The analysis effectuated in this study, about National Curricular Parameters (NCP) and the didactics Geography books with the most acceptance in Brazil, proved that these documents as agents of the study system that fail in transposition of contents arising from the scientific sphere to the school sphere. It is through the "didactic transposition" process that the object of the scientific knowledge transforms in object of teaching, being this the main focus of the present investigation. Therefore, what was searched in this study was, firstly, to apprehend the academic theoretical meaning employed in the concept of territory - key-concept in the geographical science - and, later in time, analyse it as one of the contents to be taught in Geography in Elementary School, proposed by NCP and by the didactics books. To confirm this, a model of theoretical interpretation of "didactic transposition" was used as a method of investigation, as well as the exercise of the "epistemological vigilance", concepts set up by mathematician Yves Chevallard. / Mestre

Notre objet d’étude est le compagnonnage. C’est une institution séculaire de formation professionnelle, inscrite en 2010 sur la liste représentative du patrimoine culturel immatériel de l’humanité par l’UNESCO. Notre projet aborde la formation professionnelle initiale prise en charge par des formateurs compagnons. Trois niveaux sont articulés dans notre étude : l’histoire, les curriculums et les phénomènes de transmission.Un premier niveau qualifié de « macro-analyse historique » renvoie à une analyse historique et questionne les territoires des compagnons (toutes sociétés confondues) dans l’histoire de l’enseignement technique et professionnel. Nous utilisons une méthodologie de revue de littérature croisée pour considérer l’histoire des compagnonnages en fonction de celle de l’enseignement technique et professionnel. Nous caractérisons trois périodes marquées par des changements d’organisations territoriales pour les compagnons au sein de ce type d’enseignement.Un deuxième niveau nommé « méso-analyse curriculaire » se situe dans une perspective curriculaire et cherche à comprendre quelles sont les parts des curriculums prescrits et produits au sein d’une formation charpente en centre de formation (C.F.A.) compagnonnique rattaché à la Fédération Compagnonnique des Métiers du Bâtiment (F.C.M.B.). Nous choisissons les assemblages comme notion pour l’étude. Nous effectuons un repérage de cette notion au sein de curriculums prescrits qui prennent la forme de référentiels en charpente. Nous proposons ensuite une formalisation taxonomique basée sur la description des assemblages donnée par l’Encyclopédie des Métiers (1977). Nous effectuons enfin une mise à plat de la totalité de cette séquence de formation et proposons une visualisation de curriculums produits. En résultat, nous proposons le terme « curriculum public » pour rendre compte des curriculums qui sont accessibles aux observateurs extérieurs (« publics ») par rapport à ceux qui sont « cachés par occultation » (Forquin, 2008, p. 14). Nous montrons en outre que ce terrain permet de parler de curriculums produits au pluriel. En effet, la grande place laissée au travail en autonomie permet l’individualisation des rythmes de travail des apprentis.Un troisième niveau qualifié de « micro-analyse des interactions » cherche à quantifier et qualifier les phénomènes de transmission à l’œuvre dans ce même C.F.A. ; et les valeurs que véhicule cette transmission. Nous employons les catégories construites par Vadcard (2013) – type de phrase, type de contenu, sens de l’interaction – et ajoutons celle de la durée des phénomènes, pour caractériser les phénomènes de transmission qui se déroulent dans la salle de dessin et l’atelier entre un formateur et ses apprentis. Trois phénomènes principaux se dégagent en résultat : la dialectique des questions et réponses, l’observation et la rétroaction médiée et enfin l’interaction à l’initiative du formateur. Enfin grâce à notre connaissance du terrain à partir des trois niveaux d’analyse, nous identifions certaines valeurs véhiculées par les formateurs. Nous proposons une illustration de certaines de ces valeurs professionnelles transmises par le formateur compagnon dans les interactions.Le compagnonnage est étudié en tant qu’institution de formation professionnelle au niveau du lien entre ses territoires et ses structures (niveau de la macro-analyse historique) ainsi qu’à celui des curriculums de formation prescrits et produits (niveau de la méso-analyse curriculaire) pour aboutir à celui des phénomènes de transmission mis en œuvre et des valeurs repérables dans certains extraits (niveau de la micro-analyse des interactions). En combinant différents niveaux d’analyse, nous contribuons à la compréhension de la nature et du fonctionnement des processus d’enseignement et d’apprentissage qui sont à l’œuvre sur ce terrain. Ces trois niveaux d’analyse se complètent pour approcher la complexité du terrain compagnonnique. / Our object of study is Compagnonnage (French for Journeymen). It is a secular institution of vocational training inscribed on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of UNESCO. Our project addresses initial vocational training as accomplished by trainer Compagnons. Three levels are articulated in our study: history, curriculums and transmission phenomena.The first level, named "historical macro-analysis", involves a historical analysis and questions the territories of the Compagnons (all societies taken together) in the history of technical and vocational education. We use a cross-literature review methodology to consider the history of Compagnonnages with respect to technical and vocational education. We characterize three periods marked by changes of territorial organizations for Compagnons in this type of education.A second level, called "curricular meso-analysis", adopts a curricular perspective and seeks to understand the parts of curriculums, both prescribed and produced, within a French compagnons’ training center for carpenters (named CFA, “Centre de Formation d’Apprentis”) associated to the FCMB, the “Fédération Compagnonnique des Métiers du Bâtiment” (Federation of Journeymen in the Building Trade). We select assemblies as a concept and track it within prescribed curriculums which take the form of a referential in carpentry. We then propose a taxonomic formalization based on the description of assemblies in the Encyclopedia of Crafts (1977). Finally, we conduct a complete review of a whole training sequence and construct a visualization of produced curriculums. As a result, we propose the term "public curriculum" to reflect the fact that some curriculums are accessible to outsiders ("public") compared to those "hidden by occultation" (Forquin, 2008, p. 14, our translation). We further show that this field allows us to talk about produced curriculums in plural. Indeed, the large place conferred to autonomous activity enables individualization of the apprentices’ work rhythms.A third level, called "interaction micro-analysis", seeks to quantify and to qualify transmission phenomena in the same training center; and the values this transmission vehicles. We use the duration of phenomena in addition to the categories constructed by Vadcard (2013) – sentence type, content type, direction of interaction – to characterize transmission phenomena taking place in the drawing room and workshop between a trainer and his apprentices. Three main phenomena emerge as a result of quantification: dialectic of question and answer, observation and mediated feedback, and finally trainer-initiated interaction. Finally, due to our study of the field at all three levels, we were able to identify certain values promoted by the trainers. We offer an illustration of some of these professional values conveyed by the Compagnon trainer in the interaction with the apprentices.We studied Compagnonnage as a training institution through articulating its territories and its structures (level of historical macro-analysis) as well as through identification of prescribed and produced training curriculums (level of curricular meso-analysis) to result in the description of actually occurring transmission phenomena and of the values conveyed (level of interaction micro-analysis). By combining different levels of analysis, we contribute to the study of the nature and functioning of teaching and learning processes in this field. These three levels are complementary in reaching understanding of the complexity of Compagnonnage.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-07-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:15:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 boligian_l_me_rcla.pdf: 335648 bytes, checksum: 1d5deca1b12fe364b896a93fc84d5322 (MD5) / A análise efetuada neste estudo, a respeito dos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCN) e dos livros didáticos de Geografia com maior adoção no Brasil, veio confirmar esses documentos como agentes do sistema de ensino que falham na transposição de conteúdos oriundos da esfera científica para a esfera escolar. É por meio do processo de transposição didática que o objeto de saber científico transforma-se em objeto de ensino, tendo sido esse o principal foco da presente investigação. Assim, o que se procurou neste estudo foi, primeiramente, apreender o significado teórico acadêmico empregado ao conceito de território - conceito-chave na ciência geográfica - e , em um segundo momento, analisá-lo como um dos conteúdos a serem ensinados em Geografia no Ensino Fundamental, propostos pelos PCN e pelos livros didáticos. Para tanto, utilizou-se como método de investigação o modelo de interpretação teórica da transposição didática, assim como o exercício de vigilância epistemológica, conceitos estabelecidos pelo matemático Yves Chevallard. / The analysis effectuated in this study, about National Curricular Parameters (NCP) and the didactics Geography books with the most acceptance in Brazil, proved that these documents as agents of the study system that fail in transposition of contents arising from the scientific sphere to the school sphere. It is through the didactic transposition process that the object of the scientific knowledge transforms in object of teaching, being this the main focus of the present investigation. Therefore, what was searched in this study was, firstly, to apprehend the academic theoretical meaning employed in the concept of territory - key-concept in the geographical science - and, later in time, analyse it as one of the contents to be taught in Geography in Elementary School, proposed by NCP and by the didactics books. To confirm this, a model of theoretical interpretation of didactic transposition was used as a method of investigation, as well as the exercise of the epistemological vigilance, concepts set up by mathematician Yves Chevallard.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Minha tese teve como base a busca de imagens de mulheres negras, para tentar contar uma história, aquela que aparece em álbuns e histórias para jovens e crianças. Essas imagens me indicam possibilidades para a aplicação da Lei n 10.639/3. Nesses espaçostempos tão plurais, repletos de cores, identidades e significados podemos trabalhar de uma maneira simples seguindo um currículo único? A tese principal da minha pesquisa é buscar entender a importância dessas publicações que crescem significativamente em nosso país, nos últimos anos, em práticas curriculares possíveis. Esse aumento de produções de álbuns, conjugado a uma forte vertente editorial visando à publicação de literatura que resgata a história da África, reforçado por uma linha voltada para o público infanto-juvenil se relaciona à expansão de ações de movimentos sociais, relacionados à igualdade social de negros. Tudo isto reforçou a necessidade de um comprometimento governamental, através de leis, decretos e reformas educacionais. Desse modo pesquisei, utilizando esse material, buscando compreender sua importância para a discussão da questão da educação étnico-cultural e racial e na desconstrução social do preconceito e da discriminação racial direcionados à população negra. Nossa base teórica se encontra em Stuart Hall, Franz Fanon, Kabenguele Munanga, Nilma Gomes, Raul Lody, Nilda Alves, Michel de Certeau, Boris Kossoy, Arlindo Machado, Armando Silva, entre outros tantos. / My thesis was based on the search for images of black women, in order to try to tell a story, one that appears in albums and stories for teenagers and children. These images suggest to me a number of possibilities for applying Law No. 10.639/3. In these space-times that are so plural and so full of colors, identities and meanings, is it possible for us to work in a simple way following a single curriculum? The main thesis of my research has been to try to understand the importance of these publications, which have, in recent years become increasingly prevalent in our country, in relation to possible curricular practices. This increase in the production of albums, combined with a strong editorial bias towards the publication of literature that revives African history, and reinforced by a line aimed at the child/teen audience, is related to the expansion of initiatives by social movements aimed at social equality for black people. All this has reinforced the need for a commitment by government, in the form of laws, decrees and educational reforms. Thus I researched, using this material, trying to understand its importance to the debate over the issue of ethnic-cultural and racial education and to the social dismantling of prejudice and racial discrimination aimed at the black population. Our theoretical foundations are based on Stuart Hall, Franz Fanon, Kabenguele Munanga, Nilma Gomes, Raul Lody, Nilda Alves, Michel de Certeau, Boris Kossoy, Arlindo Machado, Armando Silva, among many others.

<p>Behörighetskrav inför</p><p>gymnasial yrkesutbildning -</p><p>vem innesluts och vem utesluts?</p><p>Kjell Lundberg</p><p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Bakgrunden till mitt valda ämne är att jag arbetar på ett fordonstekniskt PRIV program. Elever</p><p>som går detta program har inte blivit antagna till ett nationellt program på grund av behörighetskraven</p><p>i Lpf-94. Flera av dessa elever skulle klara karaktärsämnena på ett nationellt program,</p><p>men skulle ha stora svårigheter i kärnämnena, även med extra hjälp.</p><p>De läroplansutredningar och behörighetskrav som jag har studerat är för: 1955 års yrkesskolreform,</p><p>Lgy-70, Lpf-94 och SOU 2008:27 Framtidsvägen – en reformerad gymnasieskola (förslag</p><p>till gymnasiereform GY-10).</p><p>Syftet med studien:</p><p>• Hur ser behörighetskraven till yrkesutbildning ut i de olika läroplanerna?</p><p>• Vad är tankarna bakom läroplanerna?</p><p>• Hur kan kraven i utredningarna till läroplanerna ses i ljuset av perspektiv på kunskap?</p><p>Metoden jag har använt mig av är en dokumentstudie och kunskapsbegreppet används som</p><p>teoretiskt perspektiv.</p><p>Studien börjar med en historisk utblick på yrkesutbildningar. Den fortsätter sedan med en</p><p>förklaring av syftet med läroplaner och framarbetningsstrategier av läroplaner.</p><p>Resultaten av min studie är: Med 1955 års yrkesskolreform flyttades yrkesutbildningen in i</p><p>skolmiljö. De två huvudargumenten till detta var att statsmakten ville göra det möjligt att fostra</p><p>ungdomar till demokratiska medborgare och man såg inte hur arbetsmarknaden skulle hinna</p><p>med att utbilda lärlingar.</p><p>Lgy-70 har de generösaste antagningsvillkoren. I denna läroplan blev nästan alla ungdomar</p><p>antagna till yrkesutbildning förutom att det fanns chans att bli antagen under fri kvot. Den fria</p><p>kvoten öppnade dörren för bl.a. ungdomar med utländskt utbildning och sökande som på grund</p><p>av handikapp inte kunnat uppnå full behörighet.</p><p>Lpf-94 är unik på det sättet, att det var första gången kärnämnesbetyg från grundskolan användes</p><p>som behörighetskrav till yrkeslinjerna. Samtliga program blev treåriga och gemensamma</p><p>kärnämnen infördes.</p><p>Gymnasieutredningen SOU 2008:27 (GY-10) föreslår en tydlig skärpning av behörighetskraven</p><p>för yrkesprogrammen. Utredaren föreslår minst godkänt i åtta kärnämnen, i jämförelse</p><p>med dagens tre. Nu är cirkeln sluten vad gäller yrkeskunskaperna. Utredaren föreslår vidare en</p><p>yrkesexamen, som ger en erkänd kompetens i yrket och med en komplimenterande lärlingsutbildning</p><p>till yrkesprogrammen. Nu hoppas utredarna att arbetsmarknaden skall ha kapacitet att</p><p>utbilda lärlingar, som man inte var övertygad om arbetsmarknaden hade på 50-talet.</p><p>Vidare resultat av min studie ger vid handen följande: Det källmaterial till läroplanerna jag</p><p>har analyserat har använt i stort sett samma argument till att ändra läroplanerna. Näringslivet</p><p>vill ha förändring t.ex. bättre yrkeskunskaper och statsmakten vill försäkra sig om en bred medborgarfostran</p><p>tillsammans med en möjlighet för individen att senare i livet genomgå kompetensutveckling</p><p>och högskolestudier.</p><p>Abstract</p><p>The decision to select this particular content of my thesis was due to my present occupation as a</p><p>teacher attached to a vehicle mechanics “PRIV” programme (reduced national program). Students</p><p>who participate in this programme have been excluded from the national programme due</p><p>to the criteria of admittance in Lpf-94. Several of these students would pass the trade subjects at</p><p>the national programme, but encounter difficulties with the basic subjects, in spite of added</p><p>support.</p><p>I have scrutinized the following curriculum proposals and admittance rules for: 1955 Trade</p><p>School Reform, Lgy-70, Lpf-94 and SOU 2008:27 Framtidsvägen – en reformerad gymnasieskola</p><p>(the current proposal to a new Upper Secondary School Reform, GY-10). The hypothesis</p><p>of my study is to find answers to the following questions:</p><p>• What rules of admittance applies to Vocational Schools in the different Curriculums?</p><p>• What is the basic content of thoughts behind the different Curriculums?</p><p>• How do the demands for in the proposals of the curriculums meet the conceptions of</p><p>knowledge in perspective?</p><p>The method used is a literature study and conception of knowledge is used as the theoretical</p><p>perspective.</p><p>The literature study commences with a historical retrospection of vocational training. From</p><p>there it elaborates on the purpose of curriculums and the design strategies of same.</p><p>The conclusion of my thesis is: The 1955 Reform of the trade school established the vocational</p><p>training within the existing educational training system, due to the desire from the government</p><p>to avail the possibilities in bringing up young people as responsible and democraticly</p><p>aware citizens. There was also a fear that the market did not have the capacity to train enough</p><p>trainees.</p><p>Lgy-70 has got the most generous admittance conditions. The authorities at that time realised</p><p>the importance of that education above elementary school level was availed to everybody. Even</p><p>in the case of not being born in Sweden or being a handicapped student.</p><p>Lpf-94 is unique in the following way: It introduced restrictions to enrol to the Upper Secondary</p><p>School (vocational school). All programmes became three years and all students studied</p><p>the same basic subjects.</p><p>The proposal which forms GY-10 reinforces the trend of restrictions to enrol to the Upper</p><p>Secondary School. At the same time this proposal is back to the 1955 Trade School ambition of</p><p>acquiring final trade skill. An apprenticeship as a complement to the in-house training is proposed</p><p>and further, now, the researchers are hopeful that the market shall have the capacity to</p><p>train trainees, contrary to what the researchers believed in the fifties.</p><p>Finally, all the proposals to curriculums have used the same argument to the content of the</p><p>curriculums. The business environment demands a change and the authorities will ensure a</p><p>broad civil obedience, together with a possibility for the citizen to study at the next level.</p>

Behörighetskrav inför gymnasial yrkesutbildning - vem innesluts och vem utesluts? Kjell Lundberg Sammanfattning Bakgrunden till mitt valda ämne är att jag arbetar på ett fordonstekniskt PRIV program. Elever som går detta program har inte blivit antagna till ett nationellt program på grund av behörighetskraven i Lpf-94. Flera av dessa elever skulle klara karaktärsämnena på ett nationellt program, men skulle ha stora svårigheter i kärnämnena, även med extra hjälp. De läroplansutredningar och behörighetskrav som jag har studerat är för: 1955 års yrkesskolreform, Lgy-70, Lpf-94 och SOU 2008:27 Framtidsvägen – en reformerad gymnasieskola (förslag till gymnasiereform GY-10). Syftet med studien: • Hur ser behörighetskraven till yrkesutbildning ut i de olika läroplanerna? • Vad är tankarna bakom läroplanerna? • Hur kan kraven i utredningarna till läroplanerna ses i ljuset av perspektiv på kunskap? Metoden jag har använt mig av är en dokumentstudie och kunskapsbegreppet används som teoretiskt perspektiv. Studien börjar med en historisk utblick på yrkesutbildningar. Den fortsätter sedan med en förklaring av syftet med läroplaner och framarbetningsstrategier av läroplaner. Resultaten av min studie är: Med 1955 års yrkesskolreform flyttades yrkesutbildningen in i skolmiljö. De två huvudargumenten till detta var att statsmakten ville göra det möjligt att fostra ungdomar till demokratiska medborgare och man såg inte hur arbetsmarknaden skulle hinna med att utbilda lärlingar. Lgy-70 har de generösaste antagningsvillkoren. I denna läroplan blev nästan alla ungdomar antagna till yrkesutbildning förutom att det fanns chans att bli antagen under fri kvot. Den fria kvoten öppnade dörren för bl.a. ungdomar med utländskt utbildning och sökande som på grund av handikapp inte kunnat uppnå full behörighet. Lpf-94 är unik på det sättet, att det var första gången kärnämnesbetyg från grundskolan användes som behörighetskrav till yrkeslinjerna. Samtliga program blev treåriga och gemensamma kärnämnen infördes. Gymnasieutredningen SOU 2008:27 (GY-10) föreslår en tydlig skärpning av behörighetskraven för yrkesprogrammen. Utredaren föreslår minst godkänt i åtta kärnämnen, i jämförelse med dagens tre. Nu är cirkeln sluten vad gäller yrkeskunskaperna. Utredaren föreslår vidare en yrkesexamen, som ger en erkänd kompetens i yrket och med en komplimenterande lärlingsutbildning till yrkesprogrammen. Nu hoppas utredarna att arbetsmarknaden skall ha kapacitet att utbilda lärlingar, som man inte var övertygad om arbetsmarknaden hade på 50-talet. Vidare resultat av min studie ger vid handen följande: Det källmaterial till läroplanerna jag har analyserat har använt i stort sett samma argument till att ändra läroplanerna. Näringslivet vill ha förändring t.ex. bättre yrkeskunskaper och statsmakten vill försäkra sig om en bred medborgarfostran tillsammans med en möjlighet för individen att senare i livet genomgå kompetensutveckling och högskolestudier. Abstract The decision to select this particular content of my thesis was due to my present occupation as a teacher attached to a vehicle mechanics “PRIV” programme (reduced national program). Students who participate in this programme have been excluded from the national programme due to the criteria of admittance in Lpf-94. Several of these students would pass the trade subjects at the national programme, but encounter difficulties with the basic subjects, in spite of added support. I have scrutinized the following curriculum proposals and admittance rules for: 1955 Trade School Reform, Lgy-70, Lpf-94 and SOU 2008:27 Framtidsvägen – en reformerad gymnasieskola (the current proposal to a new Upper Secondary School Reform, GY-10). The hypothesis of my study is to find answers to the following questions: • What rules of admittance applies to Vocational Schools in the different Curriculums? • What is the basic content of thoughts behind the different Curriculums? • How do the demands for in the proposals of the curriculums meet the conceptions of knowledge in perspective? The method used is a literature study and conception of knowledge is used as the theoretical perspective. The literature study commences with a historical retrospection of vocational training. From there it elaborates on the purpose of curriculums and the design strategies of same. The conclusion of my thesis is: The 1955 Reform of the trade school established the vocational training within the existing educational training system, due to the desire from the government to avail the possibilities in bringing up young people as responsible and democraticly aware citizens. There was also a fear that the market did not have the capacity to train enough trainees. Lgy-70 has got the most generous admittance conditions. The authorities at that time realised the importance of that education above elementary school level was availed to everybody. Even in the case of not being born in Sweden or being a handicapped student. Lpf-94 is unique in the following way: It introduced restrictions to enrol to the Upper Secondary School (vocational school). All programmes became three years and all students studied the same basic subjects. The proposal which forms GY-10 reinforces the trend of restrictions to enrol to the Upper Secondary School. At the same time this proposal is back to the 1955 Trade School ambition of acquiring final trade skill. An apprenticeship as a complement to the in-house training is proposed and further, now, the researchers are hopeful that the market shall have the capacity to train trainees, contrary to what the researchers believed in the fifties. Finally, all the proposals to curriculums have used the same argument to the content of the curriculums. The business environment demands a change and the authorities will ensure a broad civil obedience, together with a possibility for the citizen to study at the next level.

The main goal of this study is to verify how teachers describe the differences between two school subjects Swedish as a first language and Swedish as a second language. Moreover, this investigation focuses on how the two curriculums differentiate from each other. The method that was chosen to carry out this qualitative  investigation was semi-structured interviews whith two teachers, who are presently teaching these two subjects. The results of this study conclude that there are no significant differences in the two curriculums. One of the most important difference that has been found was howewer that it is very important to continue improving the language, for example, conversation about different topics in the classroom, teaching the students in small groups and enhancing their vocabulary.  The findings and results of this study are in accordance with earlier research. Moreover, this study concludes, however, that the differences between the two curriculums of the two subjects named above are based on the methods that help students to improve their language development. / Hur lärare beskriver skillnaderna mellan de två skolämnena svenska och svenska som andraspråk och vad som skiljer kursplanerna i de bägge ämnena är frågor som fokuseras i denna undersökning. Studien är en kvalitativ studie och metoden som tillämpats i studien är semistrukturerade intervjuer av två legitimerade och erfarna lärare i båda ämnena. Resultatet av studien visar på uppfattningen att det råder få betydelsefulla skillnader mellan de båda läroplanerna för de två skolämnena. Den viktigaste skillnaden är dock uppfattningen att det är viktigt att arbeta språkutvecklande, till exempel genom samtal, undervisning i liten grupp och med fokus på att elever får utveckla sitt ordförråd. Studiens resultat står i korrelation med tidigare studiers resultat och forskning. Slutsatsen av denna studie är alltså att skillnaden mellan de två kursplanerna svenska och svenska som andraspråk ligger i vikten av att arbeta språkutvecklande/tillämpa språkutvecklande arbetssätt.