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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
131

APPLICATION DE LA RESONANCE PARAMAGNETIQUE ELECTRONIQUE A CHAMP INTENSE A L'ETUDE DE RADICAUX ORGANIQUES DANS LES METALLOPROTEINES

Dorlet, Pierre 17 November 2000 (has links) (PDF)
Les observations de radicaux organiques dans les enzymes et de leur implication dans les cycles catalytiques n'ont cessé de croître ces dernières années. La spectroscopie de résonance paramagnétique électronique (RPE) à champ intense est un outil de choix pour l'étude de radicaux organiques car elle permet de résoudre la faible anisotropie du tenseur g pour ces espèces paramagnétiques. Un spectromètre fonctionnant à 285 GHz / 10.5 teslas a été construit dans la Section de Bioénergétique du centre d'études du CEA de Saclay. Le travail présentée dans ce mémoire de thèse a porté sur l'application de la RPE à champ intense à l'étude de radicaux organiques présents dans le photosystème II, qui est l'enzyme de dégagement d'oxygène, ainsi que dans les composés I de deux peroxydases, la cytochrome c peroxydase et la prostaglandine synthase.<br />Le premier chapitre présente la technique de RPE à champ intense de façon générale et introduit l'instrumentation. Les aspects généraux du photosystème II utiles dans la suite du mémoire sont également présentés.<br />Le second chapitre montre comment les propriétés anisotropes du tenseur g ont été utilisées pour obtenir des informations structurales quant à l'orientation de radicaux organiques dans le photosystème II.<br />Les enzymes étudiées dans ce travail de thèse sont des métalloprotéines. Les situations de couplages magnétiques entre les centres métalliques et les radicaux organiques présents sont souvent rencontrées dans ces cas-là. Les chapitres 3 à 5 portent sur l'étude de tels systèmes couplés.<br />Le dernier chapitre présente des situations pour lesquelles l'étude des valeurs de g permet d'obtenir des informations sur l'environnement électrostatique du radical étudié. Cette propriété déjà connue pour les radicaux tyrosyles et semiquinones est étendue aux radicaux anions de phéophytines.
132

Mitochondrial protein assemblies: Biogenesis of the cytochrome c oxidase and mitophagic signaling complexes

Levchenko, Mariia 02 December 2015 (has links)
No description available.
133

Eletroquímica do citocromo C em filme nanoestruturado \"dendrímero-Pt\" ativado / Electrochemistry of cytochrome C in activated nanostructured film \"Pt-dendrimer\"

Razzino, Claudia do Amaral 27 September 2013 (has links)
Esta tese aborda a utilização de um filme fino nanoestruturado de dendrímero-Pt, eletroquimicamente ativado, no estudo da eletroquímica do citocromo C. O objetivo do estudo de proteínas redox em eletrodos é elucidar os mecanismos de transferência de elétrons das proteínas que estão envolvidas em processos redox biológicos, como a fotossíntese e a cadeia respiratória, e a exploração de enzimas redox para o desenvolvimento de biossensores eletroquímicos, células de biocombustíveis e aplicações em nanotecnologia. Antecedendo o processo de imobilização de biomoléculas, é preciso desenvolver eletrodos que facilitem transferências eletrônicas e não interfiram nas propriedades biológicas das biomoléculas a serem imobilizadas. Esta meta tem guiado pesquisadores na busca de um sistema ideal. Nesta busca, sistemas baseados em eletrodos modificados com materiais nanoestruturados (MNEs) têm sido aplicados. Nesta tese, para a obtenção dos eletrodos modificados com o hibrido dendrímero-Pt, primeiramente, foram sintetizadas as nanopartículas de Pt (NPsPt) encapsuladas no dendrímero poli(amidoamina) (PAMAM) pela redução química dos íons Pt encapsulados nas cavidades do PAMAM. A reação de complexação foi acompanhada por espectroscopia de absorção na região do UV-Vis (UV-Vis) e o encapsulamento foi investigado por espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier. As NPsPt encapsuladas em PAMAM (PAMAM-Pt) foram caracterizadas por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. O híbrido PAMAM-Pt foi utilizado na obtenção de filmes automontados layer-by-layer sobre substrato de ITO. O tempo que o eletrodo deve ficar imerso na suspensão de PAMAM-Pt para que se forme uma camada e o número de camadas de PAMAM-Pt, intercaladas com camadas do poliânion poli(ácidovinilsulfônico), imobilizadas sobre o eletrodo de ITO, foram monitorados e determinados por voltametria cíclica (CV) e UV-Vis. Pela observação dos dados experimentais obtidos durante o processo de determinação do tempo de imersão e número de camadas, e levando-se em conta a importancia da obtenção de NPsPt com sítios eletrocatalíticos disponíveis para estudos e aplicações eletroquímicas, foi realizado um estudo sobre a ativação do eletrodo ITO/PAMAM-Pt por tratamento eletroquímico. A influencia deste tratamento na resposta eletroquímica dos eletrodos ITO/(PAMAM-Pt)n, para a reação de oxidação do hidrogênio adsorvido, foi investigada por CV e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica. O eletrodo ITO/PAMAM-Pt ativado eletroquimicamente foi utilizado nos estudos da eletroquímica do citocromo C (CytC) e o valor da constante de transferência de carga (ks) obtida pelo método de Laviron, foi 5,7 s-1, indicando que este eletrodo atua como um excelente dispositivo para a imobilização do CytC com excelente transferência de elétrons. A principal contribuição desta tese foi mostrar que, mediante tratamento eletroquímico, pode-se ativar e melhorar o desempenho de eletrodos modificados com membranas eletroativas de NPsPt encapsuladas em PAMAM. Também é possível obter eletrodos modificados com um filme nanoestruturado de PAMAM-Pt eletroquimicamente ativado, com excelente desempenho, economia de materiais, sem a necessidade de se produzir membranas com várias camadas e sem o uso de polieletrólitos que possam aumentar a resistência à transferência de elétrons e diminuir a eficiência do eletrodo. / This thesis discusses the use of a nanostructured thin film of dendrimer-Pt electrochemically activated, in the electrochemical study of cytochrome C. The objective of studying redox proteins at electrodes is to elucidate the mechanisms of electron transfer from the proteins that are involved in biological redox processes, such as photosynthesis and the respiratory chain, and the use of redox enzymes for the development of electrochemical biosensors, biofuel cells and applications in nanotechnology. Preceding the process of immobilization of biomolecules, it is necessary to develop electrodes that facilitate electronic transfers and which do not interfere with the biological properties of biomolecules to be immobilized. This goal has guided researchers in the search for an ideal system. In this quest, systems based on modified electrodes with nanostructured materials (MNEs) have been applied. In this thesis, platinum nanoparticles (NPsPt) encapsulated in the dendrimer poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) by chemical reduction of ions Pt encapsulated in the cavities of PAMAM were synthesized to obtain the electrodes modified with hybrid dendrimer-Pt. The complexation reaction was monitored by absorption spectroscopy in the UV visible region (UV-Vis) and the encapsulation was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The NPsPt encapsulated in PAMAM (PAMAM-Pt) were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The hybrid PAMAM-Pt was used to obtain self-assembled films by layer-by-layer on ITO substrate. The time that the electrode must be immersed in the suspension of PAMAM-Pt for a layer to be formed, and the number of layers of PAMAM-Pt interspersed with layers of polyanion poly(vinylsulfoniacid) immobilized on the ITO electrode were monitored and determined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and UV-Vis. By observing the experimental data obtained during the process of determining the immersion time and number of layers, and taking into account the importance of obtaining NPsPt with electrocatalytic sites available for studies and electrochemical applications, a study was conducted on the activation of the electrode ITO/PAMAM-Pt by electrochemical treatment. The influence of this treatment on the electrochemical response of electrodes ITO/(Pt-PAMAM)n, for the oxidation of adsorbed hydrogen, was investigated by CV and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electrode ITO/PAMAM-Pt electrochemically activated was used in the electrochemical studies of cytochrome C (CytC) and the value of the electron transfer constant (ks), obtained by the method of Laviron, was 5.7 s-1, indicating that this electrode acts as an excellent device for immobilizing the CytC with excellent electron transfer. The main contribution of this thesis was to show that, upon electrochemical treatment, it is possible to activate and improve the performance of electrodes modified with electroactive membranes of NPsPt encapsulated in PAMAM. It is also possible to obtain modified electrodes with a nanostructured film PAMAM-Pt electrochemically activated with excellent performance, economy of materials, without the need to produce membranes with several layers and without the use of polyelectrolytes that may increase resistance to electron transfer and decrease the efficiency of the electrode.
134

Desenvolvimento de metodologia para funcionalizar superfícies de ouro com biomoléculas. Construção de biosensor para detecção de citocromo c. / Development of methodology to functionalize gold surfaces with biomolecules. Construction of biosensor for detection of cytochrome c

Trolise, Rodrigo Matias 16 December 2010 (has links)
Neste trabalho estão apresentadas novas estratégias para funcionalizar superfícies de ouro baseadas na sustentação de bicamadas lipídicas em superfícies de sensores de imagem por Ressonância de Plasmons de Superfície (SPRi) e a construção de um biosensor para detecção de citocromo c. SPRi é uma técnica ótica de gravimetria em tempo real. Por meio de medidas de variações de índice de refração (n) próximas a uma interface, a adsorção e desorção de moléculas podem ser mensuradas. Inicialmente testamos várias estratégias para encontrar um suporte adequado que se ligasse na superfície de ouro e que oferecesse sustentação e estabilidade para a bicamada de fosfolipídeo biotinilado. Estudos de FT-IR e MEV mostraram que a quitosana facilita a formação de uma bicamada íntegra de fosfolipídeos, de tal modo, que a mesma alcança valores de espessura próximos àqueles previstos, ~ 34,5 Å. Além disso, mostramos que esse sistema apresenta vantagens perante outros modelos, tais como, (poli-lisina/fosfolipídeos) e (tiol hidrofóbico/fosfolipídeo). Utilizando-se o complexo químico biotina/estreptoavidina conseguimos imobilizar o anticorpo anti cit c na bicamada, mantendo-o afastado da superfície de ouro. A construção do biosensor foi acompanhada com experimentos de SPRi. O limite de detecção de citocromo c atingido foi de 10-11mol/L. Um sensor construído somente com BSA e anticorpo anti cit c apresentou sensibilidade semelhante. Esta sensibilidade é em torno de três ordens de grandeza superior aos experimentos de imunoblotting usualmente utilizados para detecção de cit c. A principal limitação deste biosensor, tal como de outros imunoensaios, está intimamente ligada às vantagens e desvantagens dos anticorpos como ferramentas analíticas. / In this work we developed new strategies to functionalize gold surfaces based on the support of lipid bilayers on the surfaces of surface plasmon resonance imaging sensors (SPRi) and the construction of a biosensor for detection of cytochrome c. SPRi is an optical gravimetric real time technique. Through measurements of changes in refractive index (n) in close proximity to an interface, the adsorption and desorption of molecules can be measured. Initially we tested several strategies for finding a suitable medium that would adsorb on the gold surface and also support and stabilize a biotinylated phospholipid bilayer. Studies of FT-IR and SEM showed that chitosan induces the formation of an intact phospholipid bilayer, so that it reaches thickness values close to those expected, ~ 34.5 Å. Furthermore, we showed that this system has advantages in relation to other models, such as (poli-lisine/phospholipids) and (thiol hydrophobic / phospholipid). Using the chemical complex biotin/streptavidin anti cyt c antibody could be immobilized in the bilayer, keeping it away from the gold surface. The construction of the biosensor was accompanied with SPRi experiments. The limit of detection of cytochrome c was achieved from 10-11mol / L. A sensor built only with BSA and anti cyt c showed similar sensitivity. This sensitivity is about three orders of magnitude higher than the immunoblotting experiments commonly used for detection of cyt c. The main limitation of this biosensor, like in other immunoassays, is linked to the advantages and disadvantages of antibodies as analytical tools.
135

Estudo eletroquímico da interação do citocromo c com líquidos iônicos em diferentes substratos para aplicação em biossensores / Electrochemical studies of cytochrome c with ionic liquids onto different substrates for biosensors application

Leonardo Teixeira da Silveira 12 September 2012 (has links)
O método de imobilização de uma biomolécula é um dos principais fatores que melhoram o desempenho eletroquímico de um biossensor e o emprego de materiais como solução de quitosana, nanotubos de carbono e líquidos iônicos na preparação de eletrodos modificados tem sido cada vez maior devido as suas propriedades que facilitam a reação de transferência de elétrons entre a biomolécula e a superfície do eletrodo. Baseado neste conceito, o presente trabalho apresenta o estudo do comportamento eletroquímico da heme-proteína citocromo c quando imobilizado nos eletrodos de carbono vítreo e num novo substrato tridimensional de feltros de microfibras de carbono recobertos por nanotubos de carbono do tipo \"cup stacked\" (FCSNTc). Para imobilizar o citocromo c, compósitos contendo quitosana e o líquido iônico tetrafluoroborato de 1-butil-2,3-dimetilimidazólio (BMMIBF4) foram formulados, indicando que a otimização das quantidades destes componentes podem influenciar na atividade redox do biomaterial. A partir da caracterização eletroquímica do citocromo c em carbono vítreo foi observado que a presença do líquido iônico BMMIBF4 no compósito manteve a sua eletroatividade devido a reação de oxidação e redução do átomo de ferro do grupo heme, e ao utilizar os feltros FCSNTc o citocromo c apresentou o desempenho eletroquímico superior aos obsevados em carbono vítreo, e a incorporação do líquido iônico no compósito de imobilização, resultou em biossensores com sensibilidade superiores durante os experimentos de detecção eletrocatalítica de peróxido de hidrogênio, quando comparados com outros FCSNTc modificados sem presença do material totalmente iônico. Os experimentos espectroscópicos na região da luz visível, foram fundamentais para mostrar que o novo microambiente causado pelos compósitos não modificam a integridade do citocromo c, e que a permanência da bioeletroatividade obtida durante os experimentos eletroquímicos sugerem a aplicação dos eletrodos de FCSNTc para o desenvolvimentos de novos biossensores com o citocromo c. / The immobilization method of biomolecules have been considered the major reason in order to improve a biosensor electrochemical performance and chitosan solution, carbon nanotubes and room temperature ionic liquids have been extensively used as a material for electrode preparation due to their properties of facilitating the direct electron transfer reaction between protein and electrode surface. In this context, the present work shows the electrochemical behavior of the heme-protein cytochrome c when it is immobilized onto a glassy carbon and in a new tridimensional substrate of carbon microfibers recovered by cup staked type carbon nanotubes (FCSNTc) electrodes. The cytochrome c immobilization was carried by the formulation of different composites based on chitosan solution and the ionic liquid 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMMIBF4), and it will be shown that a volume optimization ratio between these compounds can influence in the biomaterial redox activity. During the electrochemistry characterization of cytochrome c onto glassy carbon electrode, it was observed that composites with BMMIBF4 kept its electroactivity due the iron heme group redox process. When FCSNTc felt were used the electrochemical performance was enhanced, giving better biosensors due the increase on sensitivity during the electrocatalytic activity towards hydrogen peroxide reduction when it was compared with another modified FCSNTc without ionic liquid. In addition, the spectroscopic data in the visible region were essential to show that the new microenvironment promoted by the composite did not change the cytochrome c conformational structure. Finally, the bioelectroactivity obtained during electrochemical studies suggest the use of FCSNTc modified electrode as a new platforms to develop new cytochrome c biosensors.
136

Eletroquímica do citocromo C em filme nanoestruturado \"dendrímero-Pt\" ativado / Electrochemistry of cytochrome C in activated nanostructured film \"Pt-dendrimer\"

Claudia do Amaral Razzino 27 September 2013 (has links)
Esta tese aborda a utilização de um filme fino nanoestruturado de dendrímero-Pt, eletroquimicamente ativado, no estudo da eletroquímica do citocromo C. O objetivo do estudo de proteínas redox em eletrodos é elucidar os mecanismos de transferência de elétrons das proteínas que estão envolvidas em processos redox biológicos, como a fotossíntese e a cadeia respiratória, e a exploração de enzimas redox para o desenvolvimento de biossensores eletroquímicos, células de biocombustíveis e aplicações em nanotecnologia. Antecedendo o processo de imobilização de biomoléculas, é preciso desenvolver eletrodos que facilitem transferências eletrônicas e não interfiram nas propriedades biológicas das biomoléculas a serem imobilizadas. Esta meta tem guiado pesquisadores na busca de um sistema ideal. Nesta busca, sistemas baseados em eletrodos modificados com materiais nanoestruturados (MNEs) têm sido aplicados. Nesta tese, para a obtenção dos eletrodos modificados com o hibrido dendrímero-Pt, primeiramente, foram sintetizadas as nanopartículas de Pt (NPsPt) encapsuladas no dendrímero poli(amidoamina) (PAMAM) pela redução química dos íons Pt encapsulados nas cavidades do PAMAM. A reação de complexação foi acompanhada por espectroscopia de absorção na região do UV-Vis (UV-Vis) e o encapsulamento foi investigado por espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier. As NPsPt encapsuladas em PAMAM (PAMAM-Pt) foram caracterizadas por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. O híbrido PAMAM-Pt foi utilizado na obtenção de filmes automontados layer-by-layer sobre substrato de ITO. O tempo que o eletrodo deve ficar imerso na suspensão de PAMAM-Pt para que se forme uma camada e o número de camadas de PAMAM-Pt, intercaladas com camadas do poliânion poli(ácidovinilsulfônico), imobilizadas sobre o eletrodo de ITO, foram monitorados e determinados por voltametria cíclica (CV) e UV-Vis. Pela observação dos dados experimentais obtidos durante o processo de determinação do tempo de imersão e número de camadas, e levando-se em conta a importancia da obtenção de NPsPt com sítios eletrocatalíticos disponíveis para estudos e aplicações eletroquímicas, foi realizado um estudo sobre a ativação do eletrodo ITO/PAMAM-Pt por tratamento eletroquímico. A influencia deste tratamento na resposta eletroquímica dos eletrodos ITO/(PAMAM-Pt)n, para a reação de oxidação do hidrogênio adsorvido, foi investigada por CV e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica. O eletrodo ITO/PAMAM-Pt ativado eletroquimicamente foi utilizado nos estudos da eletroquímica do citocromo C (CytC) e o valor da constante de transferência de carga (ks) obtida pelo método de Laviron, foi 5,7 s-1, indicando que este eletrodo atua como um excelente dispositivo para a imobilização do CytC com excelente transferência de elétrons. A principal contribuição desta tese foi mostrar que, mediante tratamento eletroquímico, pode-se ativar e melhorar o desempenho de eletrodos modificados com membranas eletroativas de NPsPt encapsuladas em PAMAM. Também é possível obter eletrodos modificados com um filme nanoestruturado de PAMAM-Pt eletroquimicamente ativado, com excelente desempenho, economia de materiais, sem a necessidade de se produzir membranas com várias camadas e sem o uso de polieletrólitos que possam aumentar a resistência à transferência de elétrons e diminuir a eficiência do eletrodo. / This thesis discusses the use of a nanostructured thin film of dendrimer-Pt electrochemically activated, in the electrochemical study of cytochrome C. The objective of studying redox proteins at electrodes is to elucidate the mechanisms of electron transfer from the proteins that are involved in biological redox processes, such as photosynthesis and the respiratory chain, and the use of redox enzymes for the development of electrochemical biosensors, biofuel cells and applications in nanotechnology. Preceding the process of immobilization of biomolecules, it is necessary to develop electrodes that facilitate electronic transfers and which do not interfere with the biological properties of biomolecules to be immobilized. This goal has guided researchers in the search for an ideal system. In this quest, systems based on modified electrodes with nanostructured materials (MNEs) have been applied. In this thesis, platinum nanoparticles (NPsPt) encapsulated in the dendrimer poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) by chemical reduction of ions Pt encapsulated in the cavities of PAMAM were synthesized to obtain the electrodes modified with hybrid dendrimer-Pt. The complexation reaction was monitored by absorption spectroscopy in the UV visible region (UV-Vis) and the encapsulation was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The NPsPt encapsulated in PAMAM (PAMAM-Pt) were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The hybrid PAMAM-Pt was used to obtain self-assembled films by layer-by-layer on ITO substrate. The time that the electrode must be immersed in the suspension of PAMAM-Pt for a layer to be formed, and the number of layers of PAMAM-Pt interspersed with layers of polyanion poly(vinylsulfoniacid) immobilized on the ITO electrode were monitored and determined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and UV-Vis. By observing the experimental data obtained during the process of determining the immersion time and number of layers, and taking into account the importance of obtaining NPsPt with electrocatalytic sites available for studies and electrochemical applications, a study was conducted on the activation of the electrode ITO/PAMAM-Pt by electrochemical treatment. The influence of this treatment on the electrochemical response of electrodes ITO/(Pt-PAMAM)n, for the oxidation of adsorbed hydrogen, was investigated by CV and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electrode ITO/PAMAM-Pt electrochemically activated was used in the electrochemical studies of cytochrome C (CytC) and the value of the electron transfer constant (ks), obtained by the method of Laviron, was 5.7 s-1, indicating that this electrode acts as an excellent device for immobilizing the CytC with excellent electron transfer. The main contribution of this thesis was to show that, upon electrochemical treatment, it is possible to activate and improve the performance of electrodes modified with electroactive membranes of NPsPt encapsulated in PAMAM. It is also possible to obtain modified electrodes with a nanostructured film PAMAM-Pt electrochemically activated with excellent performance, economy of materials, without the need to produce membranes with several layers and without the use of polyelectrolytes that may increase resistance to electron transfer and decrease the efficiency of the electrode.
137

Estudo eletroquímico da interação do citocromo c com líquidos iônicos em diferentes substratos para aplicação em biossensores / Electrochemical studies of cytochrome c with ionic liquids onto different substrates for biosensors application

Silveira, Leonardo Teixeira da 12 September 2012 (has links)
O método de imobilização de uma biomolécula é um dos principais fatores que melhoram o desempenho eletroquímico de um biossensor e o emprego de materiais como solução de quitosana, nanotubos de carbono e líquidos iônicos na preparação de eletrodos modificados tem sido cada vez maior devido as suas propriedades que facilitam a reação de transferência de elétrons entre a biomolécula e a superfície do eletrodo. Baseado neste conceito, o presente trabalho apresenta o estudo do comportamento eletroquímico da heme-proteína citocromo c quando imobilizado nos eletrodos de carbono vítreo e num novo substrato tridimensional de feltros de microfibras de carbono recobertos por nanotubos de carbono do tipo \"cup stacked\" (FCSNTc). Para imobilizar o citocromo c, compósitos contendo quitosana e o líquido iônico tetrafluoroborato de 1-butil-2,3-dimetilimidazólio (BMMIBF4) foram formulados, indicando que a otimização das quantidades destes componentes podem influenciar na atividade redox do biomaterial. A partir da caracterização eletroquímica do citocromo c em carbono vítreo foi observado que a presença do líquido iônico BMMIBF4 no compósito manteve a sua eletroatividade devido a reação de oxidação e redução do átomo de ferro do grupo heme, e ao utilizar os feltros FCSNTc o citocromo c apresentou o desempenho eletroquímico superior aos obsevados em carbono vítreo, e a incorporação do líquido iônico no compósito de imobilização, resultou em biossensores com sensibilidade superiores durante os experimentos de detecção eletrocatalítica de peróxido de hidrogênio, quando comparados com outros FCSNTc modificados sem presença do material totalmente iônico. Os experimentos espectroscópicos na região da luz visível, foram fundamentais para mostrar que o novo microambiente causado pelos compósitos não modificam a integridade do citocromo c, e que a permanência da bioeletroatividade obtida durante os experimentos eletroquímicos sugerem a aplicação dos eletrodos de FCSNTc para o desenvolvimentos de novos biossensores com o citocromo c. / The immobilization method of biomolecules have been considered the major reason in order to improve a biosensor electrochemical performance and chitosan solution, carbon nanotubes and room temperature ionic liquids have been extensively used as a material for electrode preparation due to their properties of facilitating the direct electron transfer reaction between protein and electrode surface. In this context, the present work shows the electrochemical behavior of the heme-protein cytochrome c when it is immobilized onto a glassy carbon and in a new tridimensional substrate of carbon microfibers recovered by cup staked type carbon nanotubes (FCSNTc) electrodes. The cytochrome c immobilization was carried by the formulation of different composites based on chitosan solution and the ionic liquid 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMMIBF4), and it will be shown that a volume optimization ratio between these compounds can influence in the biomaterial redox activity. During the electrochemistry characterization of cytochrome c onto glassy carbon electrode, it was observed that composites with BMMIBF4 kept its electroactivity due the iron heme group redox process. When FCSNTc felt were used the electrochemical performance was enhanced, giving better biosensors due the increase on sensitivity during the electrocatalytic activity towards hydrogen peroxide reduction when it was compared with another modified FCSNTc without ionic liquid. In addition, the spectroscopic data in the visible region were essential to show that the new microenvironment promoted by the composite did not change the cytochrome c conformational structure. Finally, the bioelectroactivity obtained during electrochemical studies suggest the use of FCSNTc modified electrode as a new platforms to develop new cytochrome c biosensors.
138

Testing the effectiveness of the mt DNA Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene locus for identifying species of Polychaete worm (Polychaeta: Annelida) in New Zealand

Brett, Christy Donna January 2006 (has links)
The ability to accurately identify species is fundamental to ecological research and environmental monitoring. Current taxonomic identifications often rely on differentiation of morphologically ambiguous characters, and a process of categorization which is tedious and often leads to misidentifications. This is compounded by the presence of cryptic taxa, which may be prevalent among Polychaete worms (Polychaeta: Annelida). With increased access to genetic techniques, Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I has been suggested as a possible aid to assist in the discrimination of species resources. In this study, I tested the hypothesis that the mtDNA COI gene locus is effective in discriminating morphologically recognised species of Polychaete worms. A 543 base-pair fragment of the COI locus was successfully extracted for 111 individuals from 16 out of 20 morphologically recognised species. Average intraspecific divergences were 0.8 %, ranging from 0 % to 5 %. Average interspecific variation was 26.4 %, ranging from 13.8 % to 36.8 %. The lowest divergences were found between two Nereid species (13.8 %), and two Glycera americana species (17.2 %). Relatively high maximum divergences of over 30 % suggest that some species may have reached a divergence saturation level, which may partially explain why familial groupings in constructed trees were not monophyletic. Divergences within the different Nereid species - a group previously known to have morphologically cryptic species - did not reveal the presence of any cryptic taxa. Pairwise comparisons showed a clear divide between percentages of intra- and interspecific divergences, and the suggested threshold of 11 % is effective for the taxa investigated here. On the basis of these results, I conclude that sequence variation in the mtDNA COI gene locus is effective in discriminating morphologically recognised species of Polychaete worms, but may not be appropriate for deeper (e.g. generic or familial) phylogenetic relationships among taxa.
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Monitoring Proton Exchange and Triplet States with Fluorescence

Sandén, Tor January 2009 (has links)
Fluorescent molecules commonly shift to transient dark states, induced bylight or triggered by chemical reactions. The transient dark states can beused as probes of the local environment surrounding the fluorescent molecules,and are therefore attractive for use in biomolecular applications. Thisthesis explores the use and development of novel fluorescence spectroscopictechniques for monitoring transient dark states.This work demonstrates that kinetic information regarding photoinduced transient dark states of fluorescent molecules can be obtained from the time-averaged fluorescence intensity of fluorescent molecules subject totemporally modulated illumination. Methods based on this approach havethe advantage that the light detectors can have a low time resolution, which allows for parallelization and screening of biomolecular interactions withhigh throughput. Transient state images are presented displaying local environmental differences such as those in oxygen concentration and quencher accessibility.Analysis of the fluorescence intensity fluctuations resulting from thetransitions to and from transient dark states can be used to obtain information regarding the transition rates and occupancy of the transient darkstates. Fluorescence fluctuation analysis was used to reveal rates of protonbinding and debinding to single fluorescent molecules located close to biological membranes and protein surfaces. The results from these studies show that the proton exchange rate increases dramatically when the fluorescent molecule is close to the membrane. / QC 20100809
140

Assembly of cytochrome c oxidase: the role of hSco1p and hSco2p

Paret, Claudia 18 November 2001 (has links) (PDF)
COX deficiency in human presents a plethora of phenotypes which is not surprising given the complexity of the enzyme structure and the multiple factors and many steps required for its assembly. A functional COX requires three mitochondrially encoded subunits (Cox1p, Cox2p and Cox3p), at least 10 nuclearly encoded subunits, some of which are tissue specific, and a yet unknown number of assembly factors. Mutations in four of these factors, hSco1p, hSco2p, hCox10p and hSurf1p, have been associated with lethal COX deficiency in patients. Sco proteins, conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, are probably involved in the insertion of copper in COX. The role of hSco1p and hSco2p in this process was investigated in this work. Moreover the importance of some hSco mutations found in patients was analysed. Both in vitro and in vivo analyses show that the hSco proteins are localised in the mitochondria. Both proteins are per se unable to substitute for ySco1p. However, a chimeric construct consisting of the N-terminal portion, the TM and a part of the C-terminal portion of ySco1p and the remaining C-terminal part derived from hSco1p was able to complement a ysco1 null mutant strain. This construct was used to define the role of a point mutation (P174L) found in the hSCO1 gene of infants suffering from ketoacidotic coma. These mutation was shown to affect the COX activity and the levels of Cox1p and Cox2p. The fact that copper was able to suppress this mutation, strongly outlined the importance of Sco proteins in the copper insertion in COX. The C-terminal portions of recombinant hSco1p and hSco2p were purified from E. coli by affinity chromatography. The purified proteins were subjected to atomic emission and absorption analyses and were shown to specifically bind copper. A stoichiometry of 1:1 for hSco2p and of 0,6:1 for hSco1p was determined. To identify the Aa residues involved in copper binding, in vitro mutagenesis was performed. hSco1p and hSco2p, lacking the cysteines of the predicted metal binding site CxxxC, show a dramatic decrease in the ability to bind copper. A model for the structure of the metal binding site in hSco proteins is proposed. hSco proteins could bind copper with trigonal coordination, involving the two cysteines of the CxxxC motif and a conserved histidine. The purified recombinant proteins were also used in an enzymatic assay to test their ability to reduce disulfide bridges, similar to thioredoxin-like proteins involved in the assembly of bacterial COX. Both hSco proteins were not able to act as thioredoxins suggesting a role for the hSco proteins as copper chaperones. To define the pathway of the copper transfer to COX, hSco proteins were tested for their ability to interact with hCox17p, a mitochondrial copper chaperone, and with Cox2p, which contains two copper ions. An interaction between hSco1p and Cox2p was detected. Both hSco proteins were shown to homomerise and to form heterodimers one with each other. Two mutations found in hSCO2 patients suffering from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, (E140K and S225F) were shown not to affect the copper binding properties, the intracellular localisation and the ability to form homomers. In accordance to these data, a model is proposed in which hSco2p dimers transfer copper to hSco1p dimers. hSco1p dimers interact with COX and insert copper in the binuclear centre of Cox2p.

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