Wong Ka Lok. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-129). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Table A --- p.v / Table B --- p.vi / Table of Contents --- p.vii / Abbreviations --- p.xi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Molecular authentication of endangered crocodiles and snakes / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Traditional method of snake and crocodile identification / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Morphology --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Chemical Analysis --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3 --- Molecular Technology in Authentication / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCRs) --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Random-primed amplification reaction --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- PCR-RFLP --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.5 --- DNA sequencing --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives and strategies of the study --- p.15 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and General Methods / Chapter 2.1 --- Reagents and Buffers / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Buffers for Total DNA Extraction --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Reagents for Agarose Gel Electrophoresis --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Reagents for Plasmid DNA Preparation --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Medium for Bacterial Culture --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Reagents for Preparation of Competent Cells --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2 --- DNA Isolation / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Extraction of DNA from meats --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Extraction of DNA from blood --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3 --- Phenol/Chloroform Extraction --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4 --- Ethanol Precipitation --- p.22 / Chapter 2.5 --- DNA Concentration/Purity Estimation --- p.22 / Chapter 2.6 --- Mitochondrial DNA amplification --- p.23 / Chapter 2.7 --- Random-Primed Polymerase Chain Reactions --- p.24 / Chapter 2.8 --- SCAR for Snake samples --- p.24 / Chapter 2.9 --- SCAR for Crocodile samples --- p.25 / Chapter 2.10 --- Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis --- p.25 / Chapter 2.11 --- Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of DNA --- p.26 / Chapter 2.12 --- Purification of PCR product --- p.26 / Chapter 2.13 --- Preparation of Escherichia coli Competent Cells --- p.27 / Chapter 2.14 --- Ligation and transformation of E. coli --- p.27 / Chapter 2.15 --- Plasmid preparation --- p.28 / Chapter 2.16 --- Screening of Plasmid DNA by Restriction Digestion --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- DNA sequencing of snakes & construction of snake database / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and methods / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Snake samples --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- "DNA Extraction, mitochondrial gene amplification and DNA sequencing" --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Construction of database --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Cytochrome b gene amplification and sequencing --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Gene amplification and sequencing of 16S rRNA --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Cytochrome b sequence database --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- 16S rRNA sequence database --- p.53 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Cytochrome b and 16S rRNA genes of snake species --- p.55 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Cytochrome b and 16S rRNA databases --- p.55 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Application of PCR-RFLP and SCAR in snake species identification / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.57 / Chapter 4.2 --- Material and Methods / Chapter 4.2.1 --- DNA extraction and PCR-RFLP --- p.58 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- RAPD and SCAR --- p.58 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results / Chapter 4.3.1 --- PCR-RFLP of cytochrome b genes of snakes --- p.59 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- PCR-RFLP of 16S rDNA --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- RAPD & SCAR analysis --- p.67 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.72 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- "Application of DNA sequencing, PCR-RFLP and SCAR to identify crocodile species" / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.74 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and methods / Chapter 5.2.1 --- "Crocodile, human and four animal samples" --- p.75 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- "DNA Extraction, mitochondrial gene amplification and DNA sequencing" --- p.75 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- PCR-RFLP and SCAR --- p.76 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Isolation of crocodiles DNA --- p.77 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Isolation of DNA from Human and four animal species --- p.78 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Cytochrome b gene amplification and sequencing --- p.78 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing --- p.84 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- PCR-RFLP of cytochrome b --- p.89 / Chapter 5.3.6 --- PCR-RFLP of 16S rRNA --- p.91 / Chapter 5.3.7 --- SCAR primers for four crocodile species --- p.93 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.97 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- A case report - authentication of animal samples using DNA sequencing / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.99 / Chapter 6.2 --- Material and methods / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Materials --- p.101 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- DNA Extraction and sequencing --- p.101 / Chapter 6.3 --- Result and discussion / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Cytochrome b gene sequencing --- p.102 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Sequence homology among samples and meats obtained from the market --- p.111 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Identity of samples B & D --- p.113 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- General Discussion / Chapter 7.1 --- Advantages and weakness of DNA technology --- p.116 / Chapter 7.2 --- Choosing appropriate molecular markers --- p.118 / Chapter 7.3 --- Further suggested work --- p.119 / Chapter 7.4 --- Conclusion --- p.119 / References --- p.121 / Appendix --- p.130

Une résistance aux agents anticancéreux utilisés dans le traitement du cancer du sein est souvent associée à un échec de traitement. Des variations dans le devenir des agents anticancéreux dans l’organisme, sont des facteurs pouvant expliquer des phénomènes de résistance. Notre but était d’évaluer l’impact des isoenzymes du CYP450s, dans le métabolisme local des agents anticancéreux. Notre premier objectif était de valider un gène rapporteur pour nos analyses de PCR en temps réel. Pour ce faire, nous avons criblé l’expression de 6 gènes rapporteurs dans 23 lignées cellulaires. NUP-214 a été démontré comme étant le gène rapporteur le plus stable avec un écart-type de seulement 0.55 Ct. Notre deuxième objectif était de déterminer le niveau d’expression des ARNm de 19 isoformes du CYP450 dans plusieurs lignées cellulaires du cancer du sein. Les ARNm des CYP450s ont démontré une très grande variabilité entre les lignées cellulaires. Les isoformes CYP1B1 et CYP2J2 démontrent l’expression la plus importante pour la majorité des lignées. Notre troisième objectif était d’évaluer la corrélation entre l’expression des isoformes des CYP450s et leur activité métabolique en utilisant les substrats spécifiques du CYP1B1 et 2J2, 7-éthoxyrésorufine et ébastine, respectivement. Une forte corrélation (r2=0.99) fut observée entre l’activité métabolique vis-à-vis l’ébastine et l’expression du CYP2J2. De même, le métabolisme du 7-éthoxyrésorufine était fortement corrélé (r2=0.98) avec l’expression du CYP1B1. En résumé, ces résultats suggèrent que le métabolisme local des agents anticancéreux pourrait significativement moduler le devenir des agents anticancéreux dans l’organisme, et pourrait être ainsi, une source de résistance. / Several types of cancer cells have shown an innate or accute resistance to anti-cancer agents which in turn causes a failure in treatment. This resistance has been suggested to be caused by the expression of membrane transporters in cancer cells, as well as inter-individual variability in metabolism. Our interest was to evaluate the implication of CYP450 enzymes in the local metabolism of cancer cells. Our first objective was to screen the expression level of six housekeeping genes (HKG) using 23 different cell lines to determine which gene was the most stable. We found that NUP-214 was the most stable HKG across the panel of cell lines tested, with a standard deviation of only 0.55 Ct. Our second objective was to determine the expression level of 19 CYP450 mRNA isoforms in various breast cancer cell lines by RT-PCR. The CYP450 mRNAs showed a large variability between the different cell lines analyzed, where CYP1B1 and 2J2 were strongly expressed in most cell lines. Our third objective was to determine if measurable metabolic activity was present and correlates with mRNA expression in these same breast cancer cell lines using the specific substrates 7-ethoxyresorufin and ebastine for CYP1B1 and 2J2 activities, respectively. The metabolism of 7-ethoxyresorufin showed an excellent correlation of 0.98 with CYP1B1 expression while ebastine demonstrates a strong correlation (r2=0.99) with 2J2 expression. Overall, these results suggest that local metabolism of anti-cancer agents could significantly affect drug disposition and be a source of chemoresistance.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2006. / Not embargoed. Vita. Bibliography: 97-109.

No description available.

A deficiência da 21-hidroxilase é uma doença genética comum, causada por mutações no gene CYP21A2, que codifica a enzima 21-hidroxilase (P450c21). A deficiência da 21-hidroxilase afeta a síntese de cortisol e aldosterona e promove acúmulo de precursores, que são desviados para a síntese de andrógenos. Observa-se três principais fenótipos: a forma clássica virilizante simples (VS), na qual as meninas nascem com virilização da genitália externa e ambos os sexos apresentam virilização pós-natal; a forma perdedora de sal (PS), na qual além da virilização, ambos os sexos apresentam crise de perda de sal no período neonatal; e a forma não clássica (NC), na qual os sintomas de hiperandrogenismo iniciam-se mais tardiamente, na infância, adolescência ou idade adulta. Os estudos in vitro das mutações do CYP21A2 demonstram que existe uma boa correlação do grau de comprometimento da atividade enzimática conferido pelo genótipo com o fenótipo. Entretanto, existem algumas divergências como: pacientes que apresentam quadro clínico e hormonal de forma não clássica, nos quais mutações não são identificadas em um ou em ambos os alelos do CYP21A2, e pacientes que apresentam o fenótipo mais leve do que o predito pelo genótipo. Essas divergências sugerem a presença de fatores moduladores do fenótipo na deficiência da 21-hidroxilase. A primeira hipótese foi de que houvesse mutações no gene P450 óxido-redutase (POR), que codifica uma flavoproteína que doa elétrons para as enzimas microssomais P450, inclusive a P450c21, passo fundamental para a atividade enzimática das mesmas. A segunda hipótese foi de que outras enzimas P450, que não a P450c21, tivessem a capacidade de realizar a 21-hidroxilação extra-adrenal da progesterona e 17OH-progesterona (17OHP), sendo então capazes de modular o fenótipo da perda de sal e/ou virilização. Os citocromos P450 hepáticos CYP2C19 e CYP3A4, responsáveis pelo metabolismo de drogas, são capazes de realizar 21-hidroxilação da progesterona, porém essa atividade nunca foi comparada com a atividade de 21-hidroxilação da P450c21, a fim de que se possa extrapolar a importância dessa atividade extra-adrenal in vivo. A casuística desse estudo constou de 11 pacientes com a forma NC e genótipo incompleto, e 6 pacientes com fenótipo discordante do genótipo (5 com genótipo predizendo forma PS e manifestando forma VS, e 1 com genótipo predizendo VS e apresentando forma NC). O gene POR foi sequenciado em todos 17 pacientes e 10/30 alelos não relacionados apresentavam o polimorfismo A503V. O estudo funcional foi realizado através da expressão em bactéria do P450c21, do POR selvagem (PORwt) e da variante do POR A503V, e de estudo enzimático in vitro comparando a 21-hidroxilação da P450c21 promovida pela PORwt e POR A503V. Essa comparação foi realizada através de cálculos dos parâmetros que avaliam cinética enzimática (Km, Vmax e Vmax/Km). Apesar da variante POR A503V diminuir significativamente a atividade da P450c17 in vitro, nosso estudo demonstrou que ela não altera a capacidade de 21-hidroxilase da P450c21. Portanto, não existem substituições no POR que justifiquem as discordâncias de fenótipo/genótipo na deficiência da 21-hidroxilase nesta casuística. Para avaliarmos o papel da 21-hidroxilação extra-adrenal, as enzimas P450c21, as enzimas P450 hepáticas CYP2C19 e CYP3A4 e o POR foram expressos em bactéria. A capacidade das enzimas P450c21, CYP2C19 e CYP3A4 de 21- hidroxilar progesterona e 17OHP foram avaliadas in vitro e medidas através dos mesmos parâmetros de cinética enzimática. Comparado com a P450c21, o Vmax/Km da 21-hidroxilação da progesterona pelos CYP2C19 e CYP3A4 foram 17% e 10%, respectivamente. Os citocromos hepáticos não apresentaram atividade de 21-hidroxilação da 17OHP. Considerando que uma atividade residual mínima de 21-hidroxilação da progesterona é satisfatória para produzir quantidades suficientes de aldosterona para se evitar a perda de sal, este estudo sugere que a atividade de 21-hidroxilação extra-adrenal do CYP2C19 e CYP3A4 é capaz de melhorar o fenótipo de perda de sal, mas não o da deficiência de glicocorticóide. O gene CYP2C19, ao contrário do CYP3A4, é extremamente polimórfico, e são descritos vários haplótipos com diferentes atividades enzimáticas, os quais explicam as diferenças no metabolismo de várias drogas utilizadas na prática clínica. O único polimorfismo ultra-metabolizador é o CYP2C19*17, representado por duas substituições na região promotora que aumentam a transcrição do gene em 2-4 vezes. Os indivíduos que apresentam o haplótipo ultra-metabolizador podem ter maior atividade de 21-hidroxilação extraadrenal da progesterona e, dessa forma, não apresentarem a crise de perda de sal. O gene CYP2C19 foi sequenciado nos cinco pacientes com genótipo de forma perdedora de sal e que não desidrataram como predito, e encontramos o haplótipo ultra-metabolizador em homozigose em 1/5 pacientes e em heterozigose em 1/5 pacientes. Heterozigose para o CYP2C19*17 também foi encontrada no grupo controle (indivíduos perdedores de sal com genótipo/fenótipo concordantes). Portanto, o haplótipo CYP2C19*17 em heterozigose é insuficiente para modular a perda de sal e, provavelmente, em homozigose pode evitar a perda de sal. Em conclusão, pela primeira vez descrevemos o efeito modulador de uma variante alélica dos citocromos hepáticos P450 melhorando o fenótipo da forma perdedora de sal; no entanto, os demais casos permanecem com indefinição do genótipo. Estes resultados sugerem que não apenas uma única enzima, mas múltiplas enzimas extra-adrenais estão possivelmente envolvidas na modulação do fenótipo da deficiência da 21-hidroxilase. / Adrenal 21-hydroxylase deficiency is a common genetic disorder, caused by mutations in the CYP21A2 gene, which encodes the 21-hydroxylase P450c21. The 21-hydroxylase deficiency disrupts cortisol and aldosterone biosynthesis and leads to accumulation of androgen precursors. There are 3 main phenotypes: the simple virilizing (SV) form, in which girls present with virilized external genitalia at birth and both sexes present with precocious pseudopuberty; the salt wasting (SW) form, characterized by additional salt-wasting crisis in the neonatal period in both sexes; and the nonclassic (NC) form, in which the hyperandrogenic signs occur later in life, during childhood, adolescence or adulthood. In vitro studies show a good correlation between the degree of enzymatic impairment determined by genotype and phenotype. However, there are some discrepancies as: patients with clinical and hormonal profiles of nonclassic form in whom mutations are not found in one or both alleles, and patients with milder phenotype than the ones predicted by genotyping. These discrepancies suggest the existence of modulatory factors in 21- hydroxylase deficiency phenotype. The first hypothesis was that there were mutations in P450 oxidoreductase (POR), a gene which encodes a flavoprotein that donates electrons for all microsomal P450s, including P450c21, an essential step for P450s activity. The second hypothesis was that other enzymes that not P450c21 could perform extra-adrenal 21-hydroxylation of progesterone and 17OHprogesterone (17OHP), modulating salt balance and virilization. Hepatic drugmetabolizing P450 enzymes CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 can 21-hydroxylate progesterone; however, this activity was never compared to 21-hydroxylation performed by P450c21, in order to determine the importance of this extra-adrenal activity in vivo. The present cohort consisted of 11 patients with nonclassic form and incomplete genotype and 6 patients with genotype/phenotype discrepancies (genotype-predicted SW form and manifested SV form, n=5; genotyped-predicted SV form and manifested NC form, n=1). The POR gene was sequenced in these 17 patients, and 10/30 alleles presented the polymorphism A503V. P450c21, PORwt and POR A503V were expressed in bacteria, assayed in vitro, and the kinetics parameters Km, Vmax and Vmax/Km were calculated. Although POR A503V variant decreases the activity of P450c17, our study showed that it does not alter the 21-hydroxylation by P450c21. Therefore, there are no POR variants in this cohort that could explain discrepancies between genotype and phenotype in 21- hydroxylase deficiency. To evaluate the hypothesis of extra-adrenal 21- hydroxylation, P450c21, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and POR were expressed in bacteria, assayed in vitro, and kinetic parameters assessed. Compared to P450c21, the Vmax/Km of 21-hydroxylation of progesterone by CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 was 17% and 10%, respectively. Neither CYP2C19 nor CYP3A4 were able to 21-hydroxylate 17OHP. Considering that little 21-hydroxylation activity is enough to produce sufficient amount of aldosterone to avoid the dehydration, this study suggests that extra-adrenal 21-hydroxylation by CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 may be able to ameliorate the mineralocorticoid, but not the glucocorticoid deficiency. CYP2C19 is very polymorphic, and some haplotypes can modify enzymatic activity. For example, the unique ultrametabolizer allele CYP2C19*17 has two polymorphisms in the promoter region that increase gene transcription in 2-4 times. Thus, patients harboring the CYP2C19 ultra-metabolizer allele could present an increased extraadrenal 21-hydroxylation of progesterone, and hence be able to avoid salt wasting crisis. CYP2C19 gene was sequenced in the 5 patients who did not present salt wasting crisis as expected, and 1/5 patients was homozygous and 1/5 patients was heterozygous for the CYP2C19*17 allele. Heterozygosity was also present in the control group (patients with salt wasting form and genotype/phenotype concordance). Therefore, heterozygosity for CYP2C19*17 seems to be insufficient to modulate salt balance but homozygosity might be able to avoid salt wasting crisis. In conclusion, we described for the first time the modulatory effect of an allelic variant of an extra-adrenal P450 enzyme ameliorating the salt wasting phenotype in a patient with 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Taken together with the remaining undefined genotypes, these results suggest that multiple extra-adrenal enzymes, rather than a single one, modulate the phenotypic expression of defects in 21-hydroxylase.

A deficiência da 21-hidroxilase é uma freqüente doença autossômica recessiva caracterizada por manifestações hiperandrogênicas, que se iniciam na infância, puberdade ou vida adulta. Observa-se existência de forte correlação do comprometimento da atividade enzimática conferido pelo genótipo com a forma clínica e com as concentrações basais e pós-estímulo da 17OH-progesterona. Entretanto, não se observa a mesma correlação com a intensidade, idade de início das manifestações e com as concentrações séricas de testosterona. Sugere-se que variações individuais na sensibilidade periférica aos andrógenos ou no metabolismo da testosterona poderiam estar implicadas na variabilidade fenotípica desta doença. Porém, os possíveis mecanismos nunca foram estudados na literatura. Os andrógenos têm sua ação mediada pelo receptor de andrógenos (AR), cujo gene apresenta um trato polimórfico de repetições CAG, o qual modula sua atividade de transativação. Em tecidos periféricos a ação androgênica pode ser ainda potencializada pela enzima 5 alfa-redutase, que transforma testosterona em dihidrotestosterona. O seu gene codificador (SRD5A2) possui vários polimorfismos que alteraram esta atividade de biotransformação nos tecidos periféricos. No clearance da testosterona, os citocromos hepáticos P4503a4, P4503a5 p4503a7 e P4502c19 são os principais envolvidos. Além disso, outro citocromo, o P450c17 representa uma enzima chave na via de produção de andrógenos. Para os citocromos P450 tipo 2, tanto da via de clearance como de síntese dos andrógenos, é necessário ainda a interação com o P450 óxido-redutase para realizar suas reações de hidroxilação. São descritos polimorfismos em todos os genes acima referidos, que alteram sua expressão ou a eficiência catalítica e, consequentemente, tem sido envolvidos na etiologia de doenças andrógeno-dependentes. Consideramos que alterações nos genes codificadores das proteínas relacionadas ao metabolismo e/ou ação periférica dos andrógenos possam atuar na modulação do fenótipo da forma não clássica. Objetivos: Correlacionar o nCAG do gene AR e os polimorfismos nos genes CYP3A5, CYP3A7, CYP3A4, CYP2C19 e CYP17A1, POR e SRD5A2 com a idade de aparecimento dos sintomas, score de Ferriman do hirsutismo ao diagnóstico, presença de virilização, com as concentrações séricas basais de testosterona, bem como com a ausência ou presença de sintomas. Casuística: Selecionamos 122 pacientes com diagnóstico de forma não clássica confirmado por 17OH-progesterona basal ou pós-estímulo com ACTH 10 ng/mL. Todos os pacientes tiveram o diagnóstico molecular, ou seja, mutações identificadas nos dois alelos do gene CYP21A2. As pacientes foram divididas de acordo com o comprometimento da atividade da 21-OH predito pelo genótipo em grupos A/C (grave) e C/C (moderado). As pacientes também foram divididas em grupos pediátrico e adulto, início das manifestações antes e após os 12 anos, respectivamente. Metodologia: O DNA foi extraído de leucócitos periféricos. As regiões de repetições CAG foram amplificadas por PCR e os produtos submetidos à eletroforese capilar e análise pelo software GeneScan. Amostras de DNA das pacientes heterozigotas para o número de repetições CAG foram digeridas com a enzima Hpa II e os produtos submetidos à amplificação da região CAG para se determinar o padrão de inativação do cromossomo X. Os genes CYP3A5, CYP3A4, CYP3A7, CYP17A1, CYP2C19, POR e SRD5A2 foram amplificados por PCR e submetidos à reação de seqüenciamento ou à reação de digestão enzimática para rastreamento das variantes alélicas. Os resultados foram comparados com as respectivas seqüências selvagens depositadas no GeneBank. Na análise estatística foram empregados os testes t de Student, ANOVA, Wilcoxon rank-sun, Kruskall Wallis rank e regressão linear. Resultados: Observamos uma frequência significativamente menor de alelos longos (> 26 repetições) do trato CAG do AR no grupo pediátrico em relação ao de adultos com genótipo 21-OH do grupo C/C (p=0,01). Adicionalmente, a média ponderada do trato CAG foi significativamente menor nas pacientes com clitoromegalia (19,1 ± 2,7) em comparação com a de pacientes sem virilização (21,6 ± 2,5), correlação que independeu do genótipo da 21-OH. A mediana das concentrações séricas de testosterona foi significativamente maior nas carreadoras da variante CYP17A1*A2 (145,7 ng/dL, 126-153) em relação às carreadoras da variante selvagem (57 ng/dL, 36-87) com genótipo 21-OH do grupo A/C. As demais variantes não se correlacionaram com os fenótipos clínico e hormonal. Conclusão: Observamos que o trato CAG apresentou efeito na modulação do fenótipo de virilização de mulheres com forma não clássica. Além disso, o trato CAG pode ter contribuído no período de início das manifestações, uma vez que o grupo pediátrico com genótipo C/C teve freqüência menor de alelos longos em relação às adultas. Dentre as variantes alélicas pesquisadas, que alteram a síntese e/ou metabolismo dos andrógenos, identificamos associação do alelo CYP17A1*A2 com concentrações maiores de testosterona. Embora tenhamos avaliado uma casuística expressiva para esta patologia, para as demais correlações com resultados negativos, não podemos afastar um efeito do tamanho da amostra. / Introduction: The 21-hydroxylase deficiency is a common autosomal recessive disease characterized by clinical hyperandrogenism, which could begin at childhood, puberty or adulthood. There is a strong correlation among impairment of enzymatic activity conferred by genotypes, clinical forms, basal and post-stimulation 17OH-progesterone (17-OHP) levels. However, we did not observe the same correlation with the intensity, age at onset of manifestations and basal testosterone levels. It is suggested that individual variations in the androgen peripheral sensitivity and/or metabolism could be implicated in the phenotypic variability of this disease. However, potential mechanisms have never been studied before. The androgen action is mediated by the androgen receptor (AR), whose gene has a polymorphic CAG repeat that modulates its transactivation activity. In the peripheral tissues, the androgen action is modified by the 5 alpha-reductase type 2 activity, which converts testosterone into a potent androgen, dihydrotestosterone. Its coding gene (SRD5A2) carries several polymorphisms altering its catalytic activity in the peripheral tissues. Regarding the testosterone clearance, hepatic cytochromes P4503a4, P4503a5 p4503a7 P4502c19 are the most important. In addition, another cytochrome, P450c17, is a key enzyme in the androgen production pathway. For the cytochrome P450 type 2 activities, involved in the androgen clearance and/or synthesis, an interaction with the P450 oxidoreductase is still necessary. Polymorphisms are described in all the aforementioned genes, which change their expression and/or catalytic efficiencies; consequently, they have been implicated in the etiology of androgen-dependent diseases. We supposed that changes in the coding genes for the aforesaid proteins could act in modulating the nonclassical phenotype. Objectives: To compare the nCAG of AR gene and polymorphisms of CYP3A5, CYP3A7, CYP3A4, CYP2C19, and CYP17A1, SRD5A2 and POR genes with the age of onset of symptoms, Ferriman score of hirsutism at diagnosis, presence of virilization, basal testosterone levels, as well as with the absence or the presence of symptoms. Patients: We selected 122 patients with basal or post-ACTH 17-OHP 10 ng/mL. All patients had confirmed nonclassical molecular diagnoses. Patients were divided according to the impairment of 21-OH activity predicted by genotype groups into A/C (severe) and C/C (moderate). Patients were also classified according to the onset of manifestations into pediatric and adult groups, younger than or older than 12 years, respectively. Methods: DNA was extracted from peripheral leukocytes. CAG repeat regions were PCR amplified, products submitted to capillary electrophoresis and analyzed by GeneScan software. DNA samples from CAG heterozygous patients were digested with the Hpa II enzyme and also submitted to PCR, in order to determine X-chromosome inactivation pattern. The CYP3A5, CYP3A4, CYP3A7, CYP17A1, CYP2C19, POR and SRD5A2 genes were PCR amplified and submitted to sequencing or enzymatic assays to screen the allelic variants. The results were compared with their wild sequences in the GenBank. Statistical comparisons employed Student\'s t tests, ANOVA, Wilcoxon rank-sun, Kruskal Wallis rank and linear regression. Results: We observed a significantly lower frequency of longer CAG alleles (> 26 repeats) of AR in the pediatric group compared to the adults carrying the 21-OH genotype from group C/C (p = 0.01). Additionally, the weighted biallelic mean of the CAG tract was considerably lower in patients with clitoromegaly (19.1 ± 2.7) in comparison to patients without it (21.6 ± 2.5), a correlation that was independent of the 21-OH genotype severity. The median of testosterone levels was significantly higher in the CYP17A1*A2 carriers (145.7 ng/dL, 126-153) compared to the ones carrying the wild allele (57 ng/dL, 36-87), from the group A/C of 21-OH genotype. The other variants did not show a correlation with clinical and hormonal phenotypes. Conclusions: We observed that the CAG tract was effective in modulating the phenotype of virilization in nonclassical women as well as influenced the period of onset of manifestations of patients carrying moderate CYP21A2 genotype. Considering the remaining allelic variants, which alter the androgen synthesis or metabolism, we identified the association of CYP17A1*A2 alleles with higher testosterone levels. Although we evaluated a significant number of patients with 21-OHD, we cannot rule out a sample size effect.

Les plantes produisent une remarquable diversité de métabolites pour faire face aux contraintes d’un environnement en constante fluctuation. Cependant la manière dont les plantes ont atteint un tel degré de complexité métabolique et les forces responsables de cette diversité chimique reste largement incomprise. On considère généralement que le mécanisme de duplication des gènes contribue pour une grande part à l’évolution naturelle. En absence de transfert horizontal, les gènes d’évolution récente se cantonnent généralement chez quelques espèces et sont soumis à une évolution rapide, alors que les gènes conservés et plus anciens ont une distribution beaucoup plus large et sont porteurs de fonctions essentielles. Il est donc intéressant d’étudier l’adaptation des plantes en analysant parallèlement les gènes qui présentent soit une large distribution taxonomique, soit une distribution plus restreinte, de type lignée-spécifique. Les cytochromes P450 (CYP) constituent l’une des plus vastes familles de protéines chez les plantes, présentant des phylogénies très conservées ou très branchées qui illustrent la plasticité métabolique et la diversité chimique. Pour illustrer l’évolution des fonctions des cytochromes P450 dans le métabolisme végétal, nous avons sélectionné trois gènes, l’un très conservé au cours de l’évolution, CYP715A1 et les deux autres, CYP98A8 et CYP98A9, très récemment spécialisés de manière lignée spécifique chez les Brassicaceae. Les gènes appartenant à la famille CYP715 ont évolué avant la divergence entre gymnospermes et angiospermes, et sont le plus souvent présent en copie unique dans les génomes végétaux. Ceci suggère que leur fonction est essentielle et très conservée chez les plantes à graines (spermaphytes). Sur la base d’une analyse transcriptionnelle et de l’expression du gène GUS sous le contrôle du promoteur de CYP715A1, il est apparu que ce gène est spécifiquement exprimé au cours du développement floral, dans les cellules tapétales des jeunes boutons floraux ainsi que dans les filaments lors de l’anthèse. CYP715A1 est également fortement induit dans les cellules du péricycle de la zone d’élongation racinaire en réponse au stress salin. L’induction par le sel nécessite une région promotrice située entre 2 et 3 kb en amont de la région codante (i.e ; codon START), ce qui suggère la présence d’un facteur cis à cet endroit. Afin de déterminer la fonction de CYP715A1 chez Arabidopsis thaliana, j’ai identifié deux mutants d’insertion de T-DNA par génotypage et complémenté ces mutants avec le gène natif. La perte de fonction de CYP715A1 n’a pas d’impact sur la croissance et la fertilité de la plante en conditions de laboratoire. Cependant, une analyse par microscopie électronique en transmission montre un phénotype d’intine ondulée. La perte de fonction du gène CYP715A1 a également entraîné une réduction de la taille des pétales et un défaut d’anthèse. [...] / Plants produce a remarkable diversity of secondary metabolites to face continually challenging and fluctuating environmental constraints. However, how plants have reached such a high degree of metabolic complexity and what are the evolutionary forces responsible for this chemodiversity still remain largely unclarified. Gene evolution based on gene birth and extinction has been reported to nicely reflect the natural evolution. Without horizontal gene transfer, young genes are often restricted to a few species and have undergone rapid evolution, whereas old genes can be broadly distributed and are always indicative of essential housekeeping functions. It is thus of interest to study plant adaptation with parallel focus on both taxonomically widespread and lineage-specific genes. P450s are one of the largest protein families in plants, featuring both conserved and branched phylogenies. Examples of P450 properties reflecting metabolic versatility, chemodiversity and thus plant adaptation have been reported. To illustrate evolution of P450 functions in plant metabolism, we selected two P450 genes, one evolutionary conserved CYP715A1 and the second a recently specialized lineage-specific gene CYP98A9 in Arabidopsis thaliana.CYP715s evolved before the divergence between gymnosperms and angiosperms and are present in single copy in most sequenced plant genomes, suggesting an essential housekeeping function highly conserved across seed plants. Based on transcriptome analysis and promoter-driven GUS expression, CYP715A1 is selectively expressed in tapetal cells of young buds and filaments of open flowers during flower development. In addition, CYP715A1 is highly induced in the pericycle cells of the root elongation zone upon salt stress. The salt induction relies on the 2-3kb region of CYP715A1 promoter, suggesting some salt-response elements may exist in this area. To characterize the function of CYP715A1 in Arabidopsis, I identified two T-DNA insertion mutants by genotyping and confirmed by complementation with native CYP715A1 gene. Loss of function of CYP715A1 has no impact on plant growth and fertility in laboratory conditions. However, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis has shown constant undulated intine phenotype in two knockout mutants and also the petal growth is significantly inhibited. These two phenotypes nicely match the native expression pattern of CYP715A1. Gene co-expression analysis suggests involvement of CYP715A1 in gibberellin (GA) metabolism under salt treatment. GAs profiling on mutant flowers also indicates reduced accumulation specific GAs. Unfortunately, no significant phenotype either related to root growth or root architecture under salt treatment can be observed. Recombinant expression of the CYP715A1 enzyme in yeast so far does not allow confirming GAmetabolism. However, metabolic profiling of inflorescences in mutants and over-expression lines, together with transcriptome analysis of the loss of function cyp715a1 mutants strongly support a CYP715A1 role in signaling, hormone homeostasis and volatile emission in agreement with the purifying selection leading to gene conservation observed in spermatophytes.[...]

Present doctoral thesis contributed to understanding of mechanistic principles of two enzymes participating in the process of carcinogenesis; DNA polymerase  (pol ) and cytochromes P450 (CYP). Pol  is part of the DNA base-excision repair mechanism (BER). The primary role of pol  in, the BER mechanism, is inserting a new nucleotide into a DNA strand according to Watson-Crick base pairing rules. Pol  plays an important role in the process of carcinogenesis, approximately 30 % of human tumors express pol  mutants. The ability of pol  to discriminate between "right" and "wrong" nucleotide during the insertion process is called fidelity. We employed computational methods to elucidate molecular basis of the fidelity of pol . First, the relative free energy calculation method LRA was employed to compare differences in free energies between the "right" and "wrong" nucleotide during its insertion into DNA. The results indicated a better stabilization of transition-state of the nucleophilic substitution catalyzed by pol  in the case of the "right" versus "wrong" nucleotide. This difference resulted in an 80-fold contribution to its fidelity. Further, computational methods FEP and LIE were used to examine how mutations effect fidelity of pol . Results were than correlated with experimental data...

Despite advances in cancer diagnosis and therapy, cancer is the second leading cause of death globally. The improvements of cancer treatment are the major challenge in this research. The aim of the thesis was studying of effects of two anticancer drugs ellipticine (Elli) and doxorubicin (DOX) on some cancer and healthy cell lines. Specific consideration was given to expand current knowledge about the metabolism and cytostatic effects of Elli in neuroblastoma cell lines. Another part of this study was focused on mechanisms contributing to the development of ellipticine-resistance in cancer cells and influence of histone deacetylase inhibitors on anticancer therapy was investigated. Moreover, the aim was to develop apoferritin (Apo) nanocarrier suitable for the active transport of cytostatics to cancer cells. Several essential data were found in this doctoral thesis. Anticancer efficiency of Elli depends on the CYP3A4-mediated metabolism in cancer. The CYP3A4 enzyme encapsulated into two nanoparticle forms, liposomes and SupersomesTM , was tested to activate ellipticine to its reactive species forming covalent DNA adducts. The formation of adducts seems to be dependent on concentrations of CYP3A4 in nanoparticle systems. A higher effectiveness of CYP3A4 in SupersomesTM than in liposomes to form...

No / Vitiligo is characterized by a patchy loss of inherited skin color affecting approximately 0.5% of individuals of all races. Despite the absence of the protecting pigment and the overwhelming evidence for hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced oxidative stress in the entire epidermis of these patients, there is neither increased photodamage/skin aging nor a higher incidence for sun-induced nonmelanoma skin cancer. Here we demonstrate for the first time increased DNA damage via 8-oxoguanine in the skin and plasma in association with epidermal up-regulated phosphorylated/acetylated p53 and high levels of the p53 antagonist p76(MDM2). Short-patch base-excision repair via hOgg1, APE1, and polymerasebeta DNA repair is up-regulated. Overexpression of Bcl-2 and low caspase 3 and cytochrome c levels argue against increased apoptosis in this disease. Moreover, we show the presence of high epidermal peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) levels via nitrotyrosine together with high nitrated p53 levels. We demonstrate by EMSA that nitration of p53 by ONOO(-) (300 x 10(-6) M) abrogates DNA binding, while H(2)O(2)-oxidized p53 (10(-3) M) enhances DNA binding capacity and prevents ONOO(-)-induced abrogation of DNA binding. Taken together, we add a novel reactive oxygen species to the list of oxidative stress inducers in vitiligo. Moreover, we propose up-regulated wild-type p53 together with p76(MDM2) as major players in the control of DNA damage/repair and prevention of photodamage and nonmelanoma skin cancer in vitiligo.