La presente tesis estudia el uso que realizan los habitantes de los colectivos minoritarios en los espacios públicos del casco antiguo de Barcelona identificando las principales transformaciones de tipo funcional, significados, delimitaciones entre otros, que se realizan en forma diferenciada respecto al diseño original del lugar y/o respecto a los distintos grupos que pueden reunirse en él. De esta manera el espacio público aparece como un escenario donde se suceden distintas dinámicas, desde la participación de la multiplicidad de actores y actividades hasta la segregación y apropiación espacial. El estudio muestra que la participación y el conflicto, en el espacio público en Ciutat Vella, depende de numerosos factores, entre los cuales, la diferencia cultural es fundamental al momento de explicar los usos, símbolos y tipo de actores que allí se expresan. De esta manera, se hace necesario considerar la variable multicultural tanto en el análisis como en el diseño del lugar.Para el estudio, la comprensión de esta realidad es una forma de hacer visible distintas formas de habitar y entender el espacio público y sienta las bases para reflexionar sobre nuestro entorno, nuestros prejuicios profundamente enraizados y sobre la responsabilidad en la propuesta de nuevos proyectos integradores. / The present thesis looks at how minority groups are using public space in the historic part of Barcelona. It identifies the principal transformations characterized by the original functional use of the space, the intrinsic meaning that each space has in the end and the social and the cultural borders that the different groups end up creating in regards to the urban space. In this way, public space appears like a great stage where distinctive forces, from the performance of many actors and their activities to the inevitable segregation and seizure of the space interact.The study shows that the participation and conflict, that seems to occur at the same time in the "Old City" depends upon many different factors, among which, the fact that cultural differences are fundamental in the moment one has to explain uses, symbols and the people that are acting out their part in this great drama. It is therefore necessary that we consider the impact of the multicultural diversity both in the analysis and the design of the space in question.For the sake of the study, understanding this reality is one way to bring to light the different ways in which people have made the area their home, to understand the nature of the public space and to establish the base from which we are able to reflect on our environments, the profound character of our prejudices and about our responsibility in proposing new integrating projects.

El eje central de la investigación de tesis doctoral son las transformaciones espaciales, funcionales y estructurales, ocurridas dentro del ámbito central del Camp de Tarragona, en un período de tiempo específico (1977 - 2008) y con especial énfasis en los cambios de localización de las piezas de producción, distribución y consumo, y su impacto sobre el territorio. Para introducir el concepto de la metropolización del territorio, a la investigación de caso le antecede un apartado teórico que revisa sus diferentes modalidades y sus causas estructurales, distinguiéndose entre los ámbitos norteamericano y europeo.El interés principal de esta investigación es observar los cambios ocurridos en un lapso de tiempo determinado en regiones urbanas con presencia de ciudades intermedias que contengan fenómenos de dispersión, aglomeración y polarización, semejantes a los fenómenos ocurridos en regiones metropolitanas de primer orden. Se busca con ello, demostrar la tendencia actual de las ciudades intermedias a seguir aunque con caracteres específicos , procesos similares de metropolización territorial que han seguido las regiones urbanas mayores.Además de identificar las transformaciones en las relaciones jerárquicas y resaltar las nuevas estructuras territoriales generadas por las lógicas de localización de las piezas productivas, de distribución y de consumo (polaridades, clusters, dispersiones, redes), se verifica la noción general de una tendencia a la "terciarización" del espacio metropolitano y se detectan hechos innovadores (fenómenos que por su carácter de novedad, tienen una influencia enorme sobre su entorno) que tienden a la consolidación de un territorio sectorizado y en el que se ha observado una transformación en la escala de las operaciones urbanísticas (de la manzana al sector).El objetivo principal de la investigación es aumentar el conocimiento, ante la escasez de estudios urbanos apoyados en análisis espaciales de análisis gráficos, sobre la metropolización de ciudades intermedias y su relación con sistemas metropolitanos mayores.Se plantea a priori, que es un proceso en curso la terciarización del espacio en regiones metropolitanas intermedias como el Camp de Tarragona; que la localización de las grandes piezas de producción y consumo obedecen más a una lógica regional de integración / servicio a una red metropolitana mayor que a una lógica de ordenación local y que, la metropolización del territorio del ámbito central del Camp de Tarragona, por la celeridad de sus trasformaciones y la escala del territorio, podría convertirlo en una conurbación de tamaño considerable.Dichos planteamientos han sido verificados mediante la elaboración y análisis de mapas temáticos que consignan las transformaciones territoriales en un período temporal específico y que permiten, mediante la elaboración de un pequeño sistema de información territorial y su comparación, un análisis cualitativo (del espacio transformado) y cuantitativo (la medición de las transformaciones urbanizadoras). Los mapas elaborados son la expresión de las tendencias, corredores específicos, polarizaciones o cambios de uso de suelo principales que se han producido. / The main axis of this PhD thesis are the spatial, functional and structural transformations, occurred within the central area of the Camp of Tarragona, between 1977 - 2008, with special emphasis on locational changes of production, distribution and consumption and its impact on the built environment. To introduce the concept of territorial metropolisation, the investigation is preceded by a theoretical section which reviews its different ways structural causes, comparing both cases: the North American and the European one. The main goal of this research is to observe and compare changes in clusters of intermediate cities that shows dispersion, agglomeration and polarization, in a similar way bigger metropolitan areas had revealed through time. The aim is thus to show the current trend of intermediate cities to follow similar processes of metropolisation although with specific characteristics that have been developed before by larger urban areas. Aside of identifying the changes in the hierarchical relationships and highlighting the new territorial structures generated by the postindustrial logic of localization of production, distribution and consumption (polarities, clusters, dispersions, networks), we verify the hypothesis that states there is a general tendency of metropolitan areas to shift their land use into services, by detecting innovative events, such as the transformation of big portions of land into service oriented spaces. The main goal of this research is to increase awareness about the shortage of urban studies of the metropolisation process that has been happening in intermediate cities, phenomena widely studied for larger metropolitan areas. The investigation seeks to demonstrate how these intermediate cities tend to follow a different way of metropolisation, mainly because they are subdued to what happens in larger metropolitan areas, and they follow a regional logic in an attempt to be part of a major regional network, rather than been (the metropolisation) a local urban initiative. Also, we had foreseen that The central area of the Camp of Tarragona due to the rapidness of the changes observed , could be in a years from now a new form of conurbation, yet still hosting metropolization processes. These approaches have been verified by developing and analyzing thematic maps, which records territorial changes in a specific time range and that allow us, through the development of a small GIS, a qualitative analysis (what and in what had the space been transformed) and a quantitative one (how many). The produced maps have answered questions regarding trends, specific corridors, polarizations, or changes in land use at large scale.

The city is faced, each time in a more urgent way, to aboard the contemporary tendency of think and act on it in the horizon of the sustainability paradigm, fully understood not only under environmental, economic and social parameters, but also structural, morphological and landscape. To analyze the environmental urban quality of the landscape, under sustainability criteria, is to understand the landscape as a special-temporary fragment that includes, in a systematic way, the geographical context, and the open spots in the city, the color, the light and the environmental graphics. While the discourse about the landscape is presented today with strength in the urban planning of large cities, due to the tendency that exists of always improving the quality of the public spaces both in constructed areas as in free perimeter, this topic has not been provided with sufficient strength in Latin American cities due to the primary emergency of solving the basic needs problem of the population. However, as demonstrated in this thesis, there is now a tendency to promote the culture of the city in its outline, its history and in the innovation and its conservation, to reinforce its identity with actions that make an integration in sustainability criteria, as an indispensable option that makes possible the improvement of the life quality and the social and environmental capital. The functional, psychological and static aspects of the landscape can be studied in an integral way and is essential to find solutions that are open to change the destructive path that has characterized it on the last years the urban actions on the landscape, most of all in Latin American cities, where there’s a lack of protective mechanism and necessary management for its appropriate development and conservation, have suffered the deterioration of the landscape in a absence of a regulation of the informal culture and due to the abuse of mercantilist interest of the big firms. The thesis brings up, parting on the conceptual definition of a general urban environment as a system, three phases of the study that constitute the methodological proposal of visual analysis: Description phase / Interpretation phase / Evaluative phase. Each phase is studied in the landscape as a visual holistic system and in an urban emptiness as a visual generator system. This focus of the proposul integrates two tendencies in the landscape studies: A systematic vision in a geographical scale and the analysis of the urban configuration, which makes possible a methodological approach of visual analysis in the landscape and the urban emptiness that being seen in a sequential scale of the pedestrian, integrates the particular and the general for indentifying its intervention possibilities and interaction urban sustainability in different acting fields. This thesis raises two possible scenes for the decision-making that involves the actions and measurements for the improvement of the landscape quality and its urban sustainability in middle mountain Andes cities: the first one refers to the process of urban design for the sustainable development of the landscape, that begins from the determination of the landscape as an environmental, cultural and productive patrimony, which makes possible not only its conservation, but also its enjoyment and citizen use. The second, its relative to the definition of the strategies for the urban sustainability of the landscape and proposes, from the communication for the citizen education, actions that involves a visual education to the community, as an strategy that lets the recognition of citizen rights and duties. The application of the methodology analysis it’s made in Manizales, half mountain Andes city, with the objective of verifying its possibilities for the design and planning of the analyzed aspects in the structural axis of the city. The methodology analysis that is proposed offers design tools for the local eco-efficient interventions that, together with the time and space, it can be transformed in global as a natural acting alternative and as a urban sustainability strategy of the landscape that makes possible to improve its environmental quality, maintain an stability in its urban metabolism and to improve the life quality in the city. For an advance towards an urban sustainability, the landscape should be consider as an environmental, cultural and productive patrimony, as an infinite source of knowledge in constant transformation that should be conserved and act holistically to make a proper interaction with the social groups that live among it. / La ciudad se ve enfrentada, cada vez con mayor urgencia, a abordar una tendencia contemporánea de pensarla e intervenirla en el horizonte del paradigma de la sostenibilidad, entendida en su totalidad no sólo bajo parámetros medioambientales, económicos y sociales, sino también estructurales, morfológicos y paisajísticos. Analizar la calidad ambiental urbana del paisaje, bajo criterios de sostenibilidad, es entender el paisaje como un fragmento espacio-temporal que incluye, de manera sistémica, el contexto geográfico, los lugares abiertos de la ciudad, el color, la luz y la gráfica ambiental. Si bien el discurso sobre el paisaje se presenta hoy con mucha fuerza en la planificación urbana de las grandes ciudades, debido a la tendencia que existe de mejorar la calidad del espacio público tanto en áreas construidas como en áreas libres perimetrales, este tema no ha estado incluido con suficiente fuerza en ciudades latinoamericanas, debido a la urgencia primaria de solucionar las necesidades básicas de la población. Sin embargo, y como se demuestra en esta tesis, hoy existe una tendencia de promover la cultura de la ciudad tanto en su configuración y su historia como en su innovación y su conservación, para reforzar su identidad con acciones que integren criterios de sostenibilidad, como una opción indispensable que posibilita el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida y del capital social y medioambiental. Los aspectos funcionales, sicológicos y estéticos del paisaje pueden ser estudiados de manera integral y es primordial encontrar soluciones que permitan cambiar el rumbo devastador que ha caracterizado en los últimos años las actuaciones urbanas en el paisaje, principalmente en ciudades latinoamericanas, que por carecer de los mecanismos de protección y gestión necesarios para su adecuado desarrollo y conservación, han sufrido el deterioro del paisaje por falta de regulación de la cultura informal y por los abusos de los intereses mercantilistas de las grandes empresas. La tesis plantea, a partir de la definición conceptual general del ambiente urbano como sistema, tres fases de estudio que constituyen la propuesta metodológica de análisis visual: - Fase de descripción. - Fase de interpretación. - Fase de valoración. Cada fase se estudia en el paisaje como sistema visual holístico y en el vacío urbano como sistema visual generador. Este enfoque de la propuesta integra dos tendencias en los estudios del paisaje: la visión sistémica a escala geográfica y el análisis de la configuración urbana, lo cual posibilita un acercamiento metodológico de análisis visual del paisaje y del vacío urbano, que observados de manera secuencial a escala del peatón, integran lo particular y lo general para identificar sus posibilidades de intervención e interacción urbana sostenible en diferentes ámbitos de actuación. Esta tesis plantea dos escenarios posibles para la toma de decisiones sobre las medidas y las acciones para el mejoramiento de la calidad del paisaje y su sostenibilidad urbana en ciudades de media montaña andina: el primero de ellos se refiere al proceso de diseño urbano para el desarrollo sostenible del paisaje, que parte de la determinación del paisaje como patrimonio ambiental, cultural y productivo, lo que posibilita no solo su conservación, sino también su aprovechamiento y disfrute ciudadano. El segundo, se relaciona con la definición de estrategias para la sostenibilidad urbana del paisaje, y propone, desde la comunicación para la educación ciudadana, acciones encaminadas a educar visualmente a la comunidad, como una estrategia que permite el reconocimiento de deberes y derechos ciudadanos. La aplicación de la metodología de análisis se realiza en Manizales, ciudad de media montaña andina en Colombia, con el fin de verificar sus posibilidades para el diseño y la planificación de los aspectos analizados en el eje estructural de la ciudad. La metodología de análisis propuesta ofrece herramientas de diseño para intervenciones locales eco-eficientes, que sumadas en el espacio-tiempo, se pueden transformar en globales, como una alternativa natural de actuación y como estrategia de sostenibilidad urbana del paisaje que posibilite potenciar su calidad ambiental, mantener la estabilidad en su metabolismo urbano y mejorar la calidad de vida en la ciudad. Para avanzar hacia una sostenibilidad urbana, el paisaje debe considerarse como patrimonio ambiental, cultural y productivo, como una fuente inagotable de conocimiento en constante transformación que se debe conservar e intervenir de forma integral para interactuar adecuadamente con los grupos sociales que lo habitan.

The new image that the Venezuelan city acquired thanks to radical transformations operated from the first half of the XX century, image of disorder and chaos, was dramatically foreseen and/or registered by our narrators and novelists of the period. This thesis rakes in the imaginary literary of that modern urbanization, in order to understand the reasons exposed by our intellectuals, and that explain in part the mistake in the materialization of our modernity. It offers a constant interconnection between the literature content and the material experiences in the construction of the Venezuelan modern city. The thesis tries to recreate three big scenarios: the traditional city that grows and its transformation; the city of the oil and the one based on a supposed anti-urban attitude. Three scenarios although apparently disconnected, but they are linked to obey all one desired and necessary modernization. The novels constitute the primary sources in which it is based the investigation, also supported by the same novelists' exemplary essays and for specialized references about the urbanism in Venezuela. From the first scenario the city spaces that the writers exalt as principal constituents of the city highlight and that them experiment radical changes. In the second one, a comparison among literary references of oil towns in foreign countries, in order to know if the previous experience in those countries influenced in the materialization of our towns. And finally, in the third one and last imaginary, it is highlighted the contradiction between an apparent anti-urban literature attitude and the deep urban vocation of the inhabitants and the writers of the country. Therefore, city and literature are conjugated to give body to this thesis.

El metro de Santiago y sus estaciones se construyen en la década de los ‘70 como protagonistas de un proyecto mayor de modernización de la ciudad, liderado por el arquitecto y urbanista Juan Parrochia Beguin. La tesis aborda la génesis y la expresión espacial de las estaciones de metro de este período, destacando su vital participación en la configuración del espacio público de la ciudad. Se presentan como piezas fundamentales de un nuevo “sistema urbano”, que desde su arquitectura y emplazamiento, confrontan tanto las exigencias tecnológicas del transporte público, como los requerimientos y oportunidades de cada uno de los lugares en que se insertan. A partir de levantamientos y registros fotográficos, y del análisis y representación de los planos de trazado y arquitectura de cada estación y de su entorno, se reconstruye la historia de relevantes proyectos urbanos en torno al metro, yendo más allá de las propias estaciones, para reflejar la nueva dimensión metropolitana que adquiere la ciudad total / The Metro of Santiago and its stations were built in the decade of the ‘70s and acted as protagonists of a larger project of modernization of the city, led by the architect and urban planner Juan Parrochia Beguin. This thesis addresses the origins and spatial expression of the metro stations of this period, emphasizing their vital role in shaping the public space of the city. These stations are analyzed as cornerstones of a new “urban system” that through their architecture and location confront both the technological demands of public transport and the requirements and opportunities of each of the places into which they are inserted. Starting with surveys of the built form and photographic records, followed by an analysis and drawn representation of the layout and architecture of each station and its surroundings, the history of significant urban projects located around the subway system is reconstructed. The research goes beyond the stations themselves in order to also reflect on the new metropolitan dimension acquired along the main avenues of the city during this period of urban transformation.

Throughout history, man has had the need to communicate through drawings, and drawing has evolved as another language. The technical aspect of drawing has sought to represent objects as faithfully as possible, both insofar as their shape and size, such small objects as the smallest of parts or such large ones as the largest of objects created by man: towns and cities. Part of technical drawing has evolved in the direction of rigorous regulation. Some areas of technical drawing have enabled architects and engineers not just to represent the designed object precisely but, at the same time, try to convey ideas and sensations, thus managing to suggest and stimulate the spectator¿s imagination. The range of mechanisms and techniques of representation used in drawing town plans is most varied, and they have always been subject to the wish of the planner to express what he or she seeks to highlight through the representation of the city plan. With regard to architectural drawing and industrial drawing, a multitude of books, studies and writing is available to us. Also an aspect of technical drawing, urban planning drawing has always straddled the treaties on the graphic representations of architecture and engineering. Understanding town planning as a specific technical discipline, the graphic documentation it generates also fits such definition. Thus, for its representation a whole graphic system of codification created based on the use of a set of drawing mechanisms and resources is established, but the bibliography, publications and articles on this particular subject are rather scarce and disperse. This Doctoral Thesis aims to ascertain which codes, mechanisms and graphic resources have been or are applied in representing town planning; whether they are intuitive or established directly or indirectly by the rules. How might they evolve and what influence can they have in the future of planning? This work is eminently graphic as it aims to offer a semantic analysis of the mechanisms and resources of representation, without seeking to propose a model of standardization for planning drawing. Key words: Architecture, Urbanism, Urban planning, Drawing and engraving. / Al llarg de la història l’home ha tingut la necessitat de comunicar-se mitjançant dibuixos, i el dibuix ha evolucionat com un llenguatge més. La vesant tècnica del dibuix ha tingut com a fi la representació el més exacta possible dels objectes, tant en forma com en dimensió, objectes tan petits com la més petita de les peces o tan grans com el més gran dels objectes creats per l’home, la ciutat. Part del dibuix tècnic ha evolucionat cap una reglamentació rigorosa. Alguns àmbits del dibuix tècnic han permès a arquitectes i enginyers no només representar amb precisió l’objecte projectat sinó, al mateix temps, intentar comunicar idees i sensacions, podent així suggerir i estimular la imaginació de l’espectador. El ventall de mecanismes i tècniques de grafiat emprats en el dibuix dels plànols de les ciutats és molt divers, i sempre han estat sotmesos a la voluntat del planejador per tal d’expressar allò que es pretenia destacar amb la representació de l’ordenació projectada. Sobre el dibuix arquitectònic i el dibuix industrial tenim a la nostra disposició multitud de llibres, estudis i escrits. Essent també una vessant del dibuix tècnic, el dibuix del planejament urbanístic sempre s’ha trobat a cavall dels tractats sobre les representacions gràfiques de l’arquitectura i de l’enginyeria. Entenent l’urbanisme com una disciplina tècnica específica, la documentació gràfica que genera també ho és. S’estableix doncs, per a la seva representació, tota una codificació gràfica que es crea a partir de la mobilització d’un grup de mecanismes i recursos de dibuix, però la bibliografia, publicacions i articles sobre aquesta particular temàtica és molt escassa i dispersa. L’objectiu d’aquesta Tesi Doctoral és intentar esbrinar quins codis, mecanismes o recursos gràfics s’han aplicat o s’apliquen en la representació de l’urbanisme. Si són intuïtius o fixats directament o indirecta per norma. Quina evolució poden tenir i quina influència podran suposar en el futur del planejament. És un treball eminentment gràfic, amb la finalitat d’una d’anàlisi semàntica dels mecanismes i recursos de representació i sense la pretensió de proposar un model de normalització pel dibuix del planejament.

En nuestra cultura el museo ocupa un lugar privilegiado simbólicamente, pero también físicamente, en la ciudad. Y no tan sólo lo ocupa, sino lo crea, lo define, lo cambia y le da significado. Esta tesis demuestra que ese lugar hoy está en el clúster de museos. Y en el clúster, fuera del cual deviene casi imposible contemplar el museo, el museo cambia; cambian el significado y la importancia de sus aspectos básicos. Mi hipótesis es que en el proyecto del museo el aspecto urbanístico –su lugar y relación con la ciudad– toma primacía sobre el aspecto museográfico y arquitectónico. El contenido –la colección y el montaje– y la arquitectura del museo se funden en la densidad cultural del clúster como lugar del museo, destacando ese lugar y urbanismo en primer plano. El lugar – el clúster– se convierte así en clave para una nueva lectura del museo y de la ciudad. Apoyando la idea de multi-lugar, con múltiples funciones, significados y públicos, el clúster de museos se desmiembra. Se considera como ubicación física en la ciudad, forma urbana que el clúster toma, dinámicas y relaciones que establece, y lugar público que crea en esta interacción con la ciudad. A través de un análisis histórico, comparativo y crítico de estas cuatro dimensiones del lugar de museos, en los cuatro capítulos, la disertación confirma la hipótesis, como también la teoría del locus genii, mostrando el papel fundamental del clúster de museos como fuerza que organiza, genera y transforma el sistema de museos y el sistema de ciudad. Demuestra que el boom de museos, creando, cambiando y acentuando los clústeres de museos, representa una revolución en la relación y concepción del museo y de la ciudad. Desde el clúster de museos se nota toda una sucesión de cambios e innovaciones radicales en el museo, en el mismo clúster de museos y en la ciudad, a través de los cuales se explica la primacía del aspecto urbanístico en el proyecto del museo, y la teoría se amplía a la importancia del aspecto museográfico en el proyecto de la ciudad. El clúster de museos se eleva a rango del manifiesto urbanístico, mostrando que los nuevos modelos del museo-clúster, del clúster de museos y de la «ciudad de museos» son diferentes escalas o niveles de un urbanismo de densidades y flujos que maximiza el uso e impacto de los museos y espacios públicos entre ellos en la movilización y la difusión de la cultura y de la información cultural.Aunque el estudio abarca un espacio histórico y geográfico más amplio para demostrar la extensión de este fenómeno todavía poco investigado e insuficientemente conocido, se acentúan las transformaciones de los museos y sus clústeres y sistemas en las últimas tres décadas, en las principales ciudades europeas, incluyendo también los casos notables de otros continentes que sugieren las posibles direcciones de un futuro desarrollo. / In our culture the museum occupies a privileged place symbolically, but also physically, in the city. And not only does it occupy it, but it also creates, defines, changes it, and gives it meaning. This thesis demonstrates that that place is in the museum cluster. And in the cluster, out of which it becomes almost impossible to contemplate the museum, the museum changes; the meaning and the importance of its basic aspects change. My hypothesis is that in the museum project the urbanistic aspect – its place and relationship with the city – takes precedence over its museographic and architectonic aspects.The content – collection and display – and the architecture of the museum merge into the cultural density of the cluster as the place of the museum, highlighting that place and urbanism in the foreground. The place – the cluster – thus becomes the key to a new reading of the museum and of the city. Supporting the idea of multi-place, with multiple functions, meanings and audiences, the cluster is dismembered. It is considered as the physical location in the city, the urban form the cluster takes, the dynamics and relationships it establishes, and the public place which it creates in this interaction with the city.Through a historical, comparative and critical analysis of these four dimensions of the place of museums, in the four chapters, the dissertation proves the hypothesis, as well as the theory of the locus genii, showing the fundamental role of the museum cluster as a force that organizes, generates and transforms the museum system and the urban system. It demonstrates that the museum boom, by creating, changing, and emphasizing museum clusters, represents a revolution in the relationship and conception of the museum and of the city. From the museum cluster is observed a whole range of radical changes and innovations in the museum, in the very museum cluster and in the city, through which the primacy of the urbanistic aspect in the project of the museum is explained, and the theory is extended to the importance of the museum aspect in the project of the city. The cluster of museums is raised in rank of the urban manifesto, showing that new models of the museum-cluster, the museum cluster, and the "city of museums" are different scales or levels of an urbanism of densities and flows that maximizes the use and impact of museums and public spaces between them in the mobilization and dissemination of culture and cultural information.Although the study includes a wider historical and geographic space to demonstrate the extension of this still little investigated and insufficiently well-known phenomenon, the accent is on the transformations of the museums and their clusters and systems during last three decades, in the principal European cities, including also the remarkable cases from other continents that suggest the possible directions of a future development.

Immobilization of fluorescent chemosensors and chromogenic reagents on solid supports for developing optical sensors result in improved analytical performance characteristics such as continuous read-out, increased sensitivity, lower reagent consumption and possibility of using the sensor in solvents where the free molecule displays low solubility. The aim of this study is to immobilize dansylaminophenyl boronic acid (DAPB acid) and diphenylcarbazide (DPC) into various solid supports for the determination of fructose and hexavalent chromium, respectively. DAPB acid reacts with diol containing molecules to produce electron transfer resulting fluorescence quenching. Whereas DPC reacts specifically with chromate to produce a magenta colored complex having absorption maximum at 540 nm. Utilizing sol-gel technology, inorganic polymer matrices which enabled to observe fluorescence and absorbance signal in VIS region has been constructed. Also methylmethacrylate (MMA) and methacrylic acid (MAA), which are known to give transparent organic co-polymers, are chosen as monomers in the synthesis of organic copolymer. Hydrogels such as polyvinyl alcohol and Ca-alginate gel have been utilized for their good optical characteristics in the working range. Several considerations in the construction of host matrix were taken into account, such as the porosity of the polymers, functionalization of the matrix and use of additives for increasing the affinity of the medium toward the dopant molecule and swelling properties of organic polymers. The performances of the immobilizations were evaluated in terms of the transmittance and leaching properties of the host matrix, optical properties of dopant and optical response characteristic of the dopant for the analyte. The sensor applications of the immobilized probe molecule DPC were investigated. Studies regarding the enhancement of the performance of the flow injection analysis method for fructose determination, previously carried out in our laboratory, based on the fluorescence quenching of DAPB acid probe in solution were stated.

Deleuze&#039 / s Struggle Against Transcendence and Criticisms About It TIBIK, Kamuran M.S., Department of Philosophy Supervisor: Prof.Dr. Yasin Ceylan December,2006, 128 pages In this study, I first studied the undecidability of transcendence and immanence. Then, I studied the demarcation problem between transcendence and immanence with its results in philosophy. Thirdly, I touched on the idea of the death of philosophy in relation to this demarcation problem. Fourthly, I tried to present Deleuze&#039 / s dualist approach to concepts and I also studied Hume&#039 / s effect on the emergence of this dualist approach. As the fifth, I tried to relate the demarcation problem to ethics, concepts and the future of philosophy. Finally, I presented questions and criticisms about both Hume&#039 / s and Deleuze&#039 / s views on immanence and ethics.

There is an increase in bombing assaults in recent years in our country. Determining the explosive material used in these cases by the quick and correct analysis of the evidence obtained after the explosions, is an important starting point for the investigations which are done to reach the perpetrators. The forensic chemistry investigations have to be correct, exact and rapid in order to reach the right criminal. In this study, the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Gas Chromatography-Thermal Energy Analyser (GC-TEA) methods which are being used for the determination of the explosive materials&rsquo / residues used in bombing attacks are optimized with the standard solutions of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazocyclohexane (RDX) and standard mixture solution. The two methods were compared by analysing the postexplosion soil samples. Also an efficient and applicable sample preparation procedure was developed. The results showed that both methods are efficient and sensitive for the postexplosion investigations. It is seen that GC-TEA has lower detection limit and simple chromatograms due to its selectivity against only nitro group containing explosives. However it is concluded that there is a need for a reliable and sensitive method like GC-MS which provides identification and library search, for the determination of the organic components which can not be identified with GC-TEA