Este trabalho de pesquisa visa a verificar quais fatores psicossociais presentes em determinado ambiente favorecem ou determinam a fixação de uma nova interpretação de um texto ou situação. Tomou-se como base o experimento de Stanley Milgram realizado para determinação dos fatores que impõem um determinado comportamento. A pesquisa comprova a hipótese de que os fatores que impõem comportamentos também estão presentes na imposição de uma determinada interpretação. Para tanto, no primeiro capítulo, analisou-se o experimento realizado por Milgram na Universidade de Yale em 1962 a respeito da obediência à autoridade, e deste experimento retirou-se as variáveis determinantes do comportamento dos voluntários. No capítulo segundo analisou-se os escritos sectários da comunidade do Mar Morto, especificamente a de Qumran, verificando que houve mudanças de interpretação do texto canônico tomando como referência o livro de Habacuque. No terceiro capítulo apresenta-se a comprovação que os mesmos fatores presentes no experimento de Milgram se encontravam na comunidade de Qumran e que estes foram refletidos nos textos sectários. Também são apresentados outros eventos históricos que evidenciam a presença das variáveis estudadas confirmando a hipótese. Na sequência, apresentam-se sugestões de análise complementar que podem direcionar uma futura investigação científica. / The aim of this research is to verify which psychosocial factors present in a certain environment determine or favour the establishment of a new interpretation of a text or situation. The Stanley Milgram experiment to determine which factors impose certain behaviors was used as the starting point. This research proves the hypothesis that the factors which impose behaviors are also present in imposing a specific interpretation. For this purpose, in the first chapter, the experiment carried out by Milgram in Yale University in the year 1962 concerning the obedience to authority was analyzed, and from this experiment were drawn the variables which determine the behavior of the volunteers. In the second chapter, the sectarian scriptures of the Dead Sea community, specifically of Qumran were analyzed, verifying that changes of interpretation of the canonical text occurred, focusing on the book of Habakkuk. In the third chapter it is demonstrated that the same factors presented in the Milgram experiment were found in the Qumran community and were reflected in the sectarian texts. Other historical events are also shown which provide evidence of the same variables confirming the hypothesis. In sequence, some suggestions are made for further future scientific analysis.

The induction of germ-line chimerism is an expanding focus of fisheries research. This technique is having a potential to enhance the production of gametes of species that are commercially valuable, endangered, species with problematic reproduction, using a more common or easily available species or species adapted to artificial reproduction as a surrogate host. The main goal of this technology is to establish a small-bodied surrogate broodstock producing functional donor gametes based on germ cell transplantation. Extent preliminary experiments, including documentation of donor/host embryonic and larval development, characterization of germ cells enriched by documentation of their migratory activities, sterilization of the host, isolation and cryopreservation of donor germ cells, are key factors for launching this biotechnology. All these crucial points were the main objective of the present work. The whole thesis provided the focus on two different fish species. First, our commercially valuable fish, the tench, where we would like to apply our current knowledge to create a germ-line chimera within cyprinids by transplantation of tench germ cells to smaller and faster-reproducing fish species as white cloud mountain minnow. Secondly we focused on the endangered species (listed in IUCN Red List) of large body size with long reproductive cycle, the sturgeons. In this case, we have chosen sterlet as a host, providing an advantage of shorter generation interval and smaller body size, to produce gametes of donor, a critically endangered species of large body size with long reproductive cycle, such as beluga. This innovative technology could result in collection of sperm and eggs in shorter time from small-bodied host. In tench we firstly focused on embryonic and larval development documentation together with description of origin and migration pathways of primordial germ cells (PGCs). PGCs represent a powerful tool for creation a germ-line chimera within fish species because they transmit genetic information to the next generation (Linhartova et al., 2014a). Secondly, we reported a practical technique for isolation and cryopreservation of early stages of germ cells (GC), including spermatogonia (SG) and spermatocytes (Linhartova et al., 2014b). In case of sturgeons, Saito et al. (2014) firstly described the origin and migration patterns of sturgeon PGCs deposited at the vegetal pole of the egg similar to that in anurans. Secondly, Psenicka et al. (2015) reported isolation and cryopreservation of female and male GC, SG from testes and OG and pre-vitellogenic oocytes from ovary, of 2-4-year old Siberian sturgeon. Moreover the isolated GC were transplanted into host (sterlet) and process of transplantation resulted in successful colonization of sterlet genital ridge. The potential host for germ-cell tranplantation, sterlet, was sterilized by knock-down of germ cell specific gene, the dead end gene, by the morpholino antisense oligonucleotide (MO) agent (dnd-MO). These results reported the first known and functional method of sturgeon sterilization (Linhartova et al., manuscript). We provided important information on morphology and ultrastructure of beluga spermatozoa structure by scanning and transmission electron microscopy to increase knowledge of evolutionary and taxonomic relationships among sturgeons (Linhartova et al., 2013). Finally, this thesis presents several studies with differing focus of research but with one target goal to induce germ-line chimerism in fish. All these results are prerequisite of future application and development of surrogate production in these species.

In this study, for the first time we used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology in sturgeons i.e., sterlets (Acipenser ruthenus). The sequences of sgRNA and primers were designed based on published dnd1 sterlet sequence. Each pair of sgRNA oligos after ligation ready duplex DNA fragment was cloned into vector pX330-U6-Chimeric_BB-CBh-hSpCas9 backbone and thereafter the transformation to competent cells Escherichia coli DH5 was done. The plasmid carried sgRNA was extracted for downstream applications. We diluted extracted plasmid with 10% of 2 M KCl and injection into animal pole of fertilized eggs of sterlets at one to four-cell-stage, 4 hours post fertilization (hpf). At the same time, second microinjection with 2.5% FITC-biotin-dextrans was injected into vegetal pole for labelling PGCs. In the control groups, the eggs were only injected by 2.5% FITC into vegetal pole. PGCs of sterlet were visualized and photographed using a uorescent stereo microscope Leica M165 FC. To confirm the presence or deletion/insertion occurring in the target gene, we used MCE-202 MultiNA microchip electrophoresis system for DNA analysis, in which the targeted gene after amplifying by PCR was analyzed. Mutations in both treated and control embryos of sterlet were further assessed by Sanger sequencing of the PCR product. In present study, we successfully established basic protocols such as preparation of competent cells, construction of vector carrying sgRNA and its transformation into competent cells to carry out the CRISPR/Cas9 technology in sturgeons. Less number of PGCs was observed in embryos that were treated with CRISPR/Cas9; however, sequencing did not provide us a reliable evidence for mutation of the targeted gene probably due to an unspecific PCR. Therefore, more authentication of dnd1 knockout should be done in future by more specific PCR and repeated sequencing.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:54:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 vieira_fm_me_assis.pdf: 332760 bytes, checksum: 3f80edd9e591eb4e3be116ec838a5f30 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Um jovem pastor beduíno sai à procura por um de seus animais perdido na região do deserto da Judéia, próximo às bordas do mar Morto, no ano de 1947. Quando ingenuamente joga uma pedra em uma fenda de um penhasco, ouve um barulho de jarro quebrando. Assim ocorreu a maior descoberta de textos antigos jamais feita até então – os Manuscritos do Mar Morto. Uma série de cavernas foi encontrada em seguida, das quais algumas também possuíam material manuscrito. Após isso, percebeu-se que estes manuscritos eram oriundos de um sítio arqueológico próximo, conhecido atualmente como Khirbet Qumran. O material literário que foi descoberto nestas cavernas passou desde então a ser estudado por eruditos do mundo inteiro. Entre estes manuscritos, uma parcela importante é de textos hinários que eram utilizados pela comunidade que residiu neste assentamento até pouco tempo antes da destruição de Jerusalém, em 70 d.C. Os textos hinários eram largamente utilizados pela comunidade de Qumran, com uma função importante dentro dos rituais comunitários e em manifestações pessoais de louvor a Deus. Da mesma maneira, percebemos através dos livros do Novo Testamento que nas comunidades cristãs do primeiro século, a prática do canto hinário foi uma constante. Não só suas composições hinárias, mas aspectos doutrinais destas comunidades apresentam influências consideráveis de materiais anteriores e de outras fontes contemporâneas. Antes da descoberta dos Manuscritos do Mar Morto, acreditavase que as maiores influências à literatura do Novo Testamento provinham somente da Bíblia Hebraica. Atualmente, percebemos mais do que isso. Alguns hinos e passagens... / A youth bedouin shepherd was searching for one of his lost animals in the area of the Judean desert, near the border of the Dead Sea, in the year of 1947. When he ingenuously threw a stone in a rift of a cliff, he heard a vessel noise breaking. Thus happened like this the largest discovery of old texts ever done until then – the Dead Sea Scrolls. A series of caves was found soon after, several of which contained hand written material. Archaeologists soon realized that these manuscripts were originating from a nearby archaeological site, known now as Khirbet Qumran. Scholars worldwide have studied the literary material that was discovered in these caves. The hymnary texts that were used by the community that resided in this settlement from before the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 A.D. are among the most priceless documents discovered. The broadly used hymnary texts of the Qumran community had a significant function in the religious and ritualistic life of the community as evidenced by the personal manifestations of praise to God in the texts. This is analogous to the practices of the early Christian communities of the first century, as described in the New Testament, in which the practice of singing hymns was a daily occurrence. In addition to containing hymnal compositions, the texts also present the doctrinal aspects of the Qumran community. The doctrine presented in the texts shows a considerable influence from older sources and contemporary sources of the Qumran community. Before the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, it was believed that the largest influence to the literature of the New Testament was solely derived from the Hebraic Bible.

Orientador: Ivan Esperança Rocha / Banca: Paulo Augusto de Souza Nogueira / Banca: Andrea Lucia Dorini de Oliveira Carvalho Rossi / Resumo: Um jovem pastor beduíno sai à procura por um de seus animais perdido na região do deserto da Judéia, próximo às bordas do mar Morto, no ano de 1947. Quando ingenuamente joga uma pedra em uma fenda de um penhasco, ouve um barulho de jarro quebrando. Assim ocorreu a maior descoberta de textos antigos jamais feita até então - os Manuscritos do Mar Morto. Uma série de cavernas foi encontrada em seguida, das quais algumas também possuíam material manuscrito. Após isso, percebeu-se que estes manuscritos eram oriundos de um sítio arqueológico próximo, conhecido atualmente como Khirbet Qumran. O material literário que foi descoberto nestas cavernas passou desde então a ser estudado por eruditos do mundo inteiro. Entre estes manuscritos, uma parcela importante é de textos hinários que eram utilizados pela comunidade que residiu neste assentamento até pouco tempo antes da destruição de Jerusalém, em 70 d.C. Os textos hinários eram largamente utilizados pela comunidade de Qumran, com uma função importante dentro dos rituais comunitários e em manifestações pessoais de louvor a Deus. Da mesma maneira, percebemos através dos livros do Novo Testamento que nas comunidades cristãs do primeiro século, a prática do canto hinário foi uma constante. Não só suas composições hinárias, mas aspectos doutrinais destas comunidades apresentam influências consideráveis de materiais anteriores e de outras fontes contemporâneas. Antes da descoberta dos Manuscritos do Mar Morto, acreditavase que as maiores influências à literatura do Novo Testamento provinham somente da Bíblia Hebraica. Atualmente, percebemos mais do que isso. Alguns hinos e passagens... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: A youth bedouin shepherd was searching for one of his lost animals in the area of the Judean desert, near the border of the Dead Sea, in the year of 1947. When he ingenuously threw a stone in a rift of a cliff, he heard a vessel noise breaking. Thus happened like this the largest discovery of old texts ever done until then - the Dead Sea Scrolls. A series of caves was found soon after, several of which contained hand written material. Archaeologists soon realized that these manuscripts were originating from a nearby archaeological site, known now as Khirbet Qumran. Scholars worldwide have studied the literary material that was discovered in these caves. The hymnary texts that were used by the community that resided in this settlement from before the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 A.D. are among the most priceless documents discovered. The broadly used hymnary texts of the Qumran community had a significant function in the religious and ritualistic life of the community as evidenced by the personal manifestations of praise to God in the texts. This is analogous to the practices of the early Christian communities of the first century, as described in the New Testament, in which the practice of singing hymns was a daily occurrence. In addition to containing hymnal compositions, the texts also present the doctrinal aspects of the Qumran community. The doctrine presented in the texts shows a considerable influence from older sources and contemporary sources of the Qumran community. Before the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, it was believed that the largest influence to the literature of the New Testament was solely derived from the Hebraic Bible. / Mestre

The thesis presents current understanding of the concept of death and criteria for diagno- sis of death in the context of organ donation. We will argue that 1) the dead donor rule should not be the necessary condition for retrieving organs for transplantation and 2) it should be permissible to retrieve organs from patients that are imminently dying (not dead yet), with respect to the principle of autonomy and non-maleficence. We will first present the impossibility and current inconsistencies in determining the exact "moment of death" and we will then demonstrate that current organ donors do not fulfill biological criteria for death and that the dead donor rule is not respected in clinical practice. We suggest that in the context of recent major technological advances in the field of critical care medicine the dead donor rule becomes irrelevant and does not contribute to the transplantation ethics. The legal concept of death and the biological phenomenon of death become more and more distant. We argue that declaring death is not necessary for ethically justified policy in transplantation. Both the societal trust and the protection of vulnerable individuals can be ensured by different ethical principles (i.e. the principle of autonomy and the principle of non- maleficence). The sound ethical...

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-07-05T11:23:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Edivan Rodrigues de Souza.pdf: 1105357 bytes, checksum: 872b1146ec684bad63978227ceff129f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-05T11:23:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edivan Rodrigues de Souza.pdf: 1105357 bytes, checksum: 872b1146ec684bad63978227ceff129f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-26 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / An experiment has been performed aiming to evaluate the spatial-time variation patterns of soil humidity in an irrigated area in Pesqueira – PE. The experiment has been carried out in an irrigated plot with carrot, with duration of 96 days. Two irrigated sectors (1 and 2) with 900 m2 each (30 m x 30 m) have been monitored in the experiment, using microsprinklers. Dead cover has been used to cover the soil surface after 23 days of sowing, in sector 2. The irrigation water was derived from a nearby Amazon well. The applied irrigation has been estimated considered the crop demand and a leaching fraction of 20%. Neutron probe access tubes have been installed to measure soil moisture at 20 and 40 cm depths, in 49 points in sector 1 and 52 points in sector 2, in a 5 x 5 m grid. The neutron probe readings were performed one hour after irrigation, twice a week, with a total of 20 monitoring days.Data has been analysed using descriptive statistics, geostatistics and temporal stability, based on relative difference and the Spearman correlation. The soil moisture in sector 2, for the two depths, was higher than in sector 1 for the whole cropping period. Temporal dependence for the whole period has been found through high values of the Spearman correlation test thoughout the sampling times. It has been possible to identify points in the sampling space representing the average soil moisture content, using the relative difference technique. The spatial dependence of the soil moisture content has been inferred through semi-variograms and contouring maps for the two sectors, at the two different depths. / Com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento da umidade do solo, espacial e temporalmente, foi realizado um experimento em Pesqueira – PE, durante um cultivo de cenoura (Daucus carota L.) com duração de 96 dias. Dois setores de irrigação (1 e 2), cada um com 900 m2 (30 x 30 m) foram instalados, adotando um sistema de irrigação por microaspersão,utilizando água oriunda de poço Amazonas. Aos 23 dias após a semeadura foi adicionada cobertura morta no setor 2. O suprimento de água foi baseado na necessidade da cultura acrescida de uma fração de lixiviação de 20%. Foram instalados tubos de acesso para sonda de nêutrons para medição de umidade do solo, nas profundidades de 20 e 40 cm, em 49 pontos no setor 1, e 52 pontos no setor 2, em nós de uma malha de 5 x 5 m. As leituras com a sonda de nêutrons foram realizadas uma hora após o término da irrigação, com freqüência de duas vezes por semana, totalizando durante o ciclo da cultura 20 dias de monitoramento. Os dados foram avaliados adotando-se métodos de estatística descritiva, geoestatística e estabilidade temporal utilizando a diferença relativa e a correlação de Spearman. O setor 2, para as duas profundidades, apresentou umidade média maior que o setor 1 durante quase todo o ciclo da cultura. Os valores do teste de correlação de Spearman apresentaram-se altos entre as épocas de amostragens, indicando dependência temporal ao longo de todo o ciclo. Através da técnica da diferença relativa foi possível identificar pontos no espaço amostral que representam a média da umidade do solo. A dependência espacial da umidade foi inferida através dos semivariogramas e dos mapas de isolinhas para os dois setores em suas diferentes profundidades.

O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar os efeitos do treinamento resistido agudo (única sessão - TA) e de 5 semanas de exercício crônico (TC) sobre a apoptose de neutrófilos e linfócitos de camundongos controle e nocaute para TNFR1. Determinamos: viabilidade, externalização de fosfatidilserina, fragmentação do DNA e potencial de membrana mitocondrial. O ensaio do conteúdo de lipídeos neutros foi realizado em neutrófilos e a proliferação em linfócitos. TA e TC não alteraram os parâmetros avaliados nos neutrófilos. Não houve alteração nos linfócitos dos camundongos que realizaram TA. Porém, o TC aumentou a porcentagem de linfócitos com externalização de fosfatidilserina e diminuiu a proliferação dessa células nos camundongos selvagens. O exercício crônico aumentou a proporção de linfócitos em apoptose e diminuiu a proliferação nos camundongos nocaute para TNFR1. Concluímos então que a via do TNFR1 está envolvida neste processo. / The aim of this study was to investigate the acute or chronic effects of resistance exercise training on apoptosis of neutrophils and lymphocytes from knockout mice for TNF-<font face=\"Symbol\">a receptor 1 and control mice. The following parameters were determined viability, externalization of phosphatidylserine on the plasma membrane, DNA fragmentation and mitochondrial membrane potential. The measurement of the content of neutral lipids was performed in neutrophils only and the proliferation assay in lymphocytes. The acute and chronic exercise did not alter the parameters evaluated in neutrophils. Acute exercised also did not affect lymphocyte function. However, chronic resistance exercise increased the percentage of lymphocytes with phosphatidylserine externalization and decreased lymphocyte proliferation capacity of wild type mice. Chronic exercise raised the proportion of lymphocytes in apoptosis and decreased lymphocyte proliferation in TNFR1 knockout mice. We concluded that the effect of chronic exercise on lymphocyte death involves the TNFR1 pathway.

Context. In multiplayer games, player information takes time to reach other players because of network latency. This can cause inconsistencies because the actions from the other players are delayed. To increase consistency, movement prediction can be used to display other players closer to their actual position. Objectives. The goal was to compare different prediction methods and see how well they do in a 2D racing game. Methods. A testing framework was made to easily implement new methods and to get test results. Experiments were conducted to gather racing data from participants and was then used to analyze the performance of the methods offline. The distance error between the predicted position and the real position was used to measure the performance. Results. Out of the implemented algorithms, Input Prediction had the lowest average distance error at all latency. All methods tested did better than Dead Reckoning when above 600ms. Stored data algorithms did not do worse when predicting on a curvy part of the track unlike the other algorithms tested. Conclusions. Different methods are supported by different games and applications. Movement prediction should be tailored to its environment for best accuracy. Due to Input Predictions simple nature and its results here, it is a worthy contender as the go-to algorithm for games.

La zone morte, région laminaire confinée au coeur des disques protoplanétaires dont la turbulence de l'écoulement à petite échelle explique l'accrétion de matière sur l'étoile en formation, semble être un lieu propice à la formation planétaire. En effet, au bord interne de la zone morte la différence d'accrétion entraîne le développement d'une sur-densité capable de piéger les grains de poussière qui dérivent vers l'étoile. L'écoulement à cet endroit est de plus potentiellement instable. Le cas échéant, il s'organise en structures tourbillonnaires appelées ''vortex'' qui collectent efficacement la poussière. La position du bord interne est toutefois très incertaine et dépend en particulier de la thermodynamique du modèle de disque considéré. Récemment, le déplacement du bord interne a été envisagé pour expliquer la variabilité de l'accrétion des étoiles jeunes. Cette thèse aborde le problème posé par l'influence de la thermodynamique sur la dynamique du bord interne de la zone morte. Des simulations MHD qui incluent le couplage entre les processus thermodynamiques avec la dynamique de l'écoulement ont tout d'abord permis de confirmer le comportement dynamique du bord interne ainsi que de réaliser la mesure inédite de sa vitesse typique de déplacement. La comparaison de ces résultats avec les prédictions données par un modèle de champ moyen a révélé le rôle du transport d'énergie par des ondes excitées au bord interne de la zone morte. Ces simulations présentent de plus un phénomène nouveau: les vortex formés à l'interface suivent un cycle de formation-migration-destruction. Cette découverte est susceptible de modifier notre vision du scénario de formation planétaire. En résumé, cette thèse met en évidence le fait que les processus thermodynamiques sont au coeur du fonctionnement de la région du bord interne de la zone morte dans les disques protoplanétaires. / The dead zone, a quiescent region enclosed in the turbulent flow of a protoplanetary disk, seems to be a promising site for planet formation. Indeed, the development of a density maximum at the dead zone inner edge, that has the property to trap the infalling dust, is a natural outcome of the accretion mismatch at this interface. Moreover, the flow here may be unstable and organize itself into vortical structures that efficiently collect dust grains. The inner edge location is however loosely constrained. In particular, it depends on the thermodynamical prescriptions of the disk model that is considered. It has been recently proposed that the inner edge is not static and that the variations of young stars accretion luminosity are the signature of this interface displacements. This thesis address the question of the impact of the gas thermodynamics onto its dynamics around the dead zone inner edge. MHD simulations including the complex interplay between thermodynamical processes and the dynamics confirmed the dynamical behaviour of the inner edge. A first measure of the interface velocity has been realised. This result has been compared to the predictions of a mean field model. It revealed the crucial role of the energy transport by density waves excited at the interface. These simulations also exhibit a new intriguing phenomenon: vortices forming at the interface follow a cycle of formation-migration-destruction. This vortex cycle may compromise the formation of planetesimals at the inner edge. This thesis claims that thermodynamical processes are at the heart of how the region around the dead zone inner edge in protoplanetary disks works.