In September 1905, Frederick W.G. Haultain, Premier of the North-West Territories, was not asked to form the first government of either Saskatchewan or Alberta. Many considered his treatment scandalous, especially since Haultain had distinguished himself during the Territorial period. As the Territorial governments first leader, Haultain worked tirelessly to provide the region with the services the residences of the other provinces took for granted. Despite these achievements, Haultain was not a good strategic thinker. After 1905, Haultain formed the Provincial Rights Party and served as the first leader of the opposition in Saskatchewan. Haultain retired from politics in 1912 after failing to secure a majority in three successive elections. Haultains reputation as an elder statesman developed after his death in 1941. Many scholars have blamed Liberal politicians for Haultains marginalization. In reality, by 1905 Haultain had undermined his own base of support by making poor political choices that alienated his supporters. In seeking provincehood for the North-West Territories, Haultain unwisely alienated his Cabinet colleagues whose support was essential to maintaining the Assemblys confidence in the government. He also failed to build the Provincial Rights Party into a serious alternative to the Liberals because he lacked some important political skills. Haultain failed to enlist any talented individuals to serve along side him in the Assembly. Most importantly, Haultain failed to realize that it was practically impossible to form a government without the support of rural Saskatchewan, and took many positions that alienated farmers. His failure to support reciprocity in 1911 ultimately destroyed his already damaged reputation.

Demandingness-based objections to utilitarianism and other consequentialist moral theories constitute the most important problem facing moral philosophers today. In this Thesis, I offer an explanation of what makes the demandingness objection compelling, namely, that utilitarianism alienates us from the projects and goals that define us as individual human beings (normally taken to be a separate objection). This suggests that solving the problems demandingness considerations present involves carving out a space for these projects and goals alongside the demands of a consequentialist morality; thus, we have two nearly independent sources of normative reasons, and the real question is how they interact. Various suggestions for answering this question are considered and rejected. I also discuss how Alastair Norcross’ scalar utilitarianism “solves” the demandingness problem, what the costs of this solution are, and how it might be integrated into a theory concerning the aforementioned interaction. / February 2008

In September 1905, Frederick W.G. Haultain, Premier of the North-West Territories, was not asked to form the first government of either Saskatchewan or Alberta. Many considered his treatment scandalous, especially since Haultain had distinguished himself during the Territorial period. As the Territorial governments first leader, Haultain worked tirelessly to provide the region with the services the residences of the other provinces took for granted. Despite these achievements, Haultain was not a good strategic thinker. After 1905, Haultain formed the Provincial Rights Party and served as the first leader of the opposition in Saskatchewan. Haultain retired from politics in 1912 after failing to secure a majority in three successive elections. Haultains reputation as an elder statesman developed after his death in 1941. Many scholars have blamed Liberal politicians for Haultains marginalization. In reality, by 1905 Haultain had undermined his own base of support by making poor political choices that alienated his supporters. In seeking provincehood for the North-West Territories, Haultain unwisely alienated his Cabinet colleagues whose support was essential to maintaining the Assemblys confidence in the government. He also failed to build the Provincial Rights Party into a serious alternative to the Liberals because he lacked some important political skills. Haultain failed to enlist any talented individuals to serve along side him in the Assembly. Most importantly, Haultain failed to realize that it was practically impossible to form a government without the support of rural Saskatchewan, and took many positions that alienated farmers. His failure to support reciprocity in 1911 ultimately destroyed his already damaged reputation.

Denna uppsats utgår från tidigare forskning som har konstaterat fyra huvudsakliga faktorer som bidragit till uppkomsten av ensamhetskänslor, dessa är ”utan närrelation”, ”otillräckliga vänskapsband”, ”avvikande” och ”alienerad”. De två faktorerna ”utan närrelation” och ”otillräckliga vänskapsband” behandlas under samma tema i uppsatsen. Syftet är att utifrån dessa faktorer förklara hur känslor av ensamhet kan uppstå i samhället. Förhoppningen är att detta ska leda till kunskap som är användbar inom det sociala arbetet. Uppsatsen är litteraturbaserad och tillvägagångssättet utgörs av en begreppsanalys. Uppkomsten av ensamhet har utifrån faktorerna analyserats med hjälp av vetenskapliga rapporter och texter. Analysen visade att ensamhetskänslor på grund av ”utan närrelation” och ”otillräckliga vänskapsband” kan förklaras av separeringen av hushåll och företag vilket leder till en försvagning av gemenskap familjemedlemmar emellan. Ytterligare förklaringar är distanserade kontakter och en blaserad attityd i samhället. Känslan av att inte passa in och att vara missförstådd i ett samhälle med mycket press och många val är förklaringar till uppkomsten av ensamhetskänslor utifrån den andra faktorn, ”avvikande”. Förklaringarna till ”alienerad” som en faktor till ensamhetskänslor är ytlig gemenskap på arbetsplatsen, organisationsförändringar samt en osäkerhet på både arbetsplatsen och arbetsmarknaden. Vidare är känslan av meningslöshet ett grundläggande problem i det moderna sociala livet. Slutligen är kunskap om ensamhet användbar för socialarbetare då det möjliggör ett bättre bemötande och bättre insatser.

Syftet med den här kvalitativa studien är att studera självbilden hos före detta missbrukare. För att undersöka syftet delas det in i tre frågeställningar: Vad har påverkat före detta missbrukare i utveckling av självbilden? Vilken betydelse har uppväxt och relationer haft för utveckling av självbilden? Hur har missbruket påverkat hur individerna definierar sig själva? För att besvara dessa frågor utfördes en intervjustudie av sex vuxna i Stockholm med en bakgrund i missbruk. Materialet bearbetas genom tematisering för att undersöka specifika kategorier som i analysen delas in i övergripande teman. Intervjumaterialet analyseras genom teorier om självbild, identitetsutveckling, socialt arv och individens påverkan av utanförskap och erkännande. Studien visar på att missbruket varit betydande men inte i den grad som de sociala faktorerna. En slutsats är att händelser och relationer har varit av stor betydelse för individernas självbild. Resultatet överensstämmer med tidigare forskning som visar på att uppväxt, relationer och avgörande händelser påverkar självbilden. / The purpose of this qualitative study is to examine the self-image of former addicts. The purpose is divided into three research questions: What has influenced former drug addicts in the development of the self-image? What significance has the childhood and relationships had for developing the self-image? What impact has the addiction had on the way these individuals define themselves? To answer these questions the authors conducted six semi-structured interviews, with individuals who have had a former addiction. The empirical material was thematically structured and examined out of specific categories and divided into themes in the analysis.The material is analyzed by theories about self-image, identity development, social inheritance and the impact of alienation and recognition. The study shows that the abuse itself had significant meaning for the self-image of these individuals, but not to the extent of the social factors. One conclusion is that critical events and relationships have been of great importance for developing the self-image. The results are consistent with previous research showing that childhood, relationships and essential events in life may affect the development of the self-image.

This thesis deals with questions of Marx’s concept of alienation in regards to the semi-aware state of it in contemporary society. In the fashion industry, one of the most globalised businesses, the supply chains are getting larger, tasks are being outsourced and labour is divided on several dozens of workers involved, relationships are socially and geographically dispersed. Hence, companies establish departments for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and by this “cleaning” the supply chain according to international laws and conventions. Division of labour fragments the supply chains and third parties are in charge to audit and inspect factory sites, reporting the findings to the company’s CSR manager and by this increasing transparency and authenticity. Meanwhile being unaware of the fact that alienation happens in a definitive state in the fashion industry, companies counteract not only by communication their endeavour which CSR is executing but also by publishing CSR agendas and policies online. This phenomenon is demonstrated on two Swedish fashion brands, Filippa K and Cheap Monday. After all, I argue, Marx might be challenged in various points of his theory, however, he appears not being completely wrong when it comes to alienation. Further, I claim, that the old-fashioned (and forgotten?) theory of alienation ought to be revived for the understanding of issues on the production side, branding narratives and storytelling marketing strategies as well as end-consumers increasing awareness and education in such realms.

This essay explores the intertextual qualities in and between Kristian Lundberg’s works Yarden, Mörkret skulle vara som ljuset and Och allt skall vara kärlek. Read as a trilogy, it bears a thematic resemblance to Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy; an autofictional depiction of emancipation from alienation by grace. To reach this conclusion, I use Julia Kristeva’s theory of intertextuality and Roland Barthes’ post-structuralist differention of Work and Text together with his notion of the Paper-Author. Through a kaleidoscopic reading of the two trilogies, Dante and Kristian become pilgrims in the word’s true, etymological sense: foreigners, both religious and materialistic. As such, they walk the spiritual and material world making no distinction between the two towards a love whose essential nature is twofold: at once human and divine.

The levels of unemployment are unusually high compared to recent years, and the consequences are diligently debated in media. Swedish safety systems regarding people’s welfare have gone through changes lately which affected the situation negatively for many concerned citizens. This study aimed to illustrate individual’s situation of unemployment within their social context. We chose to focus on the respondent’s experiences, influences and managing skills pertaining to the situation of unemployment. Seven interviews with unemployed men and women, aged 21-64, where executed based on a qualitative approach. These interviews resulted in the empirical material which were compiled and analyzed. The theoretical standing point in this study was symbolic interactionism. The empirical material was also analyzed through the concepts of alienation, psychological illness, economical exposure and coping. The result of this study showed that all respondents experienced economical exposure according to their unemployment. This exposure lead to other quandary’s which contributed to development of coping strategies. Earlier research shows that unemployment is related to psychological illness which also was shown in this study. Alienation was nothing the respondents declared experience from according to that unemployment was common in their social contexts. On the contrary indirect alienation appeared in the empirical material based on individual situations.

As a whole, this work serves to illuminate the tragic as a fundamental human phenomenon and an objective fact that is distinct not only from comedy and irony but from other forms of calamity and modes of failure. I consider three distinct sources of philosophical knowledge on tragedy. The first is tragic drama and literature, the second is the theory of the tragic and the third source consists of the employment of the concept of tragedy to discuss events or characters that one encounters in life. I carefully draw upon the first two sources to thicken the elaborations of four different facets of the third. In this process, I extrapolate Szondi’s notion that tragedy is a specific dialectic in a specific space. In the course of this work, I place a greater emphasis upon this general concept of the tragic as opposed to a poetics of tragedy. The dissertation bears out, however, that it is ultimately poetics - and not the dialectic as general concept - that provide us with the richer insights into tragedy as it unravels in life. The specific dialectic of tragedy unravels so as to cause the irreplaceable loss of something of great value. This provides me with a structuring element that ties the four central chapters together. In terms of content, I emphasize also upon the tragic flaw as a set of character traits (manifested by an individual or some form of collective) which keep tragedy in place. The consideration of the figure of Willy Loman allows me to examine the tragedy of failure of expectations which is a distinct category of the tragic and yet it oscillates such that ties together the other themes. A central idea that emerges from an analysis of the overlapping themes is that prior to tragedy is the investment of the deepest inner resources into a process. This investment gives rise to identity and to expectations. As a tragedy unfolds, the source of the identity or of expectation becomes also the birth place or the generator of all threats to this identity and the collapse of long nurtured expectations.

THE SOCIALIST WORKERS&amp / #8217 / SELF-GOVERNMENT IT&amp / #8217 / S EFFECT ON WORKERS&amp / #8217 / INFLUENCE AND THE TRANSCENDENCE OF THE ALIENATION OF LABOR IN YUGOSLAVIA Ali Milliogullari Ph.D. Department of Political Science and Public Administration Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Sinasi Aksoy September 2007, 224 pages The objective of this dissertation study is to explore the socialist workers&amp / #8217 / self-government and to what extend the socialist workers self-government&amp / #8217 / s theoretical aim and potential for the transcendence of the alienation of labor has been realized in the experience of the Socialist Yugoslavia, by a theoretically and socio-historical contextually grounded comparative empirical inquiry in Yugoslavia. The main theoretical thesis of this study is that compared to the etatist-bureaucratic socialist system and the capitalist societal system, the self-governing socialism can have a qualitatively more significant positive effect on the workers influence over decision-making and the transcendence of alienation of labor in work organizations. The study is composed of three main parts: (1) the examination and evaluation of the theoretical perspectives on the socialist workers&amp / #8217 / self-government and the alienation of labor, (2) the examination of the development of the socialist workers&amp / #8217 / self-government in Yugoslavia in practice, and (3) a comparative empirical study concerning the effect of the socialist workers&amp / #8217 / self-government in Yugoslavia and the capitalist non-participative management in Turkey on the workers influence over decision-making and the transcendence of the alienation of labor in work organizations. The analyses of the research data for the within - the socialist workers self-management system in Yugoslavia revealed that, contrary to the expectations of the related theory, ideology and de jure structure, the socialist workers self-management did not have a qualitatively significant positive effect on the workers influence and transcendence of the alienation of labor in work organizations. However, as to the between societal systems comparison, the analyses of the research data indicated that, in consistent with the theoretical expectations, compared with the capitalist management system in Turkey, the socialist workers self-management in Yugoslavia has a statistically more significant positive effect on the workers influence and the reduction of the powerlessness in work dimension of the alienation of labor.