PropTech var ett begrepp som genomsyrade fastighetsbranschen sedan några år tillbaka, även om fastighetsbolag, akademiker eller finansiärer hade olika tolkningar om vad som ingick i samlingsordet, användes det frekvent för att beskriva olika typer av teknik inom fastighetssektorn. Denna teknik hade potentialen att utmana eller till och med helt förändra sättet på vilket fastighetsbolag bedrev sin verksamhet. Syftet med rapporten var att reda ut hur fastighetsbolagen definierade begreppet PropTech i sin verksamhet, samt huruvida de hade gjort interna utredningar eller analyser av tekniken. Detta för att se om det fanns en gemensam bild av vad som ingick i PropTech bland etablerade bolag och vad lösningarna resulterade i vid praktisk tillämpning. För att besvara frågeställningen använde författaren sig av en kvalitativ metod i form av intervjuer med sakkunniga inom fastighetsbolagen. Därutöver analyserades materialet vidare, vilket presenterades i arbetets resultatavsnitt. Studien kom fram till att fastighetsbolagen inte hade en definition av PropTech inom bolagen. Däremot arbetade fastighetsbolagen ständigt med utredningar kring tekniken och hur den skulle implementeras på bästa sätt, främst genom pilotprojekt. Förslag till framtida forskning var att undersöka informationsluckan mellan PropTech-bolagen och fastighetsbolagen så att teknikbolagen utvecklade teknik som efterfrågades av fastighetsbolagen. / PropTech was a concept that permeated the real estate industry for several years, even though real estate companies, academics, or investors had different interpretations of what was encompassed by the term. It was frequently used to describe various types of technology within the real estate industry. Technology that could challenge or even completely change the way real estate companies conducted their business. The purpose of the report was to clarify how real estate companies defined the concept of PropTech within their companies and whether they had conducted internal investigations or analyses of the technology. This was done to determine if there was a common understanding of what was included in PropTech amongst established companies and whether the solutions resulted in practical applications. To address this inquiry, the author employed a qualitative method, conducting interviews with experts within real estate companies. Furthermore, the material was analyzed, as presented in the results section of the paper. The study concluded that real estate companies did not have a definition of PropTech within their organizations. However, real estate companies were continuously engaged in investigations regarding the technology and how it should be implemented in the best possible way, primarily through pilot projects. A suggestion for future research was to investigate the information gap between PropTech companies and real estate companies, allowing technology firms to develop solutions that were in demand by real estate companies.

Digital Transformation (DT) is becoming a comprehensive part of everyday lives. It has become disruptive to the point that it has transformed the way we live, work and interact with each other. One area which has been affected by DT are Public Administrations (PA). DT is changing both the expectations of the performance of PA’s, but digitalization also transforms their objects and processes. To understand how DT affects PA’s, research often addresses external reasoning. This research paper instead explores internal reasoning; that is to say the PA’s organizational culture. It does so by asking what dimensions of Organizational Culture (OC) impacts DT within PA with the conclusion that (1) Communication as a part of OC decelerates DT (2) Competence Development can create acceptance of DT and (3) Social Sustainability holds DT accountable.

Syftet med denna studie är att skapa kunskap om hur digitalisering har påverkat marknadsföringsstrategier inom svenska apotek som verkar inom både e-handel och fysisk verksamhet. Två forskningsfrågor har undersökts, vilka är hur marknadsföringsstrategier påverkats av digitaliseringen i svenska apotek samt hur denna utveckling hjälpt apoteken i Sverige att konkurrera med varandra. Kvalitativ metod med abduktiv ansats har använts vid denna studie. Fallstudieformat har applicerats med semistrukturerade intervjuer som datainsamling. Fallstudieobjekten var Meds, Apotea, Apoteket AB och Apotek Hjärtat. Intervjuerna har analyserats genom innehållsanalys och tematisk analys. Resultatet visar att digitaliseringen påverkat en snabb utveckling av marknadsföringskanaler och distribution såsom e-handelsbutikerna för apoteken i Sverige. Vi drar slutsatsen att digitaliseringen gett upphov till nya strategier som ges större utrymme inom marknadsföringsarbetet hos apoteken. Vi kan också se att apoteken i denna studie utgår från traditionella strategier och kompletterar dessa med digitala marknadsföringsstrategier som även ges störst utrymme. Studien fyller ett forskningsgap för apoteksföretagen i Sverige och marknadsföringsstrategierna till följd av digitaliseringen. Studien bidrar till ökad förståelse för hur digitaliseringen påverkat apotekens utveckling och hur marknadsföringen ser ut för samtliga fallföretag. En framtida forskning kring hur apoteken i Sverige utvecklas längre fram i digitaliseringen samt med fler apoteksföretag.

Many industries are transitioning to a digitalized world these days due to new opportunities and applications that come with it. This process has been accelerated in various ways due to the Covid-19 pandemic, to the point where many organizations have been able to digitalize some aspects of their daily tasks in a short period of time, ranging from using new technology and equipment like AI to utilizing social media and web-based platforms for forming virtual communities. We, as master's students with an engineering background, became interested in this topic and began reviewing literature to learn more about it. We noticed that the impact of digitalization on leadership in the healthcare industry has not been adequately addressed in previous academic work. We approached this topic as social constructionists with a relativistic perspective, and attempted to conduct a qualitative study with in-depth interviews with knowledgeable managers and employees in three different countries with different organizational cultures. This allowed us to examine how this process would affect both hierarchical and flat organizational management systems. Next, we went through open coding, trend identification, and templating. Following the theoretical framework and comparing the findings from different sample groups led to an interesting conclusion: Digitalization, as expected and as a support to our theoretical framework, helps organizations be more productive and deliver higher service quality, training and academic in this way helps all members, especially managers, do their jobs better, and there was no difference between the three different group samples. The final and most intriguing finding is that in the presence of digitalization, flat organizations become flatter thanks to the various tools that digitalization provides to the system to create a closer and more flat communication structure, whereas in hierarchical organizations, managers use the tools provided by this phenomenon to cement their position and power pyramid. To put it another way, digitalization alone will not be able to shape or even force the organizational structure to become flatter; all those virtual teams and web-based platforms will be used in the way that the current organization structure desires.

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused immense challenges to businesses and people’s lives. For the pharmaceutical industry, these challenges entail changes in demand, supply chain, consumption trends, as well as a shift towards telemedicine and changes in R&D priorities. To respond to these market changes, firms must reallocate their resources and modify their processes, which requires an agility in the firms’ structure and management practices.The aim of this work was to identify how firms can manage their operations resources and processes to adapt to sudden market change and facilitate crisis-driven digital transformation. The objective is to investigate how firms’ operations strategy and organizational attributes affect firm performance under the changing market conditions during the recent pandemic. To do this, we analyzed the operations strategy of 13 large (more than 250 employees) pharmaceutical firms in Sweden qualitatively. Using the operations strategy matrix as a guiding tool, keywords describing the decision areas and performance objectives of these firm were used for searching online published information. By reviewing annual reports, press releases and articles in trade journals, information on firms’ strategic priorities was extracted. By the use of pattern matching, the relation between firms’ strategic preferences and their ability to adapt to market changes was established. Moreover, we analyzed the relation between pharmaceutical firms’ financial performance, their organization attributes (i.e., span of control, financial resources and intellectual resources) and crisis conditions quantitatively. For this purpose, OLS regression and panel (data) analysis was used to identify significant variables that impact performance of 239 registered firms in Sweden.We found that firms focusing on market competitiveness and growth orientation in their operations strategy showed better performance during the pandemic in comparison to firms focusing only on market competitiveness. It was also noted that it takes time to see the effects of changes in strategic priorities and depends on firms’ existing agility. However, the relation between firms’ performance during the pandemic and their status within the organization and ownership structure was unclear. It was also observed that ownership structure and firms’ status within the organization had no impact on the choice of perspective on operations strategy.Similarly, organizational attributes in terms of firms’ financial resources were found to have a positive impact on financial performance, and this relation was more prominent for firms with a wide span of control (horizontal structure) than for firms with a narrow span of control (vertical structure). While a negative relation between crisis conditions and financial performance was observed for firms with a narrow span of control, no such relationship could be observed for firms with a wide span of control. Similarly, no relation between firms’ intellectual resources and their financial performance was found in this study.This work provides evidence on how firms’ operations strategy and organizational attributes affect performance, particularly during COVID-19 pandemic-driven market changes. The findings provided in this work are relevant considering that the business environment is currently changing at an increasing pace. Additionally, the increased use of artificial intelligence, big data, the internet of things, and the platform economy has led us to a new industrial revolution, in which firms with efficient use of resources and processes are endowed with increased survival chances. The results of this thesis can provide insight into how organizations can optimize their resource usage and processes to achieve organizational agility for sustainable competitive advantages during future market changes.

The fallout of digitalization: A study over the challenges facing modern journalism As the number of professional youtubers and bloggers are increasing and the world where one individual with a camera and access to the internet can make a living out of pure public interest, the number of sold newspapers is decreasing. The journalists of today have become obliged to reevaluate the core of their craftmanship and resort to unusual ways of publishing. The growing tendencies of fake news have contributed to a perception of media as a propaganda tool amongst the consumers. Having to compete with social media as well as other journalistic players might result in a slight change of publishing that makes the published material stray further from the ethics of journalism, and it puts the news media in a zone of conflict. While the journalistic ideal is jeopardized in the tough competition on the digital platform – it is that very ideal that distinguishes journalist from the competitors. The purpose of this study is to examine the reflections on the theme of digitalization by journalists on different web based news media in Sweden. I have interviewed four people on four separate news sites in an attempt to clarify how they approach the potential challenges a digital climate proposes to the journalistic profession, and how they view the future of the profession in an age where the lines between digital mediums are becoming more and more blurred.

Background: Automation of processes is taking place more and more in the manufacturing industry today. Automation today is used by companies to be more productive/efficient to be competitive. Automating a process not only increases the chance of reduced waste, but it also increases productivity, precise measurements, shorter lead times and increased cost efficiency, and that the company maintains its place in the market. Therefore, it is important for small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to be able to automate the processes, especially since SMEs make up the largest part of the market. Quality control is one of the most important parts of the complex production process. This is because the quality controls ensure the quality of the products for both the company and the customers. If the quality controls are automated, this can lead to an increase in the quality of the products and to them becoming more efficient.  The purpose: The basis of this thesis is to be able to increase the productivity/efficiency and safety of the quality controls, i.e. more specific and accurate measurements that increase the credibility of the quality of the products, through automation/digitalization. This is to reduce human assistance, increase the efficiency of the process and be more cost-effective as the workers can focus on other tasks than the quality controls. The research questions in this study are: What is needed to redesign and streamline the quality control processes? What are the important technologies and process changes needed to automate the quality controls? How can the quality controls be made more efficient with the help of automation?  Method: This study is based on a qualitative & quantitative research approach which is based on a case study at the company Senior Material. Through interviews, observations, participant observations and notes, the empirical data was collected. All data was analyzed to help the study find relevant solutions. Theories were collected through various search tools through a literature study. The literature that was relevant and could advance the study was used, this through data analysis of the literature and elimination of irrelevant literature. An analysis of the market also took place to find relevant solutions.  Conclusions: The study's conclusion presents which steps are important to take to be able to redesign and streamline the quality control processes in the companies. These steps are to first understand the problem, understand what requirements the company has, be very involved in the case, set limitations and goals, find solutions that meet all requirements and finally analyze whether the solutions meet all requirements and are effective. A very important part of automation is to understand why it should be done, this especially for SMEs as they do not have as many resources as large companies. Another important point to consider is not to have too high a level of automation as this can have several consequences. One of the most important technologies to consider in automation is the digitization of data. This is to be able to detect deviations or problems early and be able to remedy them. Digitization is a large part of the solution, therefore it is important for companies to first check whether the problem lies in a lack of automation or digitization The solutions found were to automate the controls for the particle, humidity and temperature measurement and digitize the rest of the controls. With the help of these solutions, Senior saves more than 123 working days of unnecessary work while streamlining quality controls.

Technology grows continuously within the accounting field. A lot of new technologies have been invented in order to make facilities for the accountants and increase the quality of their performance, but there is less research on what accountants need based on the characteristics of the firm that they work for. There are a lot of different kinds of obstacles to investigate and implement new technology. Sometimes it happens that a company implements a new “trendy” technology just to be up to date with the market, but after a while they see that the technology is not suited for their firm’s employees or the size of the firm. Therefore, both investors and technology creators need to be aware of the firm characteristics and its need. On the other hand, employees or graduating students need to prepare themselves for the real competitive market and it is necessary for them to know which kind of skills they need to know and which knowledge they need to learn in order to be able to enter the job market. Consequently, universities as a place that have significant roles to educate and skilling students and make them ready for the real market need to keep the curriculum up to date and in line with the market demands. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to extend the current knowledge of the potential effects of various firms’ characteristics on digitalization in accounting function and the need of new skills by providing an answer to these two main questions:➢ What is the relation between the level of digitalization in accounting function and the characteristics of firms?➢ What is the relation between the level of digitalization in accounting function and the need of skills among the employees of an accounting function?Findings from the empirical data show that accounting functions currently need to have an accountant with IT base knowledge and cloud computing knowledge besides the accounting knowledge. Moreover, results show that not all the firm characteristics have a significant role to develop and implement the new technologies within accounting functions.

Digitalization is an inevitable part of working life as well as life in general. At the same time, the leader is an important part of a business where they can act as an influential and engaging role.  The purpose of this essay is to look into the correlation between, leadership and digitalization. Moreover, what the effects are on businesses if digitalization projects are implemented and more so what the effects are if those projects are implemented in an unprepared organization. The method that formed the basis of the essay is of a qualitative approach as well as an abductive approach. Nine informants were interviewed and gave their own perspective on, and experience of, digitalization. Results, that have been obtained through studies, show that leadership has an effect on digitalisation which can be contributed to communication, environment and employees’ engagement. Leadership is the foundation of successful digitalisation and successful digitalisations in certain areas leads to, improvement of Leadership opportunities Conclusions that can be drawn from the results are that leadership’s commitment, involvement and communication is perceived to be important in creating a pleasant working environment, satisfied employees and a well-functioning business. The leader role has been determined to play an important part in various areas of a business and particularly when implementing digitalization.

Digitalisering genomsyrar flera delar av vårt samtida, digitalt mogna samhälle, inklusive den offentliga sektorn, näringslivet och människors fritid. Digitaliseringen samspelar också med intresset för kulturarv och museer i Sverige. Hur ser relationen mellan digitalisering och museiverksamhet ut? Följande arbete är en kandidatuppsats inom medieteknik som syftar till att kartlägga digitaliseringsprocess på ett museum med hjälp av fallstudiemetodik. Datainsamlingen skedde genom intervju med två medarbetare från den digitala beredningsgruppen på Malmö Museer. Studien refererar till tidigare forskning om digitalisering på museer med fokus på digital arkivering, digitala verktyg och redskap. Teoretisk grund för arbetet är Andreé Malraux teori om Le Musée Imaginaire (museet utan väggar). Uppsatsen visar att Malmö Museer är ett museum som aktivt arbetar med att införa digitala inslag i sin mycket omfattande verksamhet. Digitaliseringen vid Malmö Museer sker medvetet och i överenstämmelse med den digitala utvecklingen i samhället. / Digitalization permeates multiple parts of our contemporary, digitally mature society, including the public sector, business, and people’s leisure time. Also, digitalization intersects with the interest in cultural heritage and museums in Sweden. What does the relationship between digitalization and museum activities look like? The following work is a Bachelor level thesis on Media Technology that aims to map the digitalization process following a case study methodology. Data collection took place through interview with two employees from the Digital Evaluation group at Malmö Museer. The study references previous research concerning digitalization in museums focusing on digital archiving, tools and implements. Andree Malraux’s theory of Le Musée Imaginaire (The Museum without Walls) is used as the theoretical basis. The thesis shows that Malmö Museer works actively with the implementation of digital features in its very extensive work. The research showed that digitalization at Malmö Museer intentionally takes place in accord with the digital development in society.