Submitted by Rafael Santana (rafael.silvasantana@ufpe.br) on 2018-03-12T19:13:22Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) COMPORTAMENTO EM FADIGA TERMOMECÂNICA DE FIOS DE LIGA COM MEMÓRIA DE FORMA Ni-Ti-Cu.pdf: 4577247 bytes, checksum: 80f553611587916c4a69ac3a78c41e28 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-12T19:13:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) COMPORTAMENTO EM FADIGA TERMOMECÂNICA DE FIOS DE LIGA COM MEMÓRIA DE FORMA Ni-Ti-Cu.pdf: 4577247 bytes, checksum: 80f553611587916c4a69ac3a78c41e28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 / Na maioria das aplicações tecnológicas os atuadores de liga de memória de forma (LMF) estão submetidos aos mais diversos tipos de carregamentos mecânicos, o que torna imprescindível o estudo da vida em fadiga destes tipos de materiais. Diante disto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o comportamento dinâmico e a fadiga termomecânica de fios de LMF Ni-Ti-Cu, submetidos a ensaios dinâmicos em modo de flexão simples (Single Cantilever) utilizando um equipamento de Análise Mecânico Dinâmico (DMA – Dynamic Mechanical Analysis). Assim, foram realizadas análises para determinar a capacidade de amortecimento dos fios, além da fadiga estrutural nos estados martensítico e austenítico. A vida em fadiga dos fios foi avaliada por meio do número de ciclos até a ruptura em função das amplitudes de deformação aplicadas durante o processo de ciclagem mecânica. Os resultados demonstraram uma considerável capacidade de amortecimento dos fios, principalmente durante a transformação de fase e uma influência direta da amplitude de deformação imposta, nos valores de força e no tempo de vida dos fios, revelando que a fadiga situa-se numa faixa entre 103 a 105 ciclos, caracterizando uma fadiga de baixo ciclo. / In most technological applications, Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) actuators are subjected to the most diverse types of mechanical loads, which makes it essential to study the fatigue life of these types of materials. Therefore, the present work has the objective of analyzing the dynamic behavior and thermomechanical fatigue of SMA Ni-Ti-Cu wires, submitted to dynamic tests in single cantilever mode using a Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). Thus, analyzes were carried out to determine the damping capacity of the wires, besides the structural fatigue in the martensitic and austenitic states. The fatigue life of the wires was evaluated by means of the number of cycles until the rupture as a function of the strain amplitudes applied during the mechanical cycling process. The results demonstrated a considerable damping capacity of the wires, especially during phase transformation and a direct influence of the imposed strain amplitude, on the values of force and the life time of the wires, revealing that the fatigue is in the range of 103 To 105 cycles, characterizing a low cycle fatigue.

Commonly used amines in power industry, including morpholine, DBU (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene), and DMA (dimethylallylamine) were evaluated for their effect on AISI 1018 steel at 250oF. Samples were exposed to an autoclave containing amine added aqueous solution at pH of 9.5 for 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours. Morphology studies were carried using scanning electron microscope (SEM), phase analysis was done utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and weight loss was performed to assess kinetics of oxidation. Control samples showed the highest metal dissolution rate. DBU showed the best performance in metal protection and SEM indicated the presence of a free-crack layer formed by fine particles in that set. FTIR showed that DBU apparently favored the formation of magnetite. It is believed that fine particles impede intrusion of aggressive ions into the metal surface by forming a barrier layer. FTIR demonstrated that DMA formed more oxyhydroxides, whereas morpholine presented magnetite to hematite transformation as early as 2 hours. SEM revealed that control and DMA produced acicular particles characteristic of oxyhydroxides while morpholine and DBU presented more equiaxed particles.

In order to quality assure and investigate material compositions in materials for components, safe methods need to be used to obtain correct results. When starting up a new analysis tool, a basic investigation is needed of how the tool is prepared, operated and how analysis data is interpreted. This is to maneuver the analysis tool correctly in the future work. Misuse of the analysis tool could potentially lead to the wrong material being selected for components and failure to respond to accident investigations. This thesis has been written at Husqvarna AB and its department Specialist Lab´s Material Laboratory. This study would lay the groundwork for how their new dynamic mechanical analysis tool should be used and operated to obtain correct material data for future analyzed materials. Dynamic mechanical analysis is a tool that has a wide range of application and Husqvarna's main purpose is to be able to analyze the dynamic mechanical properties of different polymers and rubber types. This study will primarily address an analysis of the dynamic properties of polyethylene FKM 70-1 in a DMA instrument. This is to carry out a successful analysis that can be used as a basis for future work in Husqvarna's DMA instrument.

As man moved out on the internet, so did the companies. One of the most successful business models in the digital era is the digital platform. A digital platform acts as an intermediary on multi-sided markets and enjoys, amongst others, lucrative network effects. One of the main factors behind the great success of digital platforms is the usage of big data combined with algorithms that are enhanced by machine learning. However, as big data is becoming more and more indispensable for any modern company, questions have been raised about whether digital platforms should be able to withhold the massive amount of big data exclusively, or whether they could be forced to share it. This paper investigates these questions through the lens of EU-competition law, especially under Article 102 TFEU and the doctrine of essential facilities.  To address the problem of digital platforms and big data, the business models of digital platforms, the economic forces behind them, and their usage of data are assessed to conclude whether an intervention by the Union could be motivated. It is concluded that the markets where digital platforms act are prone to tip and that the characteristics of big data in combination with sophisticated algorithms create a positive feedback loop, creating barriers to entry. Thus, there are severe risks of external market failures, making an intervention feasible. The paper secondly assesses the essential facility doctrine and evaluates the four elements that needs to be fulfilled for big data to be covered by the doctrine. Even though the business model of digital platforms challenges the traditional instruments of EU-competition law, the author argues that three out of four elements of the essential facilities doctrine are fulfilled. However, as data to its character is non-rivalrous and non-exclusive the data held by the incumbent cannot be considered indispensable, making the essential facilities doctrine inapplicable. Finally, alternative instruments under EU-competition law are assessed to find a solution to the problems attributable to a refusal to supply big data. The paper concludes that there are no optimal solutions, but the best of the potential instruments is to find a new form of abuse under article 102 TFEU or to add a modified version of the essential facilities doctrine to the newly proposed legislation DMA.

Striktní nároky na systémy ochrany a zabezpečení LHC vyžadují vylepšené metody detekce rychlých ztrát částicového svazku. Rychlý proudový transformátor (FBCT) je měřicí přístroj poskytující informaci o intenzitě shluků urychlovaných částic. Tato diplomová práce popisuje vývoj nového systému ochrany LHC založeného na měření signálu FBCT. Tento systém, monitor rychlých proudových změn částicového svazku (FBCCM), měří signál FBCT v úzkém frekvenčním pásmu a počítá časovou derivaci okamžité amplitudy tohoto signálu. Tato derivace je přímo úměrná ztrátám částicového svazku. Pokud ztráty svazku překročí určitou úroveň, FBCCM přikáže kontrolním systémům zničit svazek kvůli bezpečnosti LHC. Ochrana LHC bude zabezpečena čtyřmi FBCCM, které budou instalovány do LHC v červenci 2014. Bylo zkonstruováno a testováno šest FBCCM. Jejich měřené charakteristiky vyhovují stanoveným požadavkům. FBCCM bylo vyzkoušeno laboratorní simulací reálného prostření LHC.

A recent trend in the development of renewable and biodegradable materials has led to the development of composites from renewal sources such as natural fibers. This agricultural activity generates a large amount of waste in the form of peanut shells. The motivation for this research is based on the utilization of peanut shells as a viable source for the manufacture of biocomposites. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is a plastic largely used in the industry due to its durability, high strength to density ratio, and thermal stability. This research focuses in the mechanical and thermal properties of HDPE/peanut shell composites of different qualities and compositions. The samples obtained were subjected to dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mechanical tensile strength tests. TO prepare the samples for analysis, the peanut shells were separated into different mesh sizes and then mixed with HDPE at different concentrations. The results showed that samples with fiber size number 10 exhibited superior strength modulus of 1.65 GPa versus results for HDPE alone at 1.32 GPa. The analysis from the previous experiments helped to determine that the fiber size number 10 at 5%wt. ratio in HDPE provides the most optimal mechanical and thermal results. From tensile tests the highest modulus of elasticity of 1.33 GPa was achieved from the samples of peanut shells size number 10 in HDPE at 20%wt. ratio, while the results for HDPE alone were only of 0.8 GPa. The results proved the hypothesis that the addition of peanut shells to HDPE enhances both the thermal and mechanical properties of the composite.

No description available.

One problem with computers is that the operating system automatically trusts any externallyconnected peripheral. This can result in abuse when a peripheral technically can violate the security model because the peripheral is trusted. Because of that the security is an important issue to look at.The aim of our project is to see in which cases hardware peripherals can be trusted. We built amodel of the universal asynchronous transmitter/receiver (UART), a model of the main memory(RAM) and a model of a DMA controller. We analysed interaction between hardware peripherals,user processes and the main memory.One of our results is that connections with hardware peripherals are secure if the hardware is properly configured. A threat scenario could be an eavesdropper or man-in-the-middle trying to steal data or change a cryptographic key.We consider the use-cases of DMA and protecting a cryptographic key. We prove the well-behavior of the algorithm. Some error-traces resulted from incorrect modelling that was resolved by adjusting the models. Benchmarks were done for different memory sizes.The result is that a peripheral can be trusted provided a configuration is done. Our models consist of finite state machines and their corresponding SMV modules. The models represent computer hardware with DMA. We verified the SMV models using the model checkers NuSMV and nuXmv. / Målet med vårt projekt är att verifiera olika specifikationer av externa enheter som ansluts till datorn. Vi utför formell verifikation av sådan datorutrustning och virtuellt minne. Verifikation med temporal logik, LTL, utförs. Specifikt verifierar vi 4 olika use-case och 9 formler för seriell datakommunikation, DMA och virtuellt minne. Slutsatsen är att anslutning av extern hårdvara är säker om den är ordentligt konfigurerad.Vi gör jämförelser mellan olika minnesstorlekar och mätte tidsåtgången för att verifiera olika system. Vi ser att tidsåtgången för verifikation är långsammare än linjärt beroende och att relativt små system tar relativt lång tid att verifiera.

Despite the many attractive features of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) composites, they are prone to failure due to delamination. The ability to tailor the fiber/matrix interface FRPs is crucial to the development of composite materials with enhanced structural performance. In this dissertation, ZnO nanowires (NWs) were grown on the surface of carbon fibers utilizing low temperature hydrothermal synthesis technique prior to the hybrid composite fabrication. The scanning electron microscopy revealed that the ZnO nanowires were grown uniformly on the surface of the carbon fabric. The surface grown ZnO NWs functionally-graded the composite material properties and ensured effective load transfer across the interface. To assess the influence of the ZnO NWs growth, reference samples were also prepared by exposing the carbon fabric to the hydrothermal conditions. The damping properties of the hybrid ZnO NWs-CFRP composite were examined using the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) technique. The results showed enhanced energy dissipation within the hybrid composite. Quasi-static tensile testing revealed that the in-plane and out-of-plane strengths and moduli of the hybrid FRP composite were also boosted. The interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) measurements suggested the improvement in the mechanical properties of the composite to the enhanced adhesion between the ZnO nanowires and the other constituents (carbon fiber and epoxy). It was necessary thus, to utilize the molecular dynamics simulations (MD) to investigate the adhesion within the CFRP structure upon growing the ZnO nanowires on the surface of the carbon fibers. Molecular models of the carbon fibers, the epoxy matrix and the ZnO nanowires were built. The resulting molecular structures were minimized and placed within a simulation box with periodic boundary conditions. The MD simulations were performed using the force field COMPASS to account for the empirical energy interactions between the different toms in the simulation box. Proper statistical thermodynamics were employed to relate the dynamics of the molecular model to the macroscale thermodynamic states (pressure, temperature and volume). Per the computed potential energies of the different components of the composite, it was found that the polar surfaces in the ZnO structures facilitates good adhesion properties in the graphite-epoxy composite. Besides the attractive mechanical properties of the ZnO nanowires, their piezoelectric and semiconductor properties were sought to design an energy harvesting device. To ensure sufficient charges collection from the mechanically stressed individual ZnO nanowires, a copper layer was sputtered on top of the ZnO nanowires which introduced also a Schottky effect. The mechanical excitation was provided by exposing the device to different vibration environment. The output voltage and currents were measured at the conditions (in terms of frequency and resistive load). It was demonstrated that the electrical output could be enhanced by stacking up similar devices in series or in parallel. Finally, in an attempt to exploit the reversibility of the electromechanical coupling of the energy harvesting device, the constitutive properties of the hybrid ZnO nanowires-CFRP composite were estimated using the Mori-Tanaka approach. This approach was validated by a finite element model (FEM). The FEM simulations were performed on a representative volume element (RVE) to reduce the computational time. The results demonstrated that the mechanical properties of the hybrid ZnO NWs-CFRP composite were better than those for the baseline CFRP composite with identical carbon fiber volume fraction (but with no ZnO NWs) which confirmed the experimental findings. Furthermore, the electro-elastic properties of the hybrid composite were determined by applying proper boundary conditions to the FE RVE. The work outlined in this dissertation will enable significant advancement in the next generation of hybrid composites with improved structural and energy harvesting multifunctionalties. / Ph. D.

Hot-melt extruded solid dispersion technique is increasingly employed to improve the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. The technique relies on the enhanced solubility of the amorphous form of the drug compared to its crystalline counterpart. These systems however are thermodynamically unstable. This means that the drug crystallises with time. Therefore, efforts to measure the stability of these systems over the life span of the product are crucial. This study focused on investigating the use of Hansen Solubility Parameters to quantify polymer-drug interaction and to predict the stability of solid dispersions. This was achieved through a systematic review of hot-melt extruded solid dispersion literature. The study also investigated the use of a combined mechanical and rheological model to characterise the physicochemical and release behaviour of three solid dispersion immediately after preparation and after storage for one month at 40oC or three months at room temperature. Results revealed that the total solubility parameter |ΔбT| was able to predict the stability of the systems for more than 4 months using a cut-off point of 3 MPa-1 with a negative predictive value of 0.9. This was followed by ΔбD with a cut-off point of 1.5 MPa- 1. Moreover, Dynamic Mechanical Analyser and shear rheometry data were shown to be more sensitive than Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Powder X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope and Fourier Transform Infrared in detecting crystallisation and the interaction between the drug and the polymer. The Dynamic Mechanical Analyser data were consistent with the dissolution behaviour of the samples when comparing the freshly prepared samples with those after storage. The results highlight the need for a unified characterisation approach and the necessity of verifying the homogeneity of mixing during the extrusion process.