The DNA replication checkpoint transcriptionally up-regulates genes that allow cells to adapt to and survive replication stress. Our results show that, in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the replication checkpoint regulates the entire G1/S transcriptional program by directly regulating MBF (aka DSC1), the G1/S transcription factor. Instead of initiating a checkpoint-specific transcriptional program, the replication checkpoint targets MBF to maintain the normal G1/S transcriptional program during replication stress. We propose a mechanism for this regulation, based on in vitrophosphorylation of the Cdc10 subunit of MBF by the Cds1 replication-checkpoint kinase. Substitution of two potential phosphorylation sites with phospho-mimetic amino acids suffice to promote the checkpoint transcriptional program, suggesting that Cds1 phosphorylation directly regulates MBF-dependent transcription. The conservation of MBF between fission and budding yeast, and recent results implicating MBF as a target of the budding yeast replication checkpoint, suggest that checkpoint regulation of the MBF transcription factor may be a conserved strategy for coping with replication stress. Furthermore, the structural and regulatory similarity between MBF and E2F, the metazoan G1/S transcription factor, suggests that this checkpoint mechanism may be broadly conserved among eukaryotes. Our result shows that both the replication checkpoint and the S-phase DNA damage checkpoint are involved in activating MBF regulated S-phase gene transcription and that this coordinated transcriptional response is beneficial for survival during replication stress. I demonstrate that the beneficial role of the transcriptional response during checkpoint activation is mediated by three major MBF transcripts: cdc22, mrc1 and mik1. Mrc1 dependent stabilization of stalled fork is important during S phase arrest. However, cells ability to prevent mitosis (Mik1 dependent) along with stable fork (Mrc1 dependent) both are crucial for survival. Our data also suggest that the level of Cdc22 is a determining factor for replication checkpoint activation and when over-expressed can alleviate the effects not only in HU but also in MMS.

The proper maintenance of the pathways governing cell growth is critical to ensure cell survival and DNA fidelity. Much of our understanding of how the cell cycle is regulated comes from studies examining the relationship between DNA viruses and the mechanisms of cell proliferation control. There are numerous examples demonstrating that viruses can alter the host cell environment to their advantage. In particular, the small DNA tumor viruses, which include adenovirus, simian-virus 40 (SV-40), and human papillomavirus (HPV), can modulate the host cell cycle to facilitate viral DNA replication. Due to the fact that these viruses infect quiescent, non-cycling cells and lack the necessary enzymes and resources to replicate their DNA (e.g. DNA polymerase), the small DNA tumor viruses must activate the host cell replication machinery in order to expedite viral DNA replication. The capacity of these viruses to perturb normal cell proliferation control is dependent upon their oncogene products, which target p53 and members of the Retinoblastoma (RB) family of proteins and inactivate their respective functions. By targeting these key cell cycle regulatory proteins, the small DNA tumor viruses induce the infected host cells to enter S-phase and activate the components involved with host cell DNA synthesis thereby generating an environment that is conducive to viral DNA replication. In contrast, the larger, nuclear-replicating DNA viruses such as those from the family Herpesviridae, do not share the same stringent requirement as the small DNA viruses to induce the infected host cell to enter S-phase. The herpesviruses encode many of the components to stimulate nucleotide biosynthesis and the necessary factors to facilitate virus DNA replication including a viral DNA polymerase and other accessory factors. Additionally, many herpesviruses encode gene products that arrest the host cell cycle, in most instances, prior to the G1/S transition point. Inducing cells to growth arrest appears to be a prerequisite for the replication of most herpesviruses. However, in addition to encoding factors that inhibit the cell cycle, many herpesviruses encode proteins that can promote cell cycle progression in a manner similar to the small DNA tumor virus oncoproteins. By targeting members of the RB family and p53 protein, the herpesvirus proteins induce S-phase and activate S-phase associated factors that playa role in DNA replication. In this manner, the herpesviruses may promote an environment that is favorable for DNA replication. Consistent with the other herpesviruses, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)induces human fibroblasts to growth arrest. However, in other cell types, virus infection causes cells to enter S-phase. In addition, HCMV replication requires several cellular factors that are present only during S-phase. Furthermore, HCMV induces the activation of S-phase-associated events as well as the increased expression of numerous S-phase genes following infection. HCMV encodes two immediate early (IE) gene products, IE1-72 and IE2-86, which can interact with members of the RB family of proteins. Additionally, the IE2-86 protein can bind to and inhibit p53 protein function. Given the functional resemblance between the HCMV IE proteins and the oncoproteins of the small DNA tumor viruses, we hypothesized that expression of the HCMV IE proteins could modulate cell cycle control. Specifically, we determined that expression of either IE1-72 or IE2-86 can induce quiescent cells to enter S-phase and delay cell cycle exit following serum withdrawal. Moreover, IE2-86 mediates this effect in the presence or absence of p53, whereas IE1-72 fails to do so in p53-expressing cells. Furthermore, both IE1-72 and IE2-86 induce p53 protein accumulation that is nuclear localized. Because IE1-72 fails to promote S-phase entry in cells expressing p53 and induces p53 protein levels, the mechanism by which IE1-72 alters p53 levels was examined. IE1-72 elevates p53 protein levels by inducing both p19ARF protein and an ATM-dependent phosphorylation of p53 at Ser15. IE1-72 also promotes p53 nuclear accumulation by abrogating p53 nuclear shuttling. As consequence of this IE1-72-mediated increase in p53 levels, p21 protein is induced leading to a p21-dependent growth arrest in cells expressing IE1-72. These findings demonstrate that the HCMV IE proteins can alter cell proliferation control and provide further support to the notion that HCMV, through the expression of its IE proteins, induces S-phase and factors associated with S-phase while blocking cell DNA synthesis, to possibly generate an environment that is suitable for viral DNA replication.

Le virus d’Epstein-Barr (EBV) est un Herpesvirus humain appartenant à la sous-famille des γ-Herpesvirinae. L’expression des gènes d’EBV est régulée très finement, de manière séquentielle et débute par l’expression des gènes immédiats précoces dont les produits contrôlent l’expression des gènes précoces. Les produits de ces derniers permettent la réplication de l’ADN viral et la synthèse des gènes tardifs. Les mécanismes contrôlant l’expression des gènes immédiats précoces et précoces sont assez bien compris, à contrario de ceux qui contrôlent l’expression des gènes tardifs. En effet, il est connu que ces derniers ne sont exprimés qu’après réplication de l’ADN viral. Par ailleurs, les promoteurs des gènes tardifs présentent une structure différente des promoteurs de gènes immédiats précoces, précoces ou des gènes cellulaires. Ils sont essentiellement caractérisés par la présence d’une boîte TATT à la place de la TATA-box canonique. EBV a la particularité de coder pour une TBP-like, la protéine BcRF1 qui est essentielle mais pas suffisante pour l’expression des gènes viraux tardifs et qui se fixe spécifiquement sur la séquence TATT des promoteurs viraux tardifs. Notre objectif était principalement d’identifier l’ensemble des protéines virales nécessaires à l’expression des gènes tardifs d’EBV. Nous avons ainsi démontré qu’en plus de la protéine BcRF1, EBV code pour cinq autres protéines nécessaires à l’expression des gènes viraux tardifs : BFRF2, BGLF3, BVLF1, BDLF4 et BDLF3.5. Ces six protéines virales forment un complexe qui permet le recrutement de l’ARN polymérase II sur les promoteurs des gènes viraux tardifs. Nous avons nommé ce complexe vPIC (viral Pre-Initiation Complex), par analogie avec le complexe d’initiation de la transcription cellulaire formé autour de la TATA-Binding Protein (TBP). Le vPIC est conservé chez les herpesvirus des sous familles β et γ, mais est absent chez les herpesvirus de la sous famille des α. Par ailleurs, nos résultats suggèrent que le complexe vPIC interagit avec le complexe de réplication viral ce qui peut expliquer la liaison entre réplication de l’ADN viral et transcription des gènes viraux tardifs. Ces résultats permettent ainsi de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de régulation de l’expression des gènes tardifs d’EBV et serviront de base pour la recherche de nouveaux antiviraux. / The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human Herpersvirus belonging to the subfamily of γ-Herpesvirinae. EBV genes expression is tightly regulated, in a sequential manner and begins with the expression of immediate early genes whose products control the expression of early genes. Products of these allow the viral DNA synthesis and late genes expression. Mechanisms controlling immediate early and early genes expression are well documented, in contrast to those controlling late genes expression. Indeed, it is known that late genes are expressed after viral DNA replication. Furthermore, late genes promoters have a different structure of those of immediate early, early and cellular genes. They are essentially characterized by the presence of a TATT box instead of the canonical TATA-box. EBV has the feature to encode for a TBP-like, BcRF1 protein that is essential but not sufficient for late viral genes expression and that binds specifically to the TATT sequence of the late viral promoters. Our goal was primarily to identify the set of viral proteins necessary for late EBV genes expression. Thus, we have demonstrated that in addition to the BcRF1 protein, EBV encode for five other proteins necessary for late viral genes expression: BFRF2, BGLF3, BVLF1, BDLF4 and BDLF3.5. These six viral proteins form a complex enables to recruit the RNA polymerase II on the late viral promoters. We have named this complex vPIC (viral Pre-Initiation Complex) by analogy with the cellular complex of transcription initiation, formed around the TATA-Binding Protein (TBP). The vPIC is conserved in β- and γ-Herpesvirus subfamilies, but not in the α-Herpesvirus subfamily. Furthermore, our results suggest that vPIC interacts with the viral DNA replication complex, which can explain the link between viral DNA replication and late viral genes transcription. These results bring new insights to the mechanisms regulating late EBV genes expression and provide a basis for the search of new antiviral drugs.

Durant la réplication du chromosome bactérien, le désappariement du double brin d'ADN est réalisé par l'hélicase hexamérique DnaB. Chez Escherichia coli, le positionnement de l'hexamère de DnaB sur l'ADN simple brin dans le sens 5'-3'est permis par le facteur de chargement. La primase DnaG interagit ensuite avec l'hélicase pour former le primosome. Chez Helicobacter pylori, aucun facteur de chargement n'a été identifié, ce qui est également le cas pour la majorité des espèces bactériennes. De plus, DnaB d'H. pylori (HpDnaB) peut complémenter des souches mutantes d'E.coli DnaBts et DnaCts suggérant que HpDnaB peut jouer le rôle des deux protéines. Pour mieux comprendre le mode d'action de HpDnaB, nous avons résolu sa structure cristallographique à une résolution de 6.7 Å. Celle-ci révèle que la protéine s'assemble en dodécamère, formé par deux hexamères interagissant par leurs domaines N-terminaux (NTD). Nos expériences en diffusion des rayons X aux petits angles (SAXS) montrent que le dodécamère de HpDnaB adopte une conformation modifiée et dynamique en solution. Nous avons ensuite étudié la structure de HpDnaB après interaction avec HpDnaGHBD et/ou l'ADN simple brin par chromatographie d'exclusion stérique couplée à la diffusion de la lumière multi-angles (SEC-MALS) et par SAXS. Ces expériences suggèrent qu'après interaction avec HpDnaGHBD, le double hexamère est dissocié en simples hexamères formant un complexe avec HpDnaGHBD. De plus, HpDnaB forme des hexamères avec l'ADN simple brin en présence d'AMP-PNP. L'ensemble de nos résultats suggère que la formation du primosome d'H. pylori conduit à la dissociation du dodécamère en deux complexes HpDnaB6•HpDnaG3 / During bacterial chromosomal replication, unwinding of double stranded DNA is performed by the hexameric helicase DnaB. In Escherichia coli, the positioning of DnaB hexamers onto replication forks in the 5’to 3’ direction is dedicated by helicase loader. DnaB then interacts with the DnaG primase helicase binding domain (DnaGHBD) to form the primosome. Helicobacter pylori does not encode for a DnaC homologue, which is also the case of most bacterial species. Moreover, H. pylori DnaB (HpDnaB) could complement two temperature–sensitive mutants of E. coli dnaBts and dnaCts, suggesting that the HpDnaB was able to bypass DnaC in these cells. To gain insights into HpDnaB mode of activation, we have solved the crystal structure of HpDnaB at 6.7Å resolution. The structure reveals a novel dodecameric organisation where HpDnaB assembles as planar stack-twisted double hexamers via N-terminal domain (NTD)-rings interactions. Small angle X-ray scattering analysis (SAXS) demonstrates that HpDnaB adopts a modified and dynamic structure in solution but maintains dodecameric architecture. We have then investigated the structure of HpDnaB upon interaction with HpDnaGHBD and/or ssDNA using size exclusion chromatography coupled to multiangle light scattering and SAXS. These experiments show that upon interaction with HpDnaGHBD, HpDnaB double hexamer dissociates into single hexamers to form a complex with HpDnaGHBD. Moreover, we found that HpDnaB also forms hexamers in complex with ssDNA in the presence of AMP-PNP. Collectively, these data suggest that primosome assembly in H. pylori results in the dissociation of the double hexamer into two HpDnaB6•HpDnaG3 sister primosomes

Chez les eucaryotes, la réplication de l'ADN démarre au niveau de multiples origines activées suivant un programme précis, qui peut être analysé à l'échelle du génome sur des populations cellulaires. Cependant, l'étude de la variabilité intercellulaire, la détection d'évènements rares et la mesure de la vitesse des fourches de réplication nécessitent des analyses en molécule unique. Avec les techniques actuelles, l'ADN néosynthétisé est marqué avec des analogues de la thymidine et révélé par des anticorps fluorescents. Les molécules d'intérêt sont identifiées par hybridation fluorescente in situ. Ces étapes sont complexes et le débit est faible. Cette thèse développe de nouvelles méthodes de détection et d'identification des molécules d'ADN réplicatives sans anticorps et à haut débit. L'ADN est répliqué en présence d'un dUTP fluorescent, purifié puis marqué en code-barre spécifique permettant l'alignement sur le génome de référence par coupure avec une endonucléase simple brin et incorporation d'un autre dUTP fluorescent. L'ADN est ensuite coloré avec un intercalant fluorescent, le YOYO-1. Les molécules d'ADN, leurs segments néorépliqués et leurs code-barres sont observés en trois couleurs différentes par épifluorescence directe. Les segments répliqués ont une fluorescence YOYO-1 plus intense, ce qui permet de détecter les bulles de réplication sans marquage métabolique. Ces outils ont été couplés à un dispositif nanofluidique dans lequel l'ADN est conduit dans des milliers de nanocanaux et imagé automatiquement, ce qui augmente massivement le débit. L'ensemble de ces résultats ouvre la voie à la cartographie pangénomique de la réplication de l'ADN en molécule unique. / In eukaryotes, DNA replication starts at multiple origins that are activated following a specific program. Population methods allow genome-wide analysis of DNA replication. However, single-molecule methods are required to monitor cell-to-cell variability, detect rare events and measure individual replication fork speeds. With the existing techniques, newly-synthesized DNA is labelled with thymidine analogs and revealed with fluorescent antibodies. Fibres containing a locus of interest can be identified by fluorescent in situ hybridization. These steps are complex and the throughput is low. This work proposes novel, antibody-free tools to detect replication tracts and identify the locus of origin of all DNA molecules at much higher throughput. DNA replicated in the presence of a fluorescent dUTP was purified and specifically barcoded by using a nicking endonuclease, followed by limited nick-translation with another fluorescent dUTP. This allowed alignment to a reference genome map. DNA was then stained with the fluorescent DNA intercalator YOYO-1. Direct epifluorescence revealed the DNA molecules, their replication tracts and their barcodes in three distinct colours. Replicated segments showed a stronger YOYO-1 fluorescence, demonstrating that replication bubbles can be directly detected without metabolic labelling. Finally, these tools were coupled to a nanofluidic device: DNA was driven into 13,000 parallel nanochannels and automatically imaged, massively increasing the throughput. Altogether, these results provide a starting point for genome-wide, single-molecule mapping of DNA replication in eukaryotic organisms.

O Complexo de pré-replicação em T.brucei é composto por Orc1/Cdc6 e as helicases MCMs. Em um trabalho anterior mostramos que TbOrc1/Cdc6 pode ligar e hidrolisar ATP in vitro. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a importância da hidrólise e ligação de ATP para a formação e estabilidade do complexo pré-replicação de T.brucei. Para tanto, foram geradas proteínas recombinantes Orc1/Cdc6 de T. brucei mutadas nas regiões Walker A (TbOrc1/Cdc6K79T) ou sensor 2 (TbOrc1/Cdc6R251,252E) incapazes de ligar ou hidrolisar ATP, respectivamente. Finalmente, as células expressando TbOrc1/Cdc6K79T ou TbOrc1/Cdc6R251,252E foram avaliadas quanto a (i ) estabilidade da interação Orc1/Cdc6 -DNA, (ii) capacidade de estabilizar MCM no DNA, (iii) capacidade de replicar seu DNA. A mutação na região sensor 2 de T.brucei (TbOrc1/Cdc6R251,252E) reduziu drasticamente a atividade de ATPase em comparação com a proteína selvagem . TbOrc1/Cdc6 mutado no sitio de ligação ao ATP perdeu a capacidade de interagir com o ATP (TbOrc1/Cdc6K79T). A super expressão desses genes inibiu de forma significativa a proliferação celular, causou ineficiência no carregamento de MCM para o DNA e ocasionou falhas na progressão do ciclo celular, atrasando a fase S. / The pre-replication complex in T.brucei is composed of at Orc1/Cdc6 and MCMs helicases. In a previous paper we showed that TbOrc1/Cdc6 can bind and hydrolyze ATP in vitro. Based on that, the objective of this study is to evaluate the importance of ATP binding and hydrolysis to the formation and stability of the pre - replication complex in T.brucei. For this purpose, T. brucei Orc1/Cdc6 recombinant proteins were generated mutated at regions on Walker A (TbOrc1/Cdc6K79T) and sensor 2 (TbOrc1/Cdc6R251 , 252E) in order to unable the ATP binding and hydrolyzation respectively . Finally , cells expressing TbOrc1/Cdc6K79T or TbOrc1/Cdc6R251 , 252E were evaluated for (i) stability of Orc1/Cdc6 - DNA interaction , (ii) ability to stabilize MCM in DNA , (iii) ability to replicate its DNA . The mutation in the sensor 2 region of T.brucei (TbOrc1/Cdc6R251 , 252E) drastically reduced the ATPase activity compared to the wild-type protein. TbOrc1/Cdc6 mutated in the ATP binding site has lost the ability to interact with ATP (TbOrc1/Cdc6K79T). The overexpression of these genes significantly inhibited cell proliferation causing inefficient loading of MCM DNA and led to failure in cell cycle progression by delaying the phase S.

No description available.

Accurate DNA replication is vital for maintaining genomic stability. Consequently, the machinery required to drive this process is designed to ensure the meticulous maintenance of information. However, random misincorporation of errors reduce the fidelity of the DNA and lead to pre-mature aging and age-related disorders such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Some of the incorporated errors are the result of the error prone DNA polymerase alpha (Pol a), which initiates synthesis on both the leading and lagging strand. Lagging strand synthesis acquires an increased number of polymerase a tracks because of the number of Okazaki fragments synthesized per round of the cell cycle (~50 million in mammalian cells). The accumulation of these errors invariably reduces the fidelity of the genome. Previous work has shown that these pol a tracks can be removed by two redundant pathways referred to as the short and long flap pathway. The long flap pathway utilizes a complex network of proteins to remove more of the misincorporated nucleotides than the short flap pathway which mediates the removal of shorter flaps. Lysine acetylation has been reported to modulate the function of the nucleases implicated in flap processing. The cleavage activity of the long flap pathway nuclease, Dna2, is stimulated by lysine acetylation while conversely lysine acetylation of the short flap pathway nuclease, FEN1, inhibits its activity. The major protein players implicated during Okazaki fragment processing (OFP) are known, however, the choice of the processing pathway and its regulation by lysine acetylation of its main players is yet unknown. This dissertation identifies three main findings: 1) <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> helicase, petite integration frequency (Pif1) is lysine acetylated by Esa1 and deacetylated by Rpd3 regulating its viability and biochemical properties including helicase, binding and ATPase activity ii) the single stranded DNA binding protein, human replication protein A (RPA) is modified by p300 and this modification stimulates its primary binding function and iii) lysine acetylated human RPA directs OFP towards the long flap pathway even for a subset of short flaps.

Argonautes (AGOs) are present in all domains of life. Like their eukaryotic counterparts, archaeal and eubacterial AGOs adopt a similar global architecture and bind small nucleic acids. In many eukaryotes, AGOs, guided by short RNA sequences, defend cells against transposons and viruses. In the eubacterium Thermus thermophilus, the DNA-guided Argonaute TtAgo defends against transformation by DNA plasmids. We find that TtAgo also participates in DNA replication. In vivo, TtAgo binds 15–18 nt DNA guides derived from the chromosomal region where replication terminates, and TtAgo complexed to short DNA guides enhances target finding and prefers to bind targets with full complementarity. Additionally, TtAgo associates with proteins known to act in DNA replication. When gyrase, the sole T. thermophilus type II topoisomerase, is inhibited, TtAgo allows the bacterium to finish replicating its circular genome. In contrast, loss of both gyrase and TtAgo activity slows growth and produces long, segmented filaments in which the individual bacteria are linked by DNA. Furthermore, wild-type T. thermophilus outcompetes an otherwise isogenic strain lacking TtAgo. Finally, at physiologic temperature in vitro, we find TtAgo possesses highest affinity for fully complementary targets. We propose that terminus-derived guides binding in such a fashion localize TtAgo, and that the primary role of TtAgo is to help T. thermophilus disentangle the catenated circular chromosomes generated by DNA replication.

Contrairement aux animaux, les plantes ont un développement largement post-embryonnaire et forment continuellement de nouveaux organes et tissus grâce à l’activité de leurs méristèmes. Ces massifs de cellules indifférenciées conservent la capacité à se diviser tout au long de la vie de la plante, et c’est également à partir du méristème caulinaire que se forment les gamètes. Chaque cycle de division peut être la source de mutations, suite par exemple à des erreurs de réplication. De plus, les méristèmes sont relativement exposés aux stress environnementaux qui peuvent également endommager l’ADN des cellules. Les mécanismes impliqués dans la détection des lésions de l’ADN ou des défauts de réplication et l’arrêt de la prolifération cellulaire en réponse à ces dommages jouent donc un rôle fondamental dans le maintien de la stabilité du génome, aussi bien au cours du développement végétatif que lors de la reproduction sexuée. Chez tous les eucaryotes, l’ADN Polymérase ε est un acteur central de ces mécanismes parce qu’elle assure non seulement la réplication fidèle de l’ADN au cours de la phase S du cycle cellulaire, mais est également directement impliquée dans la réparation de l’ADN, et dans la perception du stress réplicatif. L’étude détaillée de sa fonction est cependant rendue difficile chez beaucoup d’organismes par le fait que son inactivation est létale. Dans ce travail, nous avons utilisé des approches de génétique pour étudier le rôle de l’ADN Pol ε d’Arabidopsis au cours de la progression du cycle cellulaire et dans la réponse au stress réplicatif et aux lésions de l’ADN. Nous avons ainsi pu montrer que la sous-unité catalytique du complexe Pol ε ainsi que sa principale sous-unité accessoire DPB2 sont essentielles à la détection des défauts de réplication, et fonctionnent en amont de la kinase ATR pour induire l’arrêt du cycle cellulaire et activer les voies de réparation au cours du développement végétatif. En outre, nous avons découvert un nouveau point de contrôle activé lors de la phase de réplication pré-méiotique qui permet l’activation d’une mort cellulaire programmée en réponse à des défauts survenus pendant cette phase, grâce au facteur de transcription SOG1.Tous les stress biotiques ou abiotiques auxquels la plante est soumise pouvant conduire à la formation de lésions au niveau de l’ADN, nos résultats ouvrent des perspectives de recherche pour comprendre la réponse des plantes aux stress environnementaux. En outre, la disponibilité de mutants viables pour différents facteurs impliqués dans la réplication ou la réponse aux lésions de l’ADN nous a permis d’explorer chez un eucaryote pluricellulaire des mécanismes qui sont pour l’instant essentiellement décrits chez la levure, et ainsi d’acquérir des connaissances qui pourront être transférées aux systèmes animaux et notamment à l’Homme. / Plant development is a largely post-embryonic process that depends on the activity of meristems. These pools of undifferentiated cells retain the ability to proliferate throughout the lifespan of the plant, and are at the origin of gamete formation relatively late in its life cycle. Mutations can arise at each round of cell division, for example due to replication errors. In addition, meristems are relatively exposed to all kinds of environmental stresses that can also induce DNA damage. Detection of DNA lesions or replication defects and subsequent cell cycle arrest are thus instrumental to the maintenance of genome integrity, both during vegetative and reproductive growth. In all eukaryotes, DNA Pol ε is a key player of these mechanisms because it is not only responsible for the faithful reproduction of the genetic information during S-phase, but also directly involved in DNA repair and replicative stress perception. Detailed analysis of its function has however been complicated by the lethality of its inactivation in most organisms. In this work, we have used genetic approaches to investigate its role during cell cycle progression and replicative stress response. We have shown that both its catalytic sub-unit and its main accessory sub-unit DPB2 are involved in replicative stress sensing and that they function upstream of the ATR kinase to induce cell cycle arrest and DNA repair during vegetative growth. In addition, we have found that a specific checkpoint exists during pre-meiotic DNA replication that activates a cell death program via the SOG1 transcription factor upon replicative stress. Because all types of biotic and abiotic stresses can generate DNA damage, our work opens new research prospects to understand how plants cope with adverse conditions. Furthermore, the viability of Arabidopsis mutants deficient for various factors involved in DNA replication or DNA Damage Response allowed us to analyse into details in a multicellular eukaryote crucial cellular mechanisms that had until now been mainly investigated in yeast. This work thus allowed us to generate data that can be transferred to animal systems and notably to Human.