Orientador: Wagner dos Santos Oliveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T04:13:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Machado_RonaldoZamiro_M.pdf: 3142137 bytes, checksum: c09c35641979a8788df1ed3a99eb5bdd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O polímero SBS - Estireno-Butadieno-Estireno tem sido muito empregado para modificar o asfalto, tanto para pavimentação como para aplicações industrial. Nessa pesquisa foi abordado o estudo do asfalto modificado com polímeros SBS, apresentando comportamento melhor que asfalto convencional, mostrando-se como o polímero se comporta ao ser misturado com o asfalto e quais características são melhoradas. O asfalto modificado com polímero SBS tem uma vida útil muito superior ao asfalto convencional, ressaltando os pavimentos drenantes, que pelos seus vazios por onde escoam a água oferece maior segurança, durabilidade, conforto, menos custos com manutenção, tempo ganho com viagens mais rápidas, menos estresse, vidas poupadas, e com tudo isso, alertar as autoridades governamentais e concessionárias de rodovias que é necessário investirem mais com esses materiais de melhor qualidade, visto que na Europa e Estados Unidos já se apiicam muito o asfalto modificado com SBS. Porém foi verificado também que nem todos os trechos das rodovias podem ser usados os pavimentos drenantes e quais os pavimentos então que devem ser usados nesses trechos. Foi feito também um comparativo entre custos e benefícios de asfaltos modificados com polímero e asfaltos convencionais / Abstract: The polymer SBS - Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene has been very employed to modify the asphalt, for paving and for industrial applications. In that research the study of the asphalt was approached modified with polymer SBS, presenting better behavior than I asphalt conventional, being shown as the polymeric behaves when being mixed with the asphalt and which characteristics are gotten better. The asphalt modified with polymeric SBS it has an useful life very superior to the conventional asphalt, pointing out the drain pavements, that for your emptiness through where it drains the water it offers larger safety, durability, comfort, less costs with maintenance, time branch with trips faster, less stress, saved lives, and with all this to alert the government authorities and concessionary of highways that it is necessary to invest more with those materials of better quality, because in Europe and United States it is already applied a lot the asphalt modified with SBS. However it was also verified that nor all spaces of the highways can be used the drain pavements and which the pavements then that should be used in those spaces. It was also made a comparative one between costs and benefits of asphalts modified with polymeric and conventional asphalts / Mestrado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Stora mängder energi lämnar bostäder med avloppsvattnet utan något bemödande att återföra det uppvärmda vattnets värmeenergi tillbaka till byggnaden. Med ökade klimatskalsförbättringar av traditionellt slag för att möta de nära-nollenergikrav på nybyggnationer för bostadshus som träder i kraft i slutet av 2020 kan energiförlusterna i byggnader till allt större del allokeras till det avloppsvatten som lämnar byggnaden. Målet med detta arbete är att undersöka huruvida betydande energibesparingar inom området kan erhållas, samt att bedöma de ekonomiska möjligheterna och utsikterna för att tillvarata värmeenergi med hjälp av värmepump ur gråvatten från  flerbostadshus uppkopplade mot fjärrvärmenät. Och i och med det visa vilka faktorer som visar sig utöva påverkan på de driftmässiga besparingsmöjligheterna samt uppvisa hur pass känsligt resultatet är i förhållande till ett urval av dessa faktorer. Arbetet utgörs av och har genomförts i två delar: en litteraturstudie och en beräkningsstudie. Avloppsvatten kan delas in i spillvatten, dagvatten och dräneringsvatten. Spillvatten är avfallsbidraget från hushåll och andra fastigheter till avloppet. Hushållens spillvatten kan i sin tur indelas i gråvatten och svartvatten. Gråvatten är det vatten som kommer från bad, disk och tvätt, vilket av det skälet även kallas BDT-vatten. Svartvatten är det vatten som spolas ut från toaletter, och kallas därför även klosettvatten. Vid separerade flöden infinner sig möjligheten att tillvarata värmeenergi direkt från gråvatten, som också är den varmare, volymmässigt största och mer lätthanterliga fraktionen, både ur vattenrenings- och värmeåtervinningssynpunkt. Studier på källsorterande system visar på flera fördelar i stort med att hålla hushållens avloppsflöde separerade, såsom bland annat utökad resurseffektivitet av kväve och fosfor vid reningsverken. Nedsmutsning av värmeväxlarytor, i synnerhet av biofilm, utgör en utmaning då avloppsvatten ska användas som värmekälla och är något som måste beaktas även vid tillvaratagande av värme ur gråvatten. Resultatet från beräkningsstudien av ett enskilt fall med tappvarmvattenförvärmning, givet en rad antaganden, gav en driftmässig kostnadsbesparing på cirka 31 000 kr per år och ett nuvärde på dessa årliga besparingar sett över 20 år på cirka 355 000 kr. Energibesparingen uppgick till cirka 63 000 kWh per år vilket innebär en minskning av totala behovet av köpt energi för tappvarmvattenproduktion med cirka 67 % vid uppvärmning av tappvarmvatten till 55 °C. Känslighetsanalysen visar att avgörande parametrar i beräkningsstudien såsom el- och fjärrvärmepris, värmepumpens livslängd och kalkylräntan medför relativt stora förändringar av resultatet om de tillåts att variera. Det är uppenbart att det finns stora mängder energi att återvinna, det är också uppenbart att svårigheter gör att gråvatten som värmekälla inte kan behandlas lättvindigt då bland annat den långsiktiga utvecklingen av vattenanvändningen och hög föroreningsgrad är faktorer som måste beaktas i tillägg till de faktorer som tas upp i känslighetsanalysen. Dubbla system med fjärrvärme och värmepump innebär en högre investering men är samtidigt något som kan ses som ett verktyg för att utnyttja de ökande energiprisvariationer som en allt större andel förnybar icke-reglerbar elproduktion sannolikt innebär genom att helt enkelt kunna variera uppvärmningssätt efter varierande energipriser och finna optimal andelsfördelning. För en fastighetsägare blir det i takt med en sådan utveckling alltmer gynnsamt att kunna välja det som för tiden är det billigaste alternativet. / Large amounts of energy leave homes with wastewater without any effort to return the heated water's thermal energy back to the building. With increased thermal envelope improvements of a traditional nature to meet the nearly zero-energy requirements for residential buildings that will come into effect by the end of 2020, energy losses in buildings can increasingly be allocated to the wastewater leaving the building. The aim of this work is to investigate whether significant energy savings in the mentioned area can be obtained, as well as to assess the economic opportunities and prospects for utilizing heat energy from grey water from multi-residential buildings connected to district heating networks with the help of a heat pump. And by that show which factors are shown to influence the operational savings and how sensitive the results are in relation to a selection of these factors. The work consists of and has been carried out in two parts: a literature study and a calculation study. Household wastewater can be divided into grey and black water. Grey water is the water that comes from bath, dishes and laundry and black water is the water that is flushed out of the toilets. Separated flows reveal the possibility of utilizing thermal energy directly from grey water, which is also the warmer, volume largest and more manageable fraction, both from a water purification and heat recovery standpoint. Studies on source separated systems show a wide range of benefits, largely by keeping household wastewater separated, such as increased resource efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus at the wastewater treatment plants. The contamination of heat exchanger surfaces, especially biofilm, poses a challenge when wastewater is used as a heat source and is something that has to be taken into account even when using grey water as a heat source. The result of the calculations of an individual case with preheating of domestic hot water, given a series of assumptions, resulted in operational cost savings of approximately SEK 31,000 per year and a present value of these annual savings over 20 years of approximately SEK 355,000. Energy savings amounted to approximately 63,000 kWh per year, which means a reduction of the total need for purchased energy for domestic hot water production by 67 % with an assumption of a final domestic hot water temperature of 55 °C. The sensitivity analysis shows that crucial parameters in the calculation study such as electrical and district heating price, heat pump life and discount rate entail relatively large changes in profit if allowed to vary. It is obvious that there are large amounts of energy to potentially recycle. It is also obvious that difficulties cause grey water as a source of heat not be treated easily because, among other things, the long-term development of household water use and high pollution rates are factors that must be considered in addition to the factors brought up in the sensitivity analysis. District heating and heat pump combined imply a higher investment than a single heating system, but at the same time is something that can be seen as a tool for utilizing the assumed increasing energy price variations that an increasing proportion of intermittent renewable power generation implies simply by varying heating configuration with changes in energy prices and finding the optimal share. For a property owner, it would at this point be favorable to be able to choose what the cheapest option is currently.

The last decade has seen an exodus of South African nurses migrating to "greener pastures". As a result of this migration, the South African Healthcare Service has been drained of one of its most essential resources – nurses. Subsequently, the crippling flight of nurses has thrown the nursing profession into a state of crisis. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the more popular destinations for South African nurses, the main reason being the attractive financial rewards. One agency reports that they send an average of thirty nurses a month to various hospitals within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is an Islamic country. Due to the uniqueness of the enforcement of the Islamic faith and the Saudi culture, many restrictions are imposed, particularly on women. The challenges and problems facing the South African nurses were, therefore, unique compared to elsewhere in the world. This research study had a primary and a secondary objective: The primary objective of this study was to explore and describe the lived experiences of South African nurses related to living and working in Saudi Arabia; The secondary objective of this study was to develop orientation guidelines to support South African nurses working and living in Saudi Arabia. The researcher utilized a qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual design based on a phenomenological approach to inquiry, in an attempt to answer the question: "What are the professional and personal experiences of the South African registered nurses working and living in Saudi Arabia?" Eleven registered nurses were selected to participate by means of purposive sampling. These nurses had been living in Saudi Arabia between three and six months. Consent was obtained from participants and the ethics committee of both the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University and King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre. The central theme emanating from the study was recognized as being 'Cultural Diversity'. The sub-themes identified related to the registered nurses’: - Religious/spiritual adaptation - Environmental adaptation - Emotional/psychological adaptation - Professional adaptation Based on the identified themes, guidelines were formulated to assist South African registered nurses when migrating to Saudi Arabia. Utilization of these should assist the South African registered nurse in assimilating into both the cultural and working environment. However, in reality, the outcome showed that no one can be prepared fully for what awaits them in Saudi Arabia.

Economical and educational problems are caused by the reversed effect of the Employment Equity Act and Affirmative Action. One such problem is called “brain drain” (Lundy, 2006), The general aim of the research was to determine whether affirmative action caused final year students of the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University to consider overseas employment. A literature study was conducted before the empirical objectives were reached. The empirical study was of a quantitative descriptive and inferential nature. A cross-sectional survey design was used to achieve the empirical objectives. A self- administered survey package was handed out to final year students within the various disciplines at their various classes. One hypothesis was tested. The results indicated that support was found for the hypothesis. The findings are discussed in relation to the data gathered. The implications of the research and the limitations of the study are outlined in the Results chapter.

AB Furhoffs Rostfria grundades i Skövde 1899 för att tillverka kannor och kittlar i koppar. Idag tillverkar de produkter i rostfritt stål för bland annat VVS-system, storkök och diskbänkar för hemmamiljö. Tillverkningen sker i Skövde med en maskinpark som är anpassad för produktion i rostfritt stål. Då kraven från marknaden går åt mer hygieniska golvrännor och konkurrenterna fokuserar på att marknadsföra denna typ av produkt, vill Furhoffs leda denna utveckling. Examensarbetets mål är att utveckla en golvränna som är anpassad för områden som har extra höga krav på hygien för att undvika spridning av smittor. Detta kan vara livsmedelsindustri, storkök, sjukhus eller laboratorier. Golvrännan ska även vara säker att använda i en industri där tyngre trafik förekommer och då är det ett krav att locket ska klara en belastning på 12 500 kg.  För att anpassa produkten till användaren utfördes intervjuer på ett större mejeri, en livsmedelsindustri och en restaurang. Även en observation utfördes på restaurangen för att observera hur rengöringsprocessen av produkten gick till. Informationen från dessa besök resulterade i användarbehov som tillsammans med krav från Furhoffs låg till grund för hur golvrännan senare utvecklades. Golvrännans olika komponenter: brunn med vattenlås, ränna, lock och silkorg, utvecklades var för sig för att sedan anpassas till varandra. Utförda tester och en kostnadsanalys låg till grund för de konceptval som togs. Flödet av vatten och bortforslande av avfall testades för att välja ut den mest optimala profilen på rännan. För att veta om golvrännan är säker att använda i de tänkta miljöerna utfördes belastnings-, halk- och flödestester på locket. Den slutliga produkten är anpassad för Furhoffs tillverkningsmetoder. Golvrännan uppfyller de krav som ställts och är anpassad för miljöer med höga krav på hygien. Resultatet från examensarbetet kommer att ligga till grund för den hygienränna som kommer att tillverkas av Furhoffs. / AB Furhoffs Rostfria was founded in Skövde in 1899 to produce pots and cauldrons in copper. Today´s production is focused on products for HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) as well as for restaurant kitchens and customized products. The production is located in Skövde with machines suited for processing stainless steel. Demands from the market as well as Furhoff´s competitors are focusing on hygienic floor drain gutters. Because of this, Furhoffs wants to be the leading company of this kind of development. This project aims to develop a floor drain gutter that is suitable for environments with high requirements of hygiene to prevent spreading of diseases. These environments can be food factories, laboratories, hospitals and restaurant kitchens. The product needs to be safe to use in industries where traffic from heavy vehicles occur. This means that the product must withstand a load of 12 500 kg. To adjust the product to fit the user, interviews were performed in a large dairy, a food factory and in a restaurant. An observation was also performed in the restaurant to observe the cleaning process of a floor drain gutter. The information from the user study resulted in a list of needs. These, combined with demands from the company, formed the product specification. This specification was the basis for how the product later was developed. The components of the floor drain gutter, gully with a stench trap, gutter, cover and strainer basket, was developed separately and adapted to each other. Tests and cost analysis were performed to make well-founded concept choices. Water flow and removal of waste was tested to choose the most optimal gutter profile. To make sure the floor drain gutter is safe to use in the intended environment, load tests, slip tests and tests of flow rates were made.    The final product is adjusted for Furhoff´s production methods. The floor drain gutter fulfils the requirements and is suitable for environments with high hygiene demands. The result from this thesis will be used for further development of Furhoff´s future floor drain gutter.

This thesis comprises three essays on the international movement of merchandise and people. The first essay measures the effects of foreign aid flows on a donor's merchandise exports. On average, donor countries tie approximately 50% of their foreign aid to exports, but the export stimulation of aid may exceed the amount that is directly tied. This essay uses the gravity model of trade to statistically test the link between aid and export expansion. The results suggest that aid is associated with an increase in exports of goods amounting to 120% of the aid. The essay also makes comparisons among donors and finds that Japan, which has drawn harsh criticism for using aid to gain unfair trade advantages, derives less merchandise exports from aid than the average donor. The second essay investigates the effects of immigration on Canada's pattern of trade. I derive three alternative functional forms capturing the relationship between immigration and trade based on the proposition that immigrants use their superior "market intelligence" to exploit new trade opportunities. I then employ province-level trade data with over 150 trading partners to identify immigrant effects and obtain results suggesting that immigrants account for over 10% of Canada's exports. The third essay addresses the question of whether tax differences contribute toward the brain drain from Canada to the U.S. This essay tests whether the U.S.'s lower taxes draw Canadians south by examining a sample of Canadians living in Canada and a sample of Canadians living in the U.S. Using information from these samples I estimate how much these individuals would earn in the opposite country and estimate the taxes they would pay. I find that the people who have the most to gain in income and in tax-savings are the most likely to choose to live in the U.S., and thus corroborate the claim that tax differences contribute toward Canada's brain drain. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

Diploma thesis deals with the design of producing the cover drain. The cover serves to catch impurities while draining liquids. The part is made of 1.4301 stainless steel, using 1-mm thick sheet metal. The size of the annual production series is 30,000 units. As an optimal method of production, progressive cutting and shallow drawing were selected in a combined and a one-purpose tool. Technological and design calculations were performed according to which tools were designed. The LENP 100 press was selected considering the total required pressing force. The cost of one piece production was calculated at 18.91 CZK and the production becomes profitable with annual production higher than 19,478 units per year.

The diploma thesis deals with the study of runoff torrential rain on the green roofing. This work is focused the problematics of runoff for various constructions of flat and green roofing. The results were evaluated according to the standard ČSN 75 67 60 - Internal sewerage and the German standart for green roofing FLL.

The aim of the thesis is an upgrading of a railway station Jaroměř to increase the speed of passing trains, improving safety and comfort of passengers during getting on and getting off and access to trains. The upgrading includes design of new structures. Platform will be upgrading at the height of 550 mm above the top of rail and will meet the requirement for wheelchair access underpass. Drainage is designed as well. Upgrading will be done with applicable laws and standards.

This thesis focuses on the reconstruction design of Uničov railway station. The aim was to create a solution which would satisfy both traffic and passenger requirements. The design puts an emphasis on a compliance with applicable laws and standards, simplicity and usefulness. New constructions were designed for maximum safety. Railway station accessibility for disabled persons played an important role in the design. In comparison with the original state, the permissible line speed was increased and new platforms and drainage system were designed.