Föreliggande arbete utgör en delstudie i projektet Automatiserad telefonuppföljning inom Kriminalvården. Projektets övergripande syfte var att undersöka tillämpbarheten av Interactive Voice Response (IVR) som en modern metod för utvärdering, övervakning och påverkan av intagna som blivit villkorligt frigivna från ett fängelsestraff. IVR är en metodik baserat på automatiserade telefonintervjuer som bl. a innebär att en dator har programmerats för att ringa upp, ställa frågor, registrera svar och ge feedback till klienterna. I tidigare publikation från projektet undersöktes med hjälp av automatiserade telefonuppföljningar (IVR) hur stress och mående samt användande av alkohol och droger utvecklas under de trettio första dagarna efter avslutad anstaltsvistelse (Andersson et al, 2011). Syftet med det här arbetet var att undersöka om det fanns skillnader i psykiskt mående, alkohol- och drogvanor samt personlighet mellan intagna som medverkade vid åtminstone en telefonuppföljning efter den villkorliga frigivningen respektive intagna som inte medverkade vid någon telefonuppföljning efter den villkorliga frigivningen. Ytterligare ett syfte med arbetet var att beskriva den totala undersökningsgruppen i projektet med avseende på psykiskt mående, alkohol- och drogvanor samt personlighet. Den enda signifikanta skillnaden mellan deltagarna och icke-deltagarna i telefonuppföljningarna återfanns för personlighetsdraget skuld. Individer som genomförde åtminstone en telefonuppföljning var något mer benägna att känna skuld- och skamkänslor än de som inte deltog vid någon telefonuppföljning efter den villkorliga frigivningen. Den beskrivande analysen av den totala undersökningsgruppen i projektet fann att klienterna utgjorde en problembelastad grupp intagna med avseende på psykiskt mående, alkohol-och drogmissbruk och personlighet; en hög andel av klienterna hade en möjlig missbruksdiagnos och depressions och/eller ångestrelaterade symptom samt skattade höga värden på personlighetsdragen socialisation, impulsivitet och monotoniundvikande. / This study is a part of the research project Automated Phone Follow-Up inCorrectional Services. The overall aim of the research project was to investigate if Interactive Voice Response can be used as tool to investigate, monitor and influence levels of stress, depression, anxiety, and use as well as urge of alcohol and drugs among paroled offenders. IVR is a technology based on automated phone interviews, which means that a computer has been programed to call up, ask questions, record answers and provide a feedback to the paroled offenders. Previous publication from the research project explored if it is possible to use automated phone interviews (IVR) to follow-up the development of stress, psychological mood, and use of alcohol and drugs in paroled offenders during the first 30 days following probation (Andersson et al, 2011). The main aim of this study was to investigate if there were any differences in psychological mood, substance use and personality between paroled offenders that participated in at least one automated phone follow-up and paroled offenders that did not participate in any automated phone follow-up. Another aim of this study was to describe the psychological mood, substance use and personality in the total sample group of paroled offenders. The only significant difference between participants and non-participants in the phone follow-up´s was found for the personality trait guilt. The paroled offenders that participated in the phone follow-up scored significant higher on guilt, a scale measuring feelings of guilt and shame after wrongdoing, cheating, of having bad thoughts. The results of the descriptive analysis showed high levels of substance misuse, depression and anxiety symptoms in the total sample group of paroled offenders. The paroled offenders also scored high on personality scales socialization, impulsivity and monotony avoidance compared to healthy subjects.

Poor birth outcomes are associated with illicit drug use during pregnancy. While prenatal cigarette exposure has similar effects, cessation of illicit drug use during pregnancy is often prioritized over cessation of smoking. The study goal was to examine the impact of pregnancy tobacco use, relative to use of illicit drugs, on birth outcomes. Women were recruited at entry to prenatal care, with background and substance use information collected during pregnancy. Urine drug screens were performed during pregnancy, and the final sample (n = 265) was restricted to infants who also had biologic drug testing at delivery. Participants were classified by pregnancy drug use: no drugs/no cigarettes, no drugs/cigarette use, illicit drugs/no cigarettes, and illicit drugs/cigarette use. Groups differed significantly on infant birthweight, but not gestational age at delivery after control for confounders including background and medical factors. Among women who smoked, the adjusted mean birthweight gain was 163 g for those not using hard illicit drugs, while marijuana use had no effect on birth weight beyond the effect of smoking cigarettes. Women who used hard illicit drugs and did not smoke had an adjusted mean birthweight gain of 317 g over smokers. Finally, women who refrained from hard illicit drugs and smoking had a birthweight gain of 352 g. Among substance using pregnant women, smoking cessation may have a greater impact on birthweight than eliminating illicit drug use. Intervention efforts should stress that smoking cessation is at least as important to improving pregnancy outcomes as abstaining from illicit drug use.

Alcohol and drug use can damage health and cause different problems in the individual's life. To avoid these problems, it is important to investigate which factors are associated with alcohol and drug use. This study aims to shed light on which risk and protective factors can affect young people`s alcohol and drug use in Sweden. The authors of this study have chosen to do a literature study that includes 14 scientific articles from four different databases. Results show that individual factors such as mental illness and attitudes and social factors such as parents, friends and the school can significantly impact young people`s alcohol consumption and drug use. / Alkohol- och narkotikaanvändning kan skada hälsan och orsaka olika problem i individens liv. För att förebygga dessa problem är det viktigt att undersöka vilka faktorer som är förknippade med alkohol- och narkotikaanvändning. Syftet med denna studie är att belysa vilka risk- och skyddsfaktorer som kan inverka på ungdomars alkohol och narkotikaanvändning i Sverige. Författarna i denna studie har valt att göra en litteraturstudie som omfattar 14 vetenskapliga artiklar från fyra olika databaser. Resultatet visar på att individuella faktorer såsom psykisk ohälsa och attityder samt sociala faktorer såsom föräldrar, vänner och skolan kan ha en stor inverkan på ungdomars alkoholkonsumtion och narkotikabruk.

This study examines student's nonmedical prescription drug (NMPD) and marijuana use and whether anxiety, depression, ADD or ADHD symptoms are associated with their use and if students are self-medicating to alleviate symptoms. The method of obtaining this information was provided by a total of 278 college students who voluntarily and anonymously completed a Web-based survey. This study fills in the gaps of previous research and reveals the most frequent NMPD's used by students and their overall perceptions of their intended effects of the drug and answers why students do not seek professional help for their anxiety, depression and impulsivity symptoms. Results from the survey indicate that students who report NMPD use self- reported higher symptoms of anxiety, depression and impulsivity. NMPD users reported higher percentages of other substance abuse compared to nonusers. The most prominent NMPD's used by students are Adderall and Vicoden or Codeine. Data also indicates student's primary reasons for their NMPD use are related to academic purposes; as opposed to nonacademic. This analysis is further supported by the fact that the majority of NMPD users did not use before they began college and do not use while classes are not is session. Furthermore, students perceive their overall intended effects of their NMPD use to be beneficial, despite the known risks associated with their drug use. By examining college student's current NMPD use we can provide alternative solutions to students who are self-medicating as a coping mechanism for underlying issues or mental health disorders. Also, we can provide them with the necessary services in order to address their problems professionally.

This study investigated four personality traits and their relationship to early adolescent substance use. Sixty high school freshman were administered the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent and the Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory in a group setting. Anger, anxiety, cynicism, and social discomfort were hypothesized to be related to adolescent substance use, in that substance use becomes a coping mechanism for dealing with the pain of these variables in young adolescents who are lacking healthy coping mechanisms for stressful situations. Statistical procedures included two multiple regressions and a Pearsons correlation to look for remaining relationships. It was found that anger and anxiety are related to and predict substance use in adolescents. Social discomfort was not related to substance use, but was related to cynicism. Cynicism was related to substance use, yet not as strongly as anger and anxiety, and did not predict substance use in adolescents.

The extremely high rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) experienced by Black women in community supervision programs (CSPs) who use drugs represents a major public health concern given the vast overrepresentation of Black women in the criminal legal system compared to non-Hispanic white women due to racialized drug laws and policies. National IPV surveillance data suggest that the rates of IPV in this population may be even higher among Black women who have sex with women and men (WSWM) in CSPs who use drugs. However, there remains a dearth of research that centers the experience of Black WSWM. Fear of experiencing police violence and experiences of racial and sexual discrimination pose additional challenges for Black WSMW in CSPs who use drugs to access both IPV and a broader range of services. No studies, to date, have examined typologies of IPV and its association to accessing IPV-related services among Black women with multiple intersecting minoritized identities including substance use, sexual behavior, and criminal-legal involvement. To address these gaps, this dissertation: 1) Identified typologies of IPV; 2) Examined how membership to latent classes is associated with use of core IPV services; and 3) Explored underlying mechanisms that may link IPV class, sexual behavior, and access to and utilization of IPV-related services. This dissertation study uses a sequential explanatory mixed methods approach with 1) secondary baseline survey data from Project EWORTH, a NIDA-funded HIV intervention study of 352 Black, drug-involved women mandated to CSPs and 2) primary qualitative follow-up data with participants from the same study to inform findings from the secondary data analysis. This dissertation found positive significant associations between having had both male and female sexual partners and more types and greater severity of IPV. Additionally, there was a significant, positive association between more types and greater severity of IPV and lifetime use of an order of protection. WSWM had a significantly higher odds of lifetime use of a DV shelter. Of interest, WSWM moderated the effect of people experiencing more severe violence accessing DV shelters. Qualitative interviews revealed unique forms of IPV such as feeling coerced to take a criminal charge for their partner and spiritual abuse, both of which are not captured with standard IPV measures or discussed broadly in IPV literature. Additionally, CSP staff served as an important link to services among these women. Overall, these results suggest that more inclusive IPV screening, referral to service, and actual services, as well as providing training for service providers that consider the effects of multiple, marginalized identities has on experience of IPV, and access to and use of services among Black women in the criminal legal system.

<p>A C. elegans model of nicotine use and aversion resistance following chronic low-dose nicotine pretreatment. Model was then applied to various receptor knockouts  (acr-5, acr-15, acr-16, dop-1, and dop-2) to determine the role of these receptors in aversion resistance. </p>

Eltern mit suchterkrankten Jugendlichen leiden an einem erhöhten Elternstress (ES). Die Gründe für dieses erhöhte Stresserleben sind aktuell noch wenig erforscht. Das Hauptaugenmerk dieser Arbeit war es, potenzielle sozioökonomische Stressoren, welche einen erhöhten ES erklären, zu identifizieren. Zu diesem Zweck füllten PatientInnen und ProbandInnen im Rahmen der großangelegten DELTA-Studie neben vielen weiteren Fragebögen den Elternstressfragebogen (ESF) aus. In einem anderen Fragebogen wurden Daten zur sozioökonomischen Situation der Familien erfasst, außerdem kam der Drug Use Disorder Identification Test (DUDIT) zum Einsatz, um die Suchtstärke der ProbandInnen zu ermitteln. Insgesamt 81 PatientInnen, welche im Zeitraum von Dezember 2017 bis Oktober 2020 in der Suchtambulanz des Universitätsklinikum Dresden behandelt wurden, erfüllten die Einschlusskriterien und wurden der abschließenden Studienkohorte dieser retrospektiven Arbeit hinzugefügt. Eine parallel dazu erstellte Kontrollgruppe beinhaltete 28 ProbandInnen. Es erfolgten deskriptive und inferenzstatistische Analysen der erhobenen Daten. Mittels Varianzanalyse mit Kovariaten (ANCOVA) sollte herausgefunden werden, welche Faktoren den ES beeinflussen. Der elterliche Erwerbsstatus, Schulabschluss und das objektiv messbare Einkommen waren nicht entscheidend für den ES. Auch die Suchtstärke des betroffenen Jugendlichen scheint keinen bedeutenden Einfluss zu haben. Die Varianzanalyse mit Kovariaten (ANCOVA) zeigte einen signifikanten Zusammenhang zwischen der Höhe des ES und der subjektiv wahrgenommenen finanziellen Situation (F(3,81) = 2,9, p = ,04, η2 par = 0,123). Je schlechter die Familien ihre finanzielle Lage einschätzten, desto höher war der ES. Die Ergebnisse legen die Vermutung nahe, dass die Substanzkonsumstörung (SKS) der Kinder selbst der Auslöser für einen erhöhten ES sein könnte. Eine finanzielle Unterstützung der betroffenen Familien sowie eine Beratung zum Ressourcenmanagement scheinen zur Unterstützung der SKS-Therapie sinnvoll.:1 EINLEITUNG 7 1.1 SUBSTANZKONSUMSTÖRUNGEN BEI JUGENDLICHEN 7 1.1.1 EPIDEMIOLOGIE 8 1.1.2 DIAGNOSEKRITERIEN UND SYMPTOME EINER SUBSTANZKONSUMSTÖRUNG 9 1.1.3 PSYCHOSOZIALE UND SOMATISCHE KONSEQUENZEN BEI SUBSTANZKONSUM IM JUGENDALTER 11 1.1.4 KONSEQUENZEN FÜR DAS UMFELD 12 1.2 ELTERNSTRESS ALS MÖGLICHE KONSEQUENZ EINER SUBSTANZKONSUMSTÖRUNG IM JUGENDALTER 14 1.2.1 NEUROBIOLOGIE DES STRESSES 14 1.2.2 ELTERNSTRESS – THEORETISCHER HINTERGRUND 15 1.3 PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELE DER ARBEIT 18 2 PATIENTEN UND METHODEN 20 2.1 STICHPROBE 20 2.1.1 BILDUNG DER ANALYSESTICHPROBE 20 2.2 STUDIENDESIGN 21 2.3 INSTRUMENTE 22 2.3.1 ELTERNSTRESSFRAGEBOGEN 22 2.3.2 SOZIODEMOGRAFIE-FRAGEBOGEN 23 2.3.3 DRUG USE DISORDER IDENTIFICATION TEST (DUDIT) 24 2.4 STATISTISCHE METHODEN 25 3 ERGEBNISSE 26 3.1 PATIENTENCHARAKTERISTIKA 26 3.2 SKALENVERGLEICH MIT NORMALBEVÖLKERUNG 28 3.3 PRÄDIKTOREN FÜR ELTERNSTRESS 29 4 DISKUSSION 32 4.1 EINORDNUNG UND INTERPRETATION DER ERGEBNISSE 32 4.2 IMPLIKATIONEN FÜR THERAPIE UND FORSCHUNG 36 4.3 LIMITATIONEN 37 5 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 39 6 SUMMARY 40

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