Atualmente, a Tranferência Eletrônica de Dados (EDI) é considerada uma ferramenta de fundamental importância para o processo de comunicação entre as organizações. Esta tecnologia permite fornecedores e varejistas responderem às necessidades do mercado consumidor de forma mais eficiente, rápida e precisa. Embora muitos autores tenham mostrado o potencial desta tecnologia para a obtenção de resultados, e de sua crescente utilização, há polêmica sobre seu desempenho quando é utilizado na realidade. Este trabalho é iniciado com a procura de um conjunto teórico de características operacionais que tenham correlação com um conjunto de resultados esperados pela sua utilização. Esta tarefa foi feita através da revisão da literatura relacionada com o assunto. A pesquisa das correlações, comuns ao conjunto de organizações, que conflitam com as previstas pela literatura foi efetuada entre os fornecedores de supermercados, localizados em São Paulo, e identificou sete casos. Estas informações podem auxiliar as organizações a promover mudanças comportamentais e na estrutura de seus processos, para melhorar os resultados do uso desta tecnologia. O trabalho sujere explicações para estas diferenças, e propõe pesquisas posteriores para confirmá-las. / Nowadays, Eletronic Data Interchange is considered an important tool for the communication process among organizations. Linking suppliers and retailers, this technological apparatus allow companies to answer more efficiently, faster and precisely, the consumer market requirements. Although many studies have shown the potential advantages of EDI and its use has increased as well, there are not clear evidences about its effective results on promoting better results for business activities. This work starts trying to settle the main theoretical propositions related to the impacts, on performance, of a frequent business characteristics set. These features are pointed out based on literature revision. The identification of common correlations in a researched population that conflicts with the theoretical previsions was carried out, and pointed seven of these cases. These may help organizations in promoting changes in person's behavior and process structure, towards the improvement of results. Suggested explanations for these divergences are considered. Propositions for further researches in this conflict area are issued.

EDI står för elektroniskt utbyte av data från dator till dator och sker mellan kända affärspartners. När EDI införs i en relation mellan två organisationer anses relationen bli mer komplex än tidigare. Syftet med detta arbete är därför att undersöka hur EDI påverkar interorganisatoriska relationer. Undersökningen utförs genom att studera affärsrelationerna mellan en offentlig förvaltning och tre av dess leverantörer. I dessa relationer studeras speciellt hur förhandlingsstyrkan, flexibiliteten och tillförlitligheten har påverkats av att EDI har börjat användas för den offentliga förvaltningens inköpsprocess. De slutsatser som dras är att de undersökta faktorerna förändras i takt med att EDI blir alltmer integrerat i affärsrelationerna. Initialt byggs vissa omställningskostnader upp, som ökar leverantörernas förhandlingsstyrka. När EDI-kommunikationen fungerar kan kunden komma att öka sin förhandlingsstyrka på grund av bättre informationsdelning och något större inköpsvolymer hos leverantören. Flexibiliteten har ännu inte förändrats nämnvärt, medan tillförlitligheten i leveranserna har ökat till följd av EDI.

Magister Commercii - MCom / Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) plays an important role in improving organizational competitiveness. Information technology has been instrumental in integrating functional areas within and outside firms. This research used empirical evidence to evaluate the state of EDI in the in the willingness of SME's to connect electronically to a large distribution centre in South Africa. Furthermore, it investigated the EDI adoption rate from the viewpoint of a small business. Many such businesses feel coerced by larger trade partners to adopt EDI or lose the customer. / South Africa

Contemporarily, one of the major business demands is to extensively understand the impact of technology on the major business strategies and practices. Technologicalship marketing, a concept investigated in this study, emanates from a symbiosis of technology and relationship marketing. Per se, a prevalent area of debate pertains to whether technology promotes or constrains relationships. Outstandingly, this study pursued the technologicalship marketing concept, a new and vital 21st century suggestion in literature (Zineldin, 2000:16). Secondly, against the scarcity of empirical studies in mass marketing environments, the study at hand focused on retail banking client relationships. Lastly, the proposed meta-construct hypothetical model is an essential relationship marketing instrument. The proposed model consists of four major relationship marketing construct categories, namely, personal contact, customer retention, customer switching and relational exchange. At the hand of these constructs, the research primarily aimed to determine the impact of technology on client relationships in e-banking with the focus of closing the gap prevalent in literature on whether technology constraints or supports relationship marketing. The study focused on retail banking client relationships of the four major commercial banks in East London, Eastern Cape, South Africa. A survey was conducted of a sample of 200 clients selected using the convenience sampling method. The study hypothesised that technology is resulting in more transactional than relationship marketing in retail banking by constraining social constructions, customer retention and relational exchange, whilst, promoting customer switching mobility. Through the GLM regression analysis method, findings of the study established that technology was to a larger extent supporting relationship marketing. However, it is envisaged that technology is resulting in the disappearance of human contact which is a critical aspect of relationships. Conclusively, the researcher recommended that the only plausible strategy is to endeavour to integrate the human aspect at self-service podiums e.g. mounting of staff at ATM points, which most banks have been doing.

Diplomová práce se zabývá zdokumentováním procesů implemetace a podpory komunikační metody EDI a navržením zlepšení těchto procesů v prostředí softwarové firmy, která tuto službu nabízí jako svůj product.

No / Purpose – This paper aims to examine the role of e-commerce in hospital pharmacy in the procurement of pharmaceuticals and determine how this has improved the internal pharmaceutical supply chain. Whilst e-commerce is in its infancy in this area it is still considered to be an important facet of supply chain management. E-trading within NHS pharmacies is conducted via electronic data interchange (EDI) offering proven benefits and ensuring the efficient and effective transmission of data between remote parties. Design/methodology/approach – The data were collected via a case-study in an NHS trust pharmacy supported and by questionnaires distributed to NHS and community pharmacies in the north-west of England. Findings – The findings support the view that there are benefits to be gained from introducing EDI into a purchasing department as the next logical step towards a total e-commerce solution (internet-based) and instigating quality improvements. It also proposes that the implementation and use of e-commerce in hospital pharmacies can be aligned with progress made in small- to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and questions why, if such benefits can be realised, the use of e-commerce systems are not more widespread. Research limitations/implications – The implications of this research is that it offers a “snap-shot” of progress made-to-date of e-commerce in NHS Pharmacy, which can provide guidance for mangers and healthcare professionals managing their e-commerce/quality improvement agenda. The research conducted was restricted to a specific regional area of the NHS and could be applied to a larger national sample group. Future research within this field should also consider the cost of not introducing e-commerce in pursuing quality improvement. Originality/value – This discussion offers an insight into how a pharmacy approached EDI, and this is further supported by recent research conducted into examining the pharmacy systems in operation in the north-west of England and accompanying EDI systems and an analysis of EDI uptake and use in a sample of pharmacies in the same region, the latter being supported by anecdotal evidence of pros and cons to using EDI and potential barriers to its introduction.

The primary contributions to the area of electronic business integration, propounded by this thesis, are (in no particular order):  A novel examination of global Business-to-Business (B2B) interoperability in terms of a "multiplicity paradox" and of a "global electronic market-space" from a Complex Systems Science perspective.  A framework for an, integrated, global electronic market-space, which is based on a hierarchical, incremental, minimalist-business-pattern approach. A Web Services-SOA forms the basis of application-to-application integration within the framework. The framework is founded in a comprehensive study of existing technologies, standards and models for secure interoperability and the SOA paradigm. The Complex Systems Science concepts of "predictable structure" and "structural complexity" are used consistently throughout the progressive formulation of the framework.  A model for a global message handler (including a standards-based message-format) which obviates the common problems implicit in standard SOAP-RPC. It is formulated around the "standardized, common, abstract application interface" critical success factor, deduced from examining existing models. The model can be used in any collaboration context.  An open standards-based security model for the global message handler. Conceptually, the framework comprises the following:  An interoperable standardized message format: a standardized SOAP-envelope with standardized attachments (8-bit binary MIME-serialized XOP packages).  An interoperable standardized message-delivery infrastructure encompassing an RPC-invoked message-handler - a Web service, operating in synchronous and/or asynchronous mode, which relays attachments to service endpoints.  A business information processing infrastructure comprised of: a standardized generic minimalist-business-pattern (simple buying/selling), comprising global pre-specifications for business processes (for example, placing an order), standardized specific atomic business activities (e.g. completing an order-form), a standardized document-set (including, e.g. an order-form) based on standardized metadata (common nomenclature and common semantics used in XSD's, e.g. the order-form), the standardized corresponding choreography for atomic activities (e.g. acknowledgement of receipt of order-form) and service endpoints (based on standardized programming interfaces and virtual methods with customized implementations). / Theoretical Computing / PHD (INFORMATION SYSTEMS)

The primary contributions to the area of electronic business integration, propounded by this thesis, are (in no particular order):  A novel examination of global Business-to-Business (B2B) interoperability in terms of a "multiplicity paradox" and of a "global electronic market-space" from a Complex Systems Science perspective.  A framework for an, integrated, global electronic market-space, which is based on a hierarchical, incremental, minimalist-business-pattern approach. A Web Services-SOA forms the basis of application-to-application integration within the framework. The framework is founded in a comprehensive study of existing technologies, standards and models for secure interoperability and the SOA paradigm. The Complex Systems Science concepts of "predictable structure" and "structural complexity" are used consistently throughout the progressive formulation of the framework.  A model for a global message handler (including a standards-based message-format) which obviates the common problems implicit in standard SOAP-RPC. It is formulated around the "standardized, common, abstract application interface" critical success factor, deduced from examining existing models. The model can be used in any collaboration context.  An open standards-based security model for the global message handler. Conceptually, the framework comprises the following:  An interoperable standardized message format: a standardized SOAP-envelope with standardized attachments (8-bit binary MIME-serialized XOP packages).  An interoperable standardized message-delivery infrastructure encompassing an RPC-invoked message-handler - a Web service, operating in synchronous and/or asynchronous mode, which relays attachments to service endpoints.  A business information processing infrastructure comprised of: a standardized generic minimalist-business-pattern (simple buying/selling), comprising global pre-specifications for business processes (for example, placing an order), standardized specific atomic business activities (e.g. completing an order-form), a standardized document-set (including, e.g. an order-form) based on standardized metadata (common nomenclature and common semantics used in XSD's, e.g. the order-form), the standardized corresponding choreography for atomic activities (e.g. acknowledgement of receipt of order-form) and service endpoints (based on standardized programming interfaces and virtual methods with customized implementations). / Theoretical Computing / PHD (INFORMATION SYSTEMS)

The purpose of this project is to investigate the infrastructure requirements for a currency exchange market for holders of currencies issued through the Lightweight Currency Protocol. The Lightweight Currency Protocol was designed as a means for entities to issue currencies for the purpose of cultivating low value business transactions between collaborating nodes in a peer-to-peer market.

Inom varje verksamhet förekommer det alltid någon form av projektplanering när man vill bedriva sin verksamhet på en ny marknad. Dessa typer av förberedelser görs på olika sätt och utmaningen för företagen blir att använda sig av rätt etableringsstrategi. För att lyckas med implementering av ett projekt, på respektive marknad som organisationer verkar på, är en utav framgångsfaktorerna att ha en tydlig och genomtänkt metod. Företaget Beta erbjuder molnbaserade tjänster inom tullhantering där man skapar lösningar som hjälper andra företag att hantera sina tullärenden. Aktören är etablerad på den svenska marknaden och vill prova att erbjuda sina IT-lösningar i Norge. Företaget har därför ett behov av att undersöka hur den norska marknaden ser ut, om det finns en möjlighet att bredda deras befintliga systemlösningar och i så fall hur de ska gå tillväga för att få ett fungerande system som kan kommunicera med norska tullverket. I rapporten föreslås en metod som kan användas som underlag vid utvidgning av en verksamhet till nya marknader. Utvecklingsprocessen som presenteras ska också kunna generaliseras, fungera som underlag och användas även av andra företag som ställs inför samma utmaning som Beta. Denna rapport innehåller även en analys av den norska marknaden. Det finns en jämförelse mellan delar av svenska och norska tullsystemet och en presentation av de ändringar som behöver göras utifrån skillnader som finns. Som resultat ger rapporten en tydlig bild av hur man möjligen kan gå tillväga för att ta sig an liknande problem. Författarna presenterar även ett resultat som beskriver en lösning till Betas problem. / Within each activity, there is always some kind of project planning when you want to do business in a new market. These types of preparation are done in different ways and the challenge for companies is to make use of the right establishment strategy. To succeed in implementing a project, on the respective market that organizations are working on, one of the success factors is to have a clear and thoughtful approach. The company Beta offers cloud-based customs management services, which provide solutions that help other companies handle their customs issues. Beta is established in the Swedish market and wants to try to offer their IT solutions in Norway. The company therefore has a need to investigate how the Norwegian market looks, if there is an opportunity to broaden their existing system solutions and, if so, how they should go about getting a working system that can communicate with the Norwegian customs office. The report proposes a method that can be used as a basis for expanding a business to new markets. The development process presented should also be generalized, serve as a basis, and used by other companies facing the same challenge as Beta. This report also contains an analysis of the Norwegian market. There is a comparison between parts of the Swedish and Norwegian customs system and a presentation of the changes that need to be made based on differences. As a result, the report provides a clear picture of how one might possibly be able to address similar problems. The project members also present a result describing a solution to Beta's problems.