This thesis examines the history of the judges of Kenya and Tanganyika between 1897, when the first British court was established in Mombasa, and 1963, when Kenya gained independence. The formation of judicial identities and the judiciary’s role within the colonial state are the main themes. The recruitment process into the Colonial Legal Service is discussed. Legal recruitment was both unique and problematic, mainly because there was a shortage of vacancies for newly-qualified barristers. Many were forced to seek employment elsewhere, but for those fortunate enough to secure positions within the barristers’ profession the financial rewards were substantial. This led to fears that second-rate barristers who were unable to make a living in Britain applied to serve in the colonies as legal officers. As a consequence, the length of applicants’ professional experience became an important factor for recruitment officials. Aspects of judges’ backgrounds are systematically analysed in order to produce a profile of the type of judge who served in the two territories during the colonial period. Judges were among the most mobile of colonial officers and typically served in four or more territories during their colonial careers. These factors shaped their collective identity. At the same time, they partly determined their attitudes towards the various laws they were called on to administer. In setting out the structure of the courts and the laws that were in force, a number of cases are discussed in order to demonstrate judicial attitudes over time. Two chapters focus on Tanganyika during the interwar period, illustrating divides between the administration and the judiciary regarding the administration of justice. Based on memoirs and personal papers, the professional lives of two judges are traced in order to gauge their views on the political events that surrounded them. The final two chapters focus on Kenya in the 1950s. The testimony of advocates is used as a means of inquiring into the characters and attitudes of the judges they appeared before. It provides an impression of the legal profession in late colonial Kenya, as both advocates and judges alike defined their professionalism with reference to the legal profession in Britain. The focus then shifts to judicial decisions made during the Mau Mau rebellion between 1952 and 1959, with particular emphasis being placed on the attitudes and professionalism of the judges of the Court of Appeal for Eastern Africa. The thesis offers a new interpretation of the judiciary’s place within the colonial state; by arguing that as a result of remaining part of the barristers’ profession in Britain, it suggests that colonial judges found it more difficult to adapt to the realities of functioning within the colonial state than members of other branches of the Colonial Service. This discord contributed to the emergence of a distinct judicial identity in the colonies.

An attempt will be made in this study to arrange the furniture of Colonial America into a proper sequence relative to the development and changes made in their design and construction.

Este estudo procura traçar o perfil do clero católico no Mato Grosso, especialmente aquele atrelado à Prelazia durante o período colonial. Busca-se compreender como a situação de fronteira inter-imperial, definiu os padrões de comportamento moral e as práticas de assistência religiosa no extremo ocidental da América portuguesa, desde a chegada dos primeiros eclesiásticos em 1720, no momento das primeiras descobertas auríferas pelos sertanistas paulistas; até à posse do primeiro bispo na Prelazia de Cuiabá em 1808. Nosso objetivo é analisar o processo de implantação da rede eclesiástica dependente do Bispado do Rio de Janeiro e as contradições geradas pela vigência do Padroado. Na condição de atores decisivos do devassamento e da conquista territorial, os eclesiásticos agiram e reagiram às ações regalistas da Coroa portuguesa, mas também se adaptaram, à precariedade do seu estatuto de clero encomendado, diferenciando-se, portanto do que ocorria em outras regiões da América portuguesa, onde prevalecia a primazia do clero colado. / This study propose a historical approach of the catholic clergy in the captaincy of Mato Grosso, mainly the one related to the Prelature occurred during the colonial period. The aim to comprehend how the circumstances of inter-imperial frontier defined the patterns of moral behavior and practices of religious assistance on the western frontier of Portuguese America, since the arrival of the first ecclesiastics in the year of 1720, at the time when occurred the earliest gold discoveries done by the sertanistas originated from Sao Paulo, until the period when the first bishop, took his office of the Prelature in Cuiabá in 1808. We aim to analyze the implementation of the ecclesiastical structure dependent on the Bishopric of Rio de Janeiro, as well as, the contradictions generated by the validity of the Patronage. The ecclesiastics, as decisive actors of the territorial conquest, acted and reacted to the Portuguese Crowns regalists actions, as well as, these clergymen also adapted themselves, concerning the precariousness of their ordained clergy status, differing, therefore, from what happened in other regions of Portuguese America, where the primacy of the clergy colado ( directly paid by the Crown) was prevailed.

Este estudo procura traçar o perfil do clero católico no Mato Grosso, especialmente aquele atrelado à Prelazia durante o período colonial. Busca-se compreender como a situação de fronteira inter-imperial, definiu os padrões de comportamento moral e as práticas de assistência religiosa no extremo ocidental da América portuguesa, desde a chegada dos primeiros eclesiásticos em 1720, no momento das primeiras descobertas auríferas pelos sertanistas paulistas; até à posse do primeiro bispo na Prelazia de Cuiabá em 1808. Nosso objetivo é analisar o processo de implantação da rede eclesiástica dependente do Bispado do Rio de Janeiro e as contradições geradas pela vigência do Padroado. Na condição de atores decisivos do devassamento e da conquista territorial, os eclesiásticos agiram e reagiram às ações regalistas da Coroa portuguesa, mas também se adaptaram, à precariedade do seu estatuto de clero encomendado, diferenciando-se, portanto do que ocorria em outras regiões da América portuguesa, onde prevalecia a primazia do clero colado. / This study propose a historical approach of the catholic clergy in the captaincy of Mato Grosso, mainly the one related to the Prelature occurred during the colonial period. The aim to comprehend how the circumstances of inter-imperial frontier defined the patterns of moral behavior and practices of religious assistance on the western frontier of Portuguese America, since the arrival of the first ecclesiastics in the year of 1720, at the time when occurred the earliest gold discoveries done by the sertanistas originated from Sao Paulo, until the period when the first bishop, took his office of the Prelature in Cuiabá in 1808. We aim to analyze the implementation of the ecclesiastical structure dependent on the Bishopric of Rio de Janeiro, as well as, the contradictions generated by the validity of the Patronage. The ecclesiastics, as decisive actors of the territorial conquest, acted and reacted to the Portuguese Crowns regalists actions, as well as, these clergymen also adapted themselves, concerning the precariousness of their ordained clergy status, differing, therefore, from what happened in other regions of Portuguese America, where the primacy of the clergy colado ( directly paid by the Crown) was prevailed.

The thesis explores the political dispositions lurking within the practices of vision, construed here in terms of the visible and invisible. It locates this investigation firstly, in the representational culture of colonial Singapore and secondly, in postcolonial Singaporean performances. Although the thesis takes as its point of departure conceptualizations of the practices of vision by Bhabha, Foucault, Lefebvre and Lacan, as the argument proceeds, the exploration takes its cue increasingly from the thought of Derrida. The chapters explore how the relationship to Otherness is variously effaced or enacted in practices of the visible and invisible. The thesis starts with an exploration of the practices of the visible in colonial power relations and postcolonial multiculturalism, construed here as a metaphysical sovereign political disposition, the predicates of which are the theological-political securing of the I Am Who I AM. Within this relationship to Otherness is a violent ethico-political relation to Otherness. However, in the thought of Derrida and Levinas, the relationship between 'us' and the 'Other' is the condition of possibility for both the Self and Other, for justice, responsibility, associated by an openness to the Other, including the willingness to be unsettled by the surprise of the Other-to-come. The second half of the thesis investigates the possibilities of a radical relation to the radically non-relational. Firstly, this radical relation to radical alterity is construed as encompassing a practice of the invisible, that of a poetics of the (im)possible. Secondly, this radical relation to Otherness is conceptualized as a 'writing in blindness', the counterpart of which is eschatological desire, accompanied by the 'art of the perhaps'.

O trabalho em questão estabelece um estudo dos romances O velo d?oiro e O sol dos trópicos, de Henrique Galvão e o Esplendor de Portugal, de António Lobo Antunes em dois momentos historicamente importantes para Portugal. Nas duas primeiras narrativas, também conhecidas como Literatura Colonial, escritas nas primeiras décadas do século XX, observaremos o colonizador em seu deslocamento para o espaço africano, onde prevalecendo-se do poder outorgado pelo Império, encontra nas colônias um prolongamento da nação lusitana. Por outro lado, observaremos no crítico romance de Lobo Antunes, a figura do português em dois momentos distintos: no auge da colonização, em que usufruía dos benefícios proporcionados pelo colonialismo e no processo de descolonização, pós 25 de abril, quando afloram seus conflitos, decorrentes da inversão de papéis, conferidos pelos ventos da história / El trabajo en cuestión establece el estudio de los romances O velo d?oiro y O sol dos trópicos, de Henrique Galvao y el Esplendor de Portugal, de Antonio Lobo Antunes en dos momentos históricamente importantes para Portugal. En las dos primeras narrativas, también conocidas como Literatura Colonial, escritas en las primeras décadas del siglo XX, observaremos el colonizador en su desplazamiento para el ámbito africano, donde prevaleciéndose del poder otorgado por el Imperio, encuentra en las colonias una prolongación de la nación lusitana. Por otro lado, observaremos en el crítico romance de Lobo Antunes, la figura del portugués en dos momentos distintos: en el auge de la colonización, cuando disfrutaba de los beneficios proporcionados por el colonialismo y en el proceso de descolonización, pos 25 de abril, cuando afloran sus conflictos, en consecuencia de la inversión de papeles, otorgados por los vientos de la historia

Este estudo diz respeito a investigação desenvolvida sobre as exposições de tipo colonial em Portugal, no período compreendido entre as duas Guerras Mundiais, procura demonstrar uma forma diferente de abordar "a representação do outro", segundo urn modelo crítico e que se enquadra num posicionamento póscolonial. O fenómeno das exposições que se difundiu pelo mundo ocidental, e sobre os quais existem diversos estudos, não passou despercebido em Portugal levando-o a realizar a Exposição Colonial do Porto (1934) e a Exposição Mundo Português (1940). Foram acontecimentos marcantes, locais "efémeros" (Greenhalgh, 1988), espaços característicos da "era imperial" (Hoffenberg, 2001 ), locais privilegiados que abordaram temas como Cultura, Nação e Raça, consagrando urn novo discurso colonial, moldando o indivíduo as necessidades e objetivos do novo estado. É enquadrado neste contexto que se desenrolou este estudo que aprofunda a análise ao discurso colonial e ideológico, gerador de uma representação distinta. Uma das vertentes relevantes do póscolonialismo e do discurso colonial são as relações da ideo1ogia e poder, vertentes que estarão no centro de todo o debate, atraves da memória cultural registada em textos e imagens da época. Para a análise da relação do discurso e ideologia com a vertente expositiva, e adequada a utilização de uma metodologia que faça a contextualização das relações sociais e culturais, e nao apenas uma análise visual ou uma análise literária dos conteúdos, com estas preocupações desenvolveu-se a adaptação de urn modelo, o de Thompson (1990). Este estudo espera trazer novas retlexões sobre a construção do discurso colonial e a memória cultural, utilizando uma metodologia com potencial para analisar o passado mas tambem o presente e o futuro (Thompson, 1995); algo essencial a museologia e no caso em concreto, a análise de imagem e texto. [...]

The printing press was introduced to Puebla, Mexico, in the middle of the 17th century. Juan de Borja y Gandía and his wife Inés Vásquez Infante, Spanish immigrants from Cadiz, Spain established a printing press and book selling business in the portals of the Puebla Cathedral. She continued his entrepreneurial duties following his death in 1656. The majority of her publications pertained to sermons for funerals and festive occasions. In 1675 she printed a sermon written by a priest, Joseph Días Chamorro, to celebrate the Virgin Mary's Immaculate Conception. Cushing Memorial Library and Archives at Texas A & M University houses one of the rare copies available in North America. The book, Sermón qve predicò el Bachiller Joseph Días Chamorro Clérigo Presbítero Domiciliario de eſte Obiſpado de la Puebla de los Ángeles en la solemne fieſta de la puríſſima concepción de la sanctíſſima Uirgen María Nueſtra Señora que celebraron los mercaderes de eſta ciudad en el Convento de Carmelitas Deſcalças a onçe de Diziembre del año de mil y ſeiſcientos y ſesenta y cinco, dedicado a la Immaculada Concepción de la Sanctíſsima Virgen María Madre de Dios, has not previously been edited or studied. The sermon received inquisitional approval on February 24, 1675, and licensing four days later. The probable date of oral delivery was December 11, 1675. The sermon features seven woodcut engravings and several decorated borders. The text was printed mostly in Spanish with occasional Latin in citations. The Cushing exemplar's appearance has been marred by an unknown liquid, but it does not detract from the beautifully displayed text. Section 1 introduces the exemplar and the sermon genre in New Spain. Section 2 studies the author, Joseph Días Chamorro, and Section 3 focuses on the Borja family of printers. In Section 4 appear studies of the sermon, the exemplar, a transcription, and text notes. The conclusions appear in Section 5, followed by the references. The thesis examines the sermon from historical, cultural, economic, social, religious, and philosophical aspects of 17th century Puebla and contextualizes its first woman printer.

Advertising plays an important role in the modern society. It influences not only the development of business concretely, but also sharpness of culture abstractly. The commercial advertisement of real estate is a communication of media industry, and a financial origin of media industry as well. The great investment to commercial advertisement from real estate client will obtain more exposure. However, there are many specific values in the advertising text, and the values will shape culture and habitus in the wake of advertising exposure. Following that, people start to drink STARBUCKS, watch the western movie, put on thee NIKE shoes, learn English and concern the stock market in U.S.A. by being educated from advertising. Westernization and modernization bring progress of technology and politics, but they could be able to fade away culture identity. The main point of this research is to deconstruct and exposure the western myth that is disguised in real estate advertising text, and to decode how the western is constructed to be an superiority and connect with hierarchical society. Furthermore, by observing a great deal western signs in real estate advertising, this research also analyzed the organization and operation of signs to realize the process of self-culture exclusion and self-colonization from the post-colonial point of view. The research method is qualitative semiology analysis. This research gathered twenty samples from numerous real estate advertising on the basis of western index and manifold content, in order to reveal the underlying meaning by analyzing the selection, composition and arrangement of sign. Two results have found from this research. Firstly, real estate website advertising rebuilds that west is superior, ideal and aspirational, and regards west as pronoun of success and happiness. For example, ¡§Watch child English drama at Christmas, Have a tea time break.¡¨ The advertising brings the western holidays, western way of education and western tea time culture into the context of life to naturalize western culture and value into daily life. Secondly, real estate website advertising represents self-colonization. For example, ¡§The San Sia old street, Baroque architecture.¡¨ The San Sia old street that is made of red brick is symbol of Eastern architecture. But, the advertising lay emphasis on the arch configuration to represent the San Sia old street as a kind of western architecture. After reviewing the analysis, this research declared two suggestions. The first, real estate advertising producer should increase the amount of the eastern sign, meanwhile, use eastern sign within eastern cultural context as well, in order to weaken self ¡Vcolonization. The second, audiences should have an ability to deconstruct and criticize real estate advertising to dig underlying meaning and reveal hierarchical representation, and also awake rethinking of eastern subject.

This study analyzes the news texts of Typhoon Morakot, applying news discourse analysis and post-colonial concepts to discuss the specific types of aboriginal representation in the media, and the media also shape some specific discourse for aboriginal people. After analyzing the news texts, it shows that mainstream media represent aboriginal as the negative other, while alternative media represent them as the subjects who can acclaim their own rights. These two different discourses imply that there are some complex power relations behind the news texts, the mainstream media reinforce the power from central government and the charity organization. They build a strong and powerful discourse to rationalize their dominance over aboriginals, which excludes aboriginals¡¦ opinions from the public policy. However, this study also shows there is an alternative direction of power; alternative media try to subvert the mainstream discourse. They point out the central government is the trouble maker, aboriginals shouldn¡¦t be scapegoats. Hence, we can find that aboriginals are on the way to establish their own subjects.